III. INQABO AYIKHO UKUPHILA KWABANTU

Uma impi isiphelile yedwa, yayizophela ngoba abantu babenza ukuthi iphele. Lo mkhuba ungaguqulwa uma abantu abanele bethola ukuthi umsebenzi wokulwa nempi uphumelele futhi wathatha leso sizathu sokuyeka ukungena kuwo. Kodwa asikatholakali ngokucacile. Uma sifuna ukuqeda impi kuzodingeka sivuselele imizamo yethu futhi sithole abantu abaningi abathintekayo. Okokuqala, ake sihlole ubufakazi bokuthi impi ayipheli.

Ukubala amabutho

Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka kanye namashumi eminyaka, inani lokufa liye lakhula ngendlela ephawulekayo, lishintshe kakhulu emphakathini kunabampi, futhi lithintekile ngokulimala kubalwa njengoba kunezibalo eziningi ezalimala kodwa umuthi uvumele ukuba basinde. Ukufa manje kubangelwa ukudlwengula kunesifo, okwakungumbulali omkhulu empini. Ukufa nokulimala okuye kwashintsha kakhulu nakwezinye izingxabano empini ngayinye, kunokuba ihlukaniswe ngokulinganayo phakathi kwamaqembu amabili.

Ukuqonda ukuthi kunamaphutha amaningi kunoma yikuphi ukuqhathaniswa kwezimpi ezilwa ngezikhathi ezahlukene, ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuhlukile, ukusebenza ngaphansi kwemibono ehlukene yomthetho, njll. Nazi ezinye iziqhathaniso ezibonakala ziwusizo. Lokhu okulandelayo yi-sampuli futhi akuhlosiwe nganoma iyiphi indlela njengengxoxo ephelele yazo zonke izimpi zase-US noma zezwe.

E-US War for Independence, abanye abangu-63,000 bafa, kubandakanya i-46,000 yaseMelika, i-10,000 yaseBrithani, ne-7,000 Hesse. Kungenzeka ukuthi i-2,000 isiFulentshi ishonele ngaseMelika eNyakatho Melika, futhi ngokumelene neBrithani eYurophu. AbaseBrithani kanye ne-US ngamunye babenokulimala nge-6,000. Abezizwe ababulawanga ngamanani abalulekile empini, njengoba bekhona empini yanamuhla. Kodwa empeleni impi yabangela isifo se-ingulube, esathatha ukuphila kwe-130,000. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abaningi baseMelika bafa kunelabo abangakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthi abanye bafa kunokuba balimala futhi bephila, amasosha amaningi afa kunezakhamuzi, ukuthi i-United States inqobile, ukuthi impi yayilwa ngaphakathi e-United States, nokuthi akukho kwaba yingxabano yababaleki (nakuba isango lavuleka kakhulu ekuqothulweni kwamazwe aseMelika kanye nezinye izimpi ezizayo).

KuMpi Ye-1812, amanye ama-3,800 US kanye namasosha aseBrithani afa elwa, kodwa izifo zaletha inani lokufa kwabanye i-20,000. Inombolo yabalimala yayincane, njengoba bekuyobe kunezimpi eziningi ngaphambi kokuba i-penicillin nezinye izinyathelo zezokwelapha zifike eMpini Yezwe II nangemva kwezimpi. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, amasosha amaningi abulawa ngamanxeba abo. Impi eMpini ye-1812 ayizange ibulale inani elikhulu labantu. Abantu baseMelika abaningi bafa kunalokho okwakolunye uhlangothi. Impi yayilwa ngaphakathi e-United States, kodwa impi yayiyihluleka. I-Canada ayinqobe. Ngokuphambene nalokho, iWashington DC yashiswa. Ayikho inkinga enkulu yokubalekela ababaleki.

Impi yase-US ngokumelene namaMelika aseMelika yayiyingxenye yokuqothulwa kohlanga. Ngokusho kwe-US Census Bureau e-1894, "Izimpi zaseNdiya ngaphansi kohulumeni wase-United States ziye zaba ngaphezu kwe-40 ngenombolo. Baye babulala izimpilo zabantu abane-19,000 abesilisa abamhlophe, abesifazane nabantwana, kuhlanganise nalabo ababulewe ngokulwa, kanye nokuphila kwamaNdiya ase-30,000. "Lezi yizimpi zalwa ngaphakathi e-United States, okwenziwa uhulumeni wase-US" kaningi " lahleka, futhi kulowo ohlangothini lwalunye lwaba nesabelo esikhulu sokufa, kuhlanganise nokufa okuphawulekayo kwabasosha. Inkinga yokubalekela izimpikiswano ezinkulu kakhulu kwaba enye yemiphumela eyinhloko. Ngezindlela eziningana, lezi zimpi ziyisibonelo esiseduze sezimpi zase-US kamuva kunezinye izimpi zakuqala.

Empi yase-US eMexico ye-1846-1848, ama-1,773 aseMelika abulawe ngesenzo, kanti i-13,271 yafa ngokugula, kanti i-4,152 yalimala empini. Cishe abantu baseMexico base-25,000 babulawa noma balimala. Kwaphinda futhi, izifo zazingumbulali omkhulu. Kwaphinde kwafa abaningi kunokuba balimala futhi basinda. Abambalwa baseMelika bafa kunalokho okwakolunye uhlangothi. Amasosha amaningi afa kunabasosha. Futhi i-United States yanqoba impi.

Kuzo zonke izimpi ezichazwe ngenhla, izibalo ezibulalayo zazingamaphesenti amakhulu abantu abaningi ngaleso sikhathi kunabanye abantu namuhla. Kungakhathaliseki nokuthi kwenzekani izimpi zibe nzima nakakhulu kunalokho ukulimala okuphelele kubonisa ukuthi kuyindaba yokuphikisana. Ukulungiswa kwesibalo asinomphumela obalulekile njengoba umuntu angase acabange. Abantu base-United States ngenkathi impi yayo eMexico yayinabantu abaningi njenge-Iraq ngesikhathi saseShock ne-Awe. I-United States ilahlekelwe i-15,000. I-Iraq ilahlekelwe yi-1.4 million. Ukuze kube ngokuqondile, inani labantu base-US laliphathelene nezigidi ze-22 namaMexico mayelana nezigidi ezingu-2, ezinye zazo ezingu-80,000 ezazisetshenziswa yi-United States. Labo 80,000 babona ubuzwe babo buguqukile, nakuba abanye bevunyelwe ukuhlala eMexico. I-Iraq yabona izigidi zabantu zingenamakhaya, kuhlanganise nezigidi eziphoqelelwe ukuba zihambe ngaphandle kwe-Iraq futhi zihlala njengababaleki kwamanye amazwe.

I-US Civil War, eyakhula empini yaseMexico nezinye izici, ihlukile. Ngokuvamile ukubalwa kokufa kuhloswe ngenye into eseduze kakhulu ne-654,965 Iraqis ebulawa ngoJuni 2006, njengoba kubikwa uJohn Hopkins. Omunye umcwaningi ubala abahlukumezi beMpi Yomphakathi kanje:

Ingqikithi yesosha efile: i-618,022, kufaka phakathi i-360,022 yeNyakatho ne-258,000 Southern. Ngasenyakatho, i-67,058 yafa empini, i-43,012 ngamanxeba, i-219,734 ezifweni, kuhlanganise ne-57,265 kusukela emathunjini, kanti i-30,218 yafa njengeziboshwa zempi. KwaseNingizimu, i-94,000 yafa empini, inombolo engaziwa kusuka ezinxebeni, i-138,024 ezifweni, ne-25,976 njengeziboshwa zempi. Omunye u-455,175 walimala, kuhlanganise ne-275,175 evela eNyakatho ne-180,000 evela eNingizimu.

Ucwaningo lwamuva, usebenzisa idatha yolwazi, lucabanga ukuthi i-US Civil War ifile ku-750,000. Ukulinganisa nokucatshangelwa kwendawo yokufa kwabantu, kufaka phakathi kwindlala, nge-50,000 eyengeziwe noma ngaphezulu. Inani labantu base-US elingu-31.4 ku-1860, elincishisiwe yi-800,000, lisho ukulahlekelwa ngamaphesenti angu-2.5, noma ngaphansi kwesigamu lokho i-Iraq elahlekile ku-OIL (Operation Iraqi Liberation, igama lokuqala lempi); I-1,455,590 ebulawe ku-27 million ilahlekelwa ngamaphesenti angu-5.4.

Izinombolo ze-US Civil War ekugcineni ziqala ukusondela ekufeni kwezimpi ezinkulu zanamuhla, kanti zisalokhu zihlukaniswe ngokulinganayo phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezimbili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinombolo ezilimale ziqala ukudlula izinombolo ezifile. Kodwa-ke, ukubulala kuqhubeka ikakhulukazi ukubulawa kwamasosha, hhayi izakhamizi.

I-US yokuqala yokuchithwa kolunye uhulumeni wangaphandle ngaphandle kokubhujiswa kwezizwe zaseMelika zase-Hawaii ku-1893. Akekho owake wafa, kanti omunye waseHawaiian walimala. Lezi zinqola ngeke ziphinde zibe negazi.

Izimpi zase-US eCuba nasePhilippines ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye ziqala ukusihambisa endleleni entsha. Lezi kwakuyimisebenzi enobudlova emhlabathini wangaphandle. Izifo zahlala zingumbulali omkhulu, kodwa zathinta uhlangothi olulodwa ngokungahambisani, ngoba impikiswano yayiqhutshelwa kude namagceke omhlali.

Impi yaseSpain neMelika yayilwa eCuba, ePuerto Rico, naseGuam, kodwa hhayi e-United States. Impi yasePhilippines yalwa ePhilippines. Empi yaseSpain-American, i-United States yabona i-496 ishonele esenzweni, i-202 yafa ngamanxeba, i-5,509 yafa ngesifo, kanti i-250 yabulawa ukubhujiswa kwe-USS Maine ngaphambi kokulwa. AbaseSpain babone ukuthi i-786 yabulawa ngesenzo, i-8,627 yafa ngamanxeba, kanti i-53,440 yafa ngesifo. AmaCubans abona omunye u-10,665 efile.

Kodwa ePhilippines ukuthi inani lokufa, kanye nobude bempi, liqala ngempela ukubukeka lijwayele. I-United States yayine-4,000 ebulawe, ikakhulukazi yizifo, kanye ne-64 evela e-Oregon (engekho ingxenye ye-United States). I-Philippines yayinezixuku ze-20,000 ezibulawe, kanye ne-200,000 kuya ku-1,500,000 izakhamuzi ezifile ezigamekweni nezifo, kuhlanganise nekholera. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwe-15, ngokulinganiselwa okunye, amabutho e-United States 'ahlomile, kanye nezifo, abulawe ngaphezu kwezigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-1.5 ePhilippines, ngaphandle kwesibalo se-6 kuya ku-7 million. Lokhu kungaphansi kwengxenye yesine ubukhulu besizwe sase-Iraq, ngokuhlatshwa okulinganayo okufakwe kuso, esikhathini esingaphezu kokuphindwe kabili isikhathi eside. Inani labantu abayizigidi ezingu-7 ezilahlekelwa yizigidigidi ze-1.5 ezilahlekelwa yi-21 ekhulwini labantu abaningi-okwenza le mpi, ngaleyo ndlela, uma ukulinganiselwa okuphezulu kokufa kulungile, impi eyingozi kunazo zonke i-United States eyenzile, ngaphandle ukubulawa kobuhlanga baseMelika. Inani lokufa lase-US le-4,000 ePhilippines lifana kakhulu nokubalwa kwe-US e-Iraq. Kusuka lapha ngaphandle, ukubalwa kwe-US okuzobe kubi kuncane kunabanye kolunye uhlangothi, futhi ukubalwa kwezempi kuzoba mncane kunezakhamuzi. Ukuhlukunyezwa nakho kungabaza noma kwesikhashana.

Impi Yezwe Yokuqala yabona ukubulawa kwezempi okungu-10 wezigidi, mayelana nezigidi ezingu-6 zazo ezihlangothini lwaseRussia, eFrance, eBrithani nakweminye i-Allies. Cishe ingxenye yesithathu yalabo abafelwa yi-influenza yaseSpain. Mayelana nabantu abayizigidi ezingu-7 babulawa eRussia, eTurkey, eJalimane nakwezinye izindawo ngobudlova, indlala nezifo. Isifo sofuba "saseSpain" sasiqalwa impi, okwakwandisa ukuhanjiswa nokuguqulwa okungeziwe; impi ingase futhi yandisa ukonakala kwegciwane. Leyo bhubhane yabulala i-50 kubantu abayizigidi ezingu-100 emhlabeni wonke. Impi kanye nempi yase-Armenia naseRussia naseTurkey ngokusobala yaphuma kule mpi, njengoba kwakungathi iMpi Yezwe II. Ekugcineni, ukubalwa okuphelele kokufa akunakwenzeka. Kodwa singabona ukuthi le mpi ihilele ekubulaweni okuqondile nokungaqondile ngokuyinhloko, ukuthi ukubulawa ngokuqondile kwakuhambisana nokulingana okulinganayo phakathi kwezinhlangothi zombili, nokuthi ukulimala okuqhubekayo manje kwakungaphezu kwalabo ababulewe.

Lokhu kwaba ukubulala okusheshayo, okusheshayo okwenzeke endaweni engaphezu kweminyaka eyi-4, kunomsebenzi omude njengama-Iraq noma i-Afghanistan esikhathini sekhulu le-21st. Kodwa ukufa okuqondile kwasakazeka phezu kwezizwe eziningi. Isibalo esiphezulu sokufa esizweni sasiyi-1,773,300 eJalimane, ilandelwa yi-1,700,000 eRussia, i-1,357,800 eFrance, i-1,200,000 e-Austria-Hungary, i-908,371 eMbusweni WaseBrithani (empeleni izizwe eziningi), ne-650,000 e-Italy, ngaphandle kwesinye isizwe esibulalayo esasenhla I-350,000. Izigidi ezingu-1.7 ezabulawa eJalimane zithathwe kubantu abayizigidi ezingu-68. Izigidi ezingu-1.7 ezabulawa eRussia zithathwe emphakathini wezigidi ezingu-170. I-Iraq yalahlekelwa isibalo esifanayo sempilo "ekukhululweni kwayo" yakamuva, kodwa kusukela kubantu abane-27 kuphela. Kodwa-ke, ngandlela-thile sicabanga ngeMpi Yezwe I njengengqikithi engenangqondo yokulinganisa okukhulu, nokukhululeka kwe-Iraq njengenguquko yombuso engazange iphume kahle-noma ngisho nempumelelo ephumelelayo.

I-WWII yinto engavamile kunazo zonke isintu esenzele yona kunoma yisiphi isikhathi esifushane. Ukubeka eceleni imiphumela emibi kanye nemiphumela esingase singalokothi siphume (okungaphezu kwamabutho ase-US angashiya iJalimane noma iJapane), inani eliphelele labantu ababulewe-ezinye ze-50 kuya ku-70 million-kalula kalula phezulu ohlwini. Kulinganiselwa njengephesenti labantu abaningi ababulewe, iMpi Yezwe II idlula kuphela uchungechunge olude kakhulu lwezenzakalo ezifana nokuwa kweRoma. Umthelela weMpi Yezwe II ezizweni ezithile zahluka ngokuphawulekayo, kusukela ku-16 amaphesenti abantu basePoland ababulewe, kuze kube sekugcineni amaphesenti angu-0.01 wabantu base-Iraq ababulewe. Mayelana nezizwe ezingu-12 zalahlekelwa okungaphezulu kwezingu-5 zabantu bayo eMpini Yezwe II. I-Japan ilahlekelwe amaphesenti angu-3 kuma-4 amaphesenti. I-France ne-Italy balahlekelwa ngamaphesenti angu-1 ngayinye. I-UK yalahlekelwa ngaphansi kwezingu-1. I-United States ilahlekelwe amaphesenti angu-0.3. Izizwe eziyisishiyagalolunye eMpini Yezwe II zalahlekelwa izigidi zabantu noma ngaphezulu. Phakathi kwalabo abazange babe yiFrance, i-Italy, i-UK, ne-US Ngakho-ke, impi yamuva nje e-Iraq yayibi nakakhulu e-Iraq kunezizwe eziningi ezenzeka eMpini Yezwe II. Singaphetha futhi ngaphandle kwesiqu sokungabaza ukuthi umonakalo owenziwe kubantu bezizwe akuwona okwenza inani lamafilimu aseHollywood ayenziwa ngempi eyodwa kunokunye.

NgeMpi Yezwe II sangena esikhathini lapho ukufa kwabantu okungahlali khona kubalwa ngaphezu kokufa kwezempi. Mayelana namaphesenti angu-60 kuya ku-70 amaphesenti okufa kwakunguzombusazwe, isibalo esibandakanya izisulu zokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kanye nazo zonke ezinye izidlova ezibandakanya ukukhankanywa kokuqothula nokuhlanjululwa kwezinhlanga, kanye nezifo nendlala. (Ungathola imithombo eminingi ephepheni le-Wikipedia le "Impi Yezwe II".) Sifake nesikhathi lapho ukubulawa kungathinta kakhulu uhlangothi olulodwa. Lokho uJalimane akwenza eSoviet Union nasePoland, futhi yikuphi okwakwenziwa eJapan e-China ngenxa yezinqwaba zokufa. Ngakho-ke ababambisana nabo banqoba isabelo esikhulu. Siphinde sangena esikhathini lapho abalimala bebalala khona, futhi inkathi lapho ukufa khona impi kuvela ngokuyinhloko ebudloveni kunokugula. Futhi savula umnyango ekukhuphukeni okukhulu kwezempi yase-US kanye nokusebenza emhlabeni wonke, ukukhula okuqhubekayo.

Impi yaseKorea, eke yaphela ngokomthetho, eminyakeni eyayiqala kakhulu yokubulala yabulala i-1.5 eqondile kubantu abayizigidi ezingu-2, eNyakatho neNingizimu, kanye nabangaphezu kwesigidi abayizigidi abafile abaseceleni kweNyakatho neChina, isigidi sesigidi noma ngaphezulu kwezempi efile eNingizimu, i-36,000 yafa e-United States, nezinombolo ezincane kakhulu ezivela kwezinye izizwe eziningana. Izisulu zempi zazingaphezulu kakhulu kwezempi ezafa. NjengaseMpi Yezwe II, ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zokufa kwaba ngabomphakathi, kanti ukufa kwe-US kwakuncane uma kuqhathaniswa nabanye. Ngokungafani neMpi Yezwe II, kwakungekho ukunqoba; lokho kwakuwukuqala komkhuba ozohlala.

Impi yaseVietnam yayiyiKorea, kodwa kubi kakhulu. Kwakukhona ukungabi nalutho okunjalo kokunqoba kanye nenani elifanayo labalimala base-US, kodwa inani elikhulu lokufa kwabantu abahlala empini. Abafile base-US baphenduke ukuba babhale amaphesenti angu-1.6 wabashonile. Lokho kuqhathaniswa namaphesenti angu-0.3 e-Iraq. Ucwaningo lwe-2008 yi-Harvard Medical School ne-Institute for Health Metrics Nokuhlolwa eYunivesithi yaseWashington kulinganiselwa ukuthi i-3.8 yezigidi ezibulalayo impi, ukulwa kanye nezomphakathi, enyakatho naseningizimu, phakathi nokubandakanya kwe-US eVietnam. Ukushona kwabantu abakuleli kwakungaphezu kokufa kokufa, futhi kubuye kube yizingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zokufa kwabantu. Abalimele babenezinombolo eziphakeme kakhulu, futhi bahlulele amarekhodi esibhedlela aseNingizimu Vietnam, ingxenye eyodwa kwabayisithathu kwababesifazane nekota eyodwa abantwana abangaphansi kweminyaka yobudala ye-13. Abalimala base-US bahlanganisa i-58,000 ebulawe futhi i-153,303 yabulawa, kanye ne-2,489 engekho. (Ukuthuthukiswa kwezokwelapha kusiza ukuchaza ukuthi inani labantu abalimele ukubulawa, ukuthuthukiswa kwezempi ezithuthukisiwe nezokuqhamuka komzimba kungasiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani ukufa kwabantu base-Iraq e-Iraq kwakungekho ezingeni elifanayo nokufa kwe-United States eKorea noma eVietnam.) Izigidi ezingu-3.8 eziphuma kubantu Izigidi ezingu-40 cishe zilahlekelwa yi-10, noma kabili lokho okwenziwa i-OIL e-Iraq. Impi yachitha emazweni angomakhelwane. Izinkinga zababaleki zavela. Ukulimala kwemvelo nokubambezeleka kokufa, ngokuvamile ngenxa ye-Agent Orange, qhubeka kuze kube namuhla.

Enye Inkohlakalo Enkulu

Impi yamuva yamuva e-Iraq, elinganiselwe ngokufa, ingase iqhathanise kahle nempi yaseVietnam, kodwa imininingwane yokuthi kubulawe kanjani lokhu kufana ngokuphawulekayo, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Nick Turse ukubulala noma yini ehambayo. I-Turse amadokhumenti ukuthi izinqumo zenqubomgomo ezinikezwe kusukela ekuhambeni okuphezulu kuholwa njalo, phakathi neminyaka ethile, ekuhlatshweni okuqhubekayo kwezigidi zabantu abahlala eVietnam. Iningi lokubulala lenziwa ngesandla noma ngezibhamu noma izikhali, kodwa isabelo sezingonyama saba ngesimiso se-3.4 million sokulwa okuqhutshwa yizindiza zase-US naseNingizimu Vietnam phakathi kwe-1965 ne-1972.

Ukubulawa kwabantu eMi Lai okwakwaziwa kakhulu eVietnam kwakungeyona inkinga. I-Turse idokisa uhlobo lwezenzo ezimbi kangangokuthi umuntu uphoqelekile ukuba aqale ukubuka impi ngokwazo njengento eyodwa enkulu. Ngokufanayo, ukuhlaselwa okungapheli nokuhlambalaza e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq akuzona ukuzulazula ngisho noma izimbangi zase-US zibahumusha njengento eyenzekayo ngokungahambisani nalokho okushiwo impi.

"Ukubulala noma yini ehambayo," kwakungumyalo owanikezwa amabutho ase-US eVietnam afundiswe inzondo yobandlululo kumaVietnam. "Umlilo we-360 degree rotational" wawunomyalo owenziwe emigwaqweni yase-Iraq namabutho ase-United States afana nesimo sokuzonda, futhi efana nokukhulelwa ngokomzimba.

Izingane ezifile eVietnam zenza imibono enjengokuthi "I-shit shit, ikhula ibe yi-VC." Omunye wababulali be-helicopter wase-Iraq e-Iraq ezwa ku-video ethi "Abashonile" ividiyo ithi izingane ezifile, "Yiphutha labo lokuletha izingane zabo zibe impi. "Umeluleki omdala waseMongameli u-Obama, uRobert Gibbs, uthe umama wase-American 16 oneminyaka engu-18 ubudala owabulawa yi-drone yase-Yemen e-Yemen:" Ngingasikisela ukuthi kufanele ube nobaba othembekile kakhulu uma bekhathazekile ngempela ngokuphila kahle wezingane zabo. "I" they "ingase isho izifiki noma amaSulumane noma nje le ndoda ethile. Ukubulawa kwendodana kuyisizathu esilula ngokubhekisela kuyise. EVietnam noma ngubani oshonile wayeyisitha, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izikhali zizotshala kuwo. Ezimpi ze-drone, noma yikuphi abesilisa abafile abayisosha, futhi izikhali zase-Iraq nase-Afghanistan sezivame ukutshala izisulu (Bheka IVAW.org/WinterSoldier). Ngemuva kokuthi amabutho ase-United States abulale abesifazane abakhulelwe ngobusuku obubusuku e-Afghanistan, babamba lezi zinhlamvu ngemivese futhi bathi ukubulawa kwamalungu omndeni wabesifazane. (Bheka izimpi ezingcolile nguJeremy Scahill.)

Ibutho laseMelika ngesikhathi seMpi YeVietnam lishintsha ekugcineni iziboshwa ezibhekene neziboshwa zokubulala, njengoba nje impi yamanje iguqukile ekuboshiwe ekubulaweni kanye noshintsho kumengameli wase Bush ukuya ku Obama. (Bheka isihloko esithi "Imfihlo 'Yokubulala Uhlu" Ibonisa Ukuhlolwa Kwezimiso Zase-Obama Ne-Will, "i-New York Times, May 29, i-2012.) EVietnam, njengase-Iraq, imithetho yokuzibandakanya yanda kuze kube yilapho imithetho ivumela ukudubula noma yini eyathutha. EVietnam, njengase-Iraq, amasosha ase-US afuna ukunqoba abantu ngokuwahlupha. EVietnam, njengase-Afghanistan, imizi yonke yaqedwa.

EVietnam, ababaleki bahlushwa emakamu ayingozi, kuyilapho izingane zase-Afghanistan seziqhwaqhekile zabulawa ekamu lababaleki eduze kwaseKabul. Ukuhlukunyezwa kwakuvame kakhulu eVietnam, kufaka phakathi amanzi. Kodwa ngaleso sikhathi kwakungakaze kuboniswe kumabhayisikobho e-Hollywood noma kumbukiso wethelevishini njengento enhle. I-Napalm, i-phosphorus emhlophe, amabhomu amaqoqo, nezinye izikhali ezidelelwe futhi ezivinjelwe kakhulu zasetshenziswa eVietnam, njengoba zikhona empini yomhlaba wonke. Ukubhujiswa okukhulu kwemvelo kwakuyingxenye yezimpi zombili. Ukudlwengulwa kwegundane kwakuyingxenye yezimpi zombili. Ukuqothulwa kwezidumbu kwakuvamile kuzo zonke izimpi. Ama-Bulldozers ahlasele abantu baseVietnam, ngokungafani nalokho okwenziwa ama-bulldozers ase-US manje ePalestina.

Ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi baseVietnam, njengoba ku-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, kwakudingeka kuqhutshwe yisifiso sokuphindisela. (Bheka Ukubulala Noma yini Ehamba Ngayo Nick Turse.) Isikhali esisha sasivumela amabutho ase-US eVietnam ukuba adubule amabanga amade, okwenza kube nomkhuba wokudubula kuqala futhi uphenye kamuva, umkhuba okwakusungulwe manje ngenxa yezingxabano ze-drone. Amaqembu aqokiwe emhlabathini nasemaphethelweni e-helicopter "azingela" abantu bakuleli ukubulala eVietnam njengase-Afghanistan. Futhi-ke, abaholi baseVietnam bahloselwe ukubulawa.

Izisulu zaseVietnam ezazibona abathandekayo babo behlukunyezwa, bebulawa, futhi ziqothulwa-kwezinye izimo-zisathukuthele ngamashumi eminyaka kamuva. Akunzima ukubala ukuthi ukufutheka okunjalo kuzohlala isikhathi eside kangakanani ezizweni manje "kukhululiwe."

Izimpi zakamuva

Kuwo wonke amakhulu eminyaka, ngibheke izimpi ezinkulu engizichazile, i-US iye yabamba izimpi ezincane eziningana. Lezi zimpi zaqhubeka phakathi kokuhoxiswa kwe-US eVietnam nokuhlasela kwe-Iraq. Isibonelo ukuhlasela kwe-1983 kwe-Grenada. I-Grenada ilahlekelwe yi-45 kanye neCuba 25, i-United States 19, ne-119 US eyalimala. Esinye isibonelo ukuhlasela kwe-Panama ku-1989. I-Panama ilahlekelwe phakathi kwe-500 ne-3,000, ngenkathi i-US ilahlekelwa yi-23 ukuphila.

I-United States yasiza i-Iraq empini yayo e-Iran ngesikhathi se-1980s. Uhlangothi ngalunye lwalahlekelwa amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu, kanti u-Iran ukuhlupheka cishe okungenani kwezintathu zokufa.

Operation Desert Storm, 17 January 1991 - 28 February 1991, wabulala ezinye ze-103,000 Iraqis, kuhlanganise nezizwe ze-83,000. Kwabulala ama-258 aseMelika (okwenza amaphesenti angu-0.25 kwabafileyo), nakuba izifo nokulimala kuboniswa eminyakeni eyalandela. Ekupheleni kwempi amaphesenti angu-0.1 amabutho ase-US abhekene nawo ayebhekwa njengababulewe noma abalimele, kodwa ngo-2002, amaphesenti angu-27.7 wabantu bezilwane babalwa njengabafile noma abalimele, abaningi abatholakala beGulf War Syndrome.

Kusukela ngoSeptemba 2013, impi yase-US e-Afghanistan yayilokhu iqhubeka, ne-US ihluleka ukugwema. Njengase-Iraq, kunomlando wokufa nokubhujiswa okudlule eminyakeni eminingi-kulokhu okungenani lokho uZbigniew Brzezinski avumile kwakuwumzamo wase-US wokuvusa ukuhlasela kweSoviet ku-1979. Ukufa kwe-US e-Afghanistan kusukela ngo-2001 kungukuthi i-2,000, kanye no-10,000 balimala. Ukwengeza kukhona izinqwaba eziningi zamabutho ezinokulimala kwengqondo nokuthungatha ukucindezeleka kokuthungatha (PTSD). Phakathi neminyaka ethile, ukuzibulala kuphelile ukufa kwezilwane. Kodwa, njengezinye izimpi zanamuhla, isizwe esithintekile siye sabhekana nokulimala nokufa okuningi, kuhlanganise ne-10,000 Afghan security forces ebulawa, ama-200 Northern Alliance amabutho abulala, futhi amashumi noma amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu abulala ngokuhlukumezayo, kanye nabaningi ngamakhulu wezinkulungwane noma izigidi ezibulewe emiphumeleni engavumelekile yempi kubandakanya ukukhanda, indlala, nezifo. Inkinga yezokubalekela e-Afghanistan iye yandiswa yizigidi ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwamanje, kanti ukuhlasela kwe-missile yase-United States enyakatho yePakistan kwakha abanye ababaleki abayizigidi ezingu-2.5.

Amadokhumenti azo zonke izibalo ezingenhla angatholakala ku-WarIsI-ICrime.org/Iraq kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezifundo zokuhlukunyezwa e-Iraq okubeka cishe inani eliphelele ekufeni kwe-1,455,590 ngokweqile. Lezi zingukufa ngaphezu kwenani eliphakeme lokufa elikhona ku-2003, kulandela izigwegwe ezimbi kunazo zonke kanye nomkhankaso wokuqhuma kwamabhomu omude kunomlando.

I-US drone ishaywa ePakistan, Yemen naseSomalia ziveza izinombolo ezibulalayo zokufa, cishe zonke zihlangothini olulodwa. Lezi zinombolo zivela kuTheBureauInvestigates.com:

Pakistan
I-CIA i-Drone Strikes ePakistan 2004-2013
Ukushaya kwe-US wonke: i-372
Inani elibikiwe libulewe: 2,566-3,570
Ama-civili abike abulala: 411-890
Izingane zibikwe zabulawa: 167-197
Inani elibi elibikiwe: 1,182-1,485

Yemen
Isenzo sokuguqulwa sase-US e-Yemen 2002-2013
Izimangalo ze-US drone eziqinisekisiwe: 46-56
Inani elibikiwe libulewe: 240-349
Ama-civili abike abulala: 14-49
Izingane zibikwe zabulawa: 2
Kubikwe ukulimala: 62-144
Izimangalo ezingaphezu kwezingu-US ze-drone: 80-99
Inani elibikiwe libulewe: 283-456
Ama-civili abike abulala: 23-48
Izingane zibikwe zabulawa: 6-9
Kubikwe ukulimala: 81-106
Yonke imisebenzi ye-US covert: 12-77
Inani elibikiwe libulewe: 148-377
Ama-civili abike abulala: 60-88
Izingane zibikwe zabulawa: 25-26
Kubikwe ukulimala: 22-111

SOMALIA
Isenzo sokuphikisa se-US eSomalia 2007-2013
Ukushaya kwe-drone yase-US: 3-9
Inani elibikiwe libulewe: 7-27
Ama-civili abike abulala: 0-15
Izingane zibikwe zabulawa: 0
Kubikwe ukulimala: 2-24
Yonke imisebenzi ye-US covert: 7-14
Inani elibikiwe libulewe: 47-143
Ama-civili abike abulala: 7-42
Izingane zibikwe zabulawa: 1-3
Kubikwe ukulimala: 12-20

Ukuphela okuphezulu kwalokhu kubalwa i-4,922 yama-totals, eduze kakhulu nomfanekiso we-4,700 ukuthi uSeninari Lindsey Graham wenze umphakathi-ngaphandle, noma kunjalo, uchaza ukuthi utholaphi. Lezi zinombolo ziqhathanisa kakhulu nokusebenza kwe-Operation Iraqi Liberation (okusho ukuthi zincane), kodwa ukwenza lokho kuqhathanisa kungaba yingozi. Uhulumeni wase-US akazange ashintshe impi yasemhlabeni noma umkhankaso wendabuko wokuqhuma amabhomu nge-drone impi emazweni angenhla. Yakha impi ye-drone lapho bekungeke kwenzeke khona ukudala noma yikuphi izimpi, lapho kungekho khona i-drones. Yadala lezi zimpi ze-drone ngenkathi zandisa umsebenzi omkhulu e-Afghanistan lapho i-drone ibulala khona kuphela.

Ukubheka izimpi zomhlaba ohola impi ohola phambili, olinganiselwa ekufeni kubalwa, izimpi azibonakali zisendleleni eya ekupheleni. Uma nje kulwelwa impi ye-drone esikhathini esizayo, lokho kungasho ukuthi ukunciphisa ukufa kubalwa. Kodwa akusho ukuphela kwezimpi, ngakho-ke kungaba nzima ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimpi ziyophelelwa nganoma yiluphi uhlobo-izimpi ziyizilwane ezinzima kakhulu ukulawula uma seziqalile.

Ishadi elingezansi libonisa inani elilinganisiwe labantu ababulawa ezinkulweni ezinkulu zase-US eminyakeni edlule, kusukela endala ngakwesobunxele kuze kube yamuva kakhulu ngakwesokudla. Ngizibandakanye izimpi ezinkulu futhi ngishiya eziningi ezincane kakhulu, kokubili zakuqala futhi zakamuva. Angizange ngihlanganise izimpi ngokumelene namaMelika aseMelika, ngokuyinhloko ngoba asakazeka isikhathi eside kangaka. Angizange ngifake nezigwebo ezafika phakathi kweGulf War kanye ne-Iraq War, noma ngabe babulala abantu abaningi kune-Gulf War. Ngifaka nje ukuqubuzana okuncane okubulalayo esikubiza ngokuthi izimpi. Futhi ngifake ukufa kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, kuhlanganise nalabo ababulewe izifo phakathi nempi, kodwa hhayi izifo ezilandela ukulwa nempi, hhayi ukulimala. Abalimele ababesinda bebancane empini ngakwesobunxele. Abalimele babengaphezu kwalabo abafa empini ngakwesokudla.

Ishadi elingezansi lifana neshadi elingenhla, kuphela ngezimpi zomhlaba ezimbili ezisusiwe. Lezo zimpi ezimbili zenzeka ezizweni eziningi kangaka futhi zabulala ngezinga elikhulu kangaka, ukuthi kulula ukuqhathanisa ezinye izimpi uma zingekho. Izingcaphuno ezivamile kwiMpi Yombango njengezimpi ezibulalayo kakhulu zase-US zivela ngaphandle uma zibuka leli shidi; kungenxa yokuthi leli shidi-engafani nezindaba eziningi ze-US-lihlanganisa nokufa kwezinhlangothi zombili zezimpi zangaphandle. Angizange ngizame ukwephula ikholomu ngayinye ibe yizikhali kanye nezakhamuzi, ukuhlinzwa okunzima kakhulu nokuziphatha okubi, kepha okungeke kwenzeke ukuthi kubonakale ukufa kwabantu abasizwe kakhulu ngakwesokunene kweshadi. Angizange ngahlukanise i-US nokufa kwangaphandle. Ukwenza lokho kungaholela ekulwa izimpi ezinhlanu ngakwesokunxele kunemibala yonke noma ngokuphawulekayo umbala obamele ukufa kwe-US, futhi izimpi ezinhlanu ezilindeleke ukuba zibe nezinemibala ebonakalayo ngokumelela ukufa kwabantu bangaphandle, nge-sliver encane ebonisa ukufa kwe-US njengengxenye inani.

Ishadi lesithathu, ekhasini elilandelayo, libonisa, hhayi inani lokufa, kodwa amaphesenti wabantu abulawe. Omunye kungenzeka ukuthi wayecabanga ukuthi izimpi zangaphambili zabona ukufa okuncane ngoba abantu bamazwe abathintekayo babebancane. Noma kunjalo, uma silungiselela abantu, ishadi alishintshi kakhulu. Izimpi zangaphambilini zibonakala zibulalayo kakhulu kunezimpi zakamuva. Izibalo ezisetshenziselwa lokhu kubalwa yizizwe zamazwe lapho izimpi zilwa khona: i-United States ngokuguqulwa kwempi kanye nempi yombango, i-United States neCanada empini ye-1812, i-United States neMexico ye-Mexican-American impi, eCuba nasePuerto Rico naseGuam ngempi yaseSpain-American, ePhilippines noma eKorea noma eVietnam ngenxa yezimpi eziphethe lawo mazwe, kanye ne-Iraq ezimpini ezimbili zokugcina.

Ukubala amaDola

Lapho abaseMelika bezwa "izindleko zempi" bavame ukucabanga ngezinto ezimbili: izimali zamaRandi nama-US. Ngesikhathi se-GWOT (impi yomhlaba wonke ngesibindi / terra) baseMelika abazange babuzwe ukudela, ukunciphisa, ukukhokhela izintela ezingaphezulu, noma ukufaka isandla embangela. Eqinisweni, baye bathola intela yabo, ikakhulukazi uma benomholo omkhulu noma bephakathi kwabantu "benkampani." (Ukuxilongwa kwengcebo kuyimbangela evamile yezimpi, futhi lezi zimpi azifani.) Abantu base-US abazange ibhalwa impi noma enye imisebenzi, ngaphandle kokuhlelwa kobuphofu nokukhohliswa kwabaqashi bezempi. Kodwa lokhu ukungabi nokuzidela akuzange kusho izindleko zezimali. Ngezansi imenyu yezimpi ezedlule namathegi wamanani ku-dollar ye-2011. Umkhuba kubonakala sengathi uhamba phambili ekuqondeni okungalungile.

Impi ka-1812 - $ 1.6 billion
Impi Yezinguquko - $ 2.4 billion
Impi yaseMexico - $ 2.4 billion
Impi yaseSpain-American - $ 9 billion
Impi Yombango - $ 79.7 billion
I-Persian Gulf - $ 102 billion
Impi Yezwe I - $ 334 billion
IKorea - $ 341 billion
I-Afghanistan - $ 600 billion
IVietnam - $ 738 billion
I-Iraq - $ 810 billion
Ingqikithi ye-post-9/11 - $ 1.4 trillion
Impi Yezwe II - $ 4.1 trillion

UJoseph Stiglitz noLinda Bilmes ku-2008 babala izindleko eziphelele ze-OIL (i-Iraq War) njengezigidi ezintathu kuya kwezihlanu (ngaphezulu manje ukuthi impi yaqhubeka iminyaka eminingi kunalokho ababekulindele). Leso sibalo sihlanganisa impikiswano yamanani kawoyela, ukunakekelwa kwezilwane zasemuva esikhathini esizayo, kanye-namathuba-alahlekile.

Iprojekthi ye-"University of War" yaseBrown yafaka ukunakekelwa ku-2013 ngokufakazela ukuthi izindleko ze-US empini ye-Iraq yayizoba yi-$ 2.2 trillion. Ukuchofoza okumbalwa kwiwebhsayithi yabo kuthola lokhu: "Ukuqhathaniswa kwemali yase-US ehambisana ne-Iraq impi ibe yi-$ 1.7 trillion nge-FY2013. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkokhelo zezempilo zesikhathi esizayo kanye nokukhubazeka kwabalandeli be-veteran kuzoba ngu-$ 590 billion futhi inzalo eyongezwe ukukhokhela impi izofaka kuze kufike ku-$ 3.9 trillion. "I $ 1.7 trillion kanye ne $ 0.59 trillion ilingana no-$ 2.2 trillion ezibekiwe esihlokweni lo mbiko. I-$ 3.9 eyengeziwe eyengeziwe engeziwe ishiyiwe. Futhi, nakuba uBrown ethatha idatha yakhe emaphepheni kaLinda Bilmes, kushiya izinkinga eziningi ezifakwe eBilmes 'naseStiglitz' Incwadi ethi Three Trillion Dollar War, kubandakanya ikakhulukazi umthelela wempi ngamanani kagesi kanye nomthelela ngamathuba alahlekile. Ukwengeza labo ku-$ 6.19 trillion okubalwe lapha kuzokwenza ukulinganisa kwe-$ 3 ku-$ 5 trillion kubhuku likaBilmes 'ne-Stiglitz' njengokuthi "liyalondoloza" njengoba bekusho.

Kulinganiswe ngama-dollar, njengasekufeni, izimpi zesizwe ezithandwa kakhulu empini njengamanje azibonisi noma yiziphi izindlela zesikhathi eside ezithinta ukunyamalala. Esikhundleni salokho, izimpi zibonakala zikhona njalo, zihlala njalo futhi zikhula.

Ubani Othi Impi Iphela?

Okuthonya kakhulu, impikiswano yokuthi impi iyahamba yenziwe nguSteven Pinker encwadini yakhe ethi The Angels of Our Nature: Kungani Ukuhlukumeza Kunqatshiwe. Kodwa ingxabano engatholakala emafomu ahlukahlukene emsebenzini wezifundiswa eziningi zaseNtshonalanga.
Impi, njengoba sibonile ngenhla, empeleni ayisuke. Enye indlela yokusikisela ukuthi kuhilela ukuphikisa impi nezinye izinhlobo zobudlova. Isijeziso sokufa sibonakala sihamba. Ukubamba izingane nokushaya izingane kubonakala sengathi kuhamba kwamanye amazwe. Njalo njalo. Lezi zindlela ezifanele ukusiza abantu bakholwe ngecala engiwenzile kuNgxenye I ngaphezulu: Impi ingaphelelwa. Kodwa lezi zindlela azisho lutho ngempi empeleni ziphela.

I-akhawunti eqanjiwe yempi ehambayo ithatha impucuko yaseNtshonalanga kanye ne-capitalism njengamandla okuthula. Lokhu kwenziwa, ikakhulukazi, ngokuphatha izimpi zaseNtshonalanga kumazwe ompofu njengephutha lala mazwe ampofu. Impi yase-US eVietnam yayiyiphutha lamaVietnam abangakhanywanga ngokwanele ukuzinikela njengoba bekufanele babe nakho. Impi yase-United States e-Iraq iphelile ngokuthi isimemezelo sikaBush sokuthi "umsebenzi ufezekile!" Ngemva kwalokho impi yayiyi "impi yombango" kanye nephutha lama-Iraqis asemuva kanye nokuntuleka kwe-capitalism Western. Njalo njalo.

Ukungaphumeleli kule akhawunti kuyisimo esingapheli sezimpi eziningi e-US, Israel nakwamanye ohulumeni. Izitolo zezindaba zase-US zixoxisana njalo "empini elandelayo" njengokungathi kukhona nje okumelwe kube yinye. Ukungaphumeleli ukuthuthukiswa kwe-NATO ibe namandla amakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Ukulahlekelwa yingozi eyadalwa ukusabalala kobuchwepheshe be nyukliya. Ukulahlekelwa yilokho okubangelwa ukonakala okukhulu kokhetho nokubusa, kanye nokukhula-hhayi ukuwohloka-inzuzo yenkimbinkimbi yezimboni zezempi. Ukulahlekelwa ukuthuthukiswa kwama-US kanye nezinqola ezizweni eziningi; kanye nokuxoshwa kwe-US eChina, eNyakatho Korea, eRussia nase-Iran; ukwanda kwemali yokusetshenziswa kwempi yiChina nezinye izizwe eziningi; kanye nemicabango engafanele mayelana nezimpi zasendulo ezihlanganisa impi yamuva eLibiya kanye neziphakamiso zempi evulekile eSiriya.

Izimpi, ngokubheka i-Pinker namanye amakholwa ekubhujisweni kwempi, zivela emazweni ampofu namaSulumane. I-Pinker ibonisa ukuthi akukho ukuqaphela ukuthi izizwe ezicebile zixhaphaza futhi ziphethe izingalo emazweni ampofu, noma ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi "ziyangenelela" ngokuyeka ukusekela futhi ukulahla amabhomu kanye nalo. Futhi kungenzeka ukuthi amazwe angenza impi yilabo abanezimfundiso, i-Pinker isitshela. (Njengoba wonke umuntu ekwazi, i-United States ayinayo imibono.) "Izingxabano ezintathu zokufa ngemva kwempi," u-Pinker uyabhala, "zazixoshwa yimibuso yamaKhomanisi yaseChina, yaseKorea, neyaseVietnam eyayizinikezela ngokweqile ekuphumeni kwabaphikisi babo." U-Pinker uyaqhubeka ukusola izinga eliphezulu lokufa eVietnam ngokuzimisela kweVietnam ukuba bafe ngobuningi kunokuzinikela, njengoba ecabanga ukuthi kufanele babe nayo.

Impi yase-US e-Iraq iphelile, lapho umbono kaPerberer, lapho uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush ethi "ukufezwa kwezimpi," kusukela lapho kwakuyimpi yombango, ngakho-ke imbangela yalowo mpi yombango ingahlaziywa ngenxa yeziphambeko zase-Iraq umphakathi.
"Nginzima kakhulu," u-Pinker ukhononda, "ukuphoqa intando yeningi emazweni asezweni elithuthukayo elingakaze liveze izinkolelo-ze, izikhulu zempi, nezizwe ezikhohlisayo." Ngempela kungenzeka, kodwa kuphi ubufakazi bokuthi Uhulumeni wase-United States ubelokhu ezama? Noma ubufakazi bokuthi i-United States inenkululeko yentando yeningi ngokwayo? Noma ukuthi i-United States inelungelo lokubeka izifiso zayo kwesinye isizwe?

Ekuqaleni kwencwadi, i-Pinker inikeza amashadi ahlose ukubonisa ukuthi, ngokulingana nomphakathi, izimpi ziye zabulala abantu abaningi abaphambili kanye nabazingeli abaqoqayo kunabantu abasemazweni anamuhla. Akukho kwezizwe zangaphambili ezahluleka ukubuyela emuva ngaphambi kwe-14,000 BCE, okusho ukuthi iningi lokuphila kwabantu lishiyiwe. Futhi la macwecwe ahlula izinhlanga ezihlukene futhi athi, hhayi amaqembu amabili noma amaqembu alabo abalwa izimpi. Ukungabi khona kwempi ngokusebenzisa iningi lomlando wesintu kushiywe ngaphandle kwe-equation, izibalo ezidabukisayo zibalwe izimpi zangaphambili, lezo zibalo ziqhathaniswa nomphakathi jikelele kunabantu bezizwe ezihilelekile, futhi-ngokuphawulekayo-ukufa okubalwa kusukela kusanda Izimpi zase-US kuphela ukufa kwe-US. Futhi kulinganiswa ngokumelene nabantu base-United States, hhayi isizwe esihlaselwe. Ngesinye isikhathi, i-Pinker inquma ukubulawa kwabantu emhlabeni wonke, isilinganiso esingasitsheli lutho mayelana nezinga lokubhujiswa ezindaweni lapho izimpi zilwa khona. Ushiya ngokungaqondile noma ukubambezeleka ukufa. Ngakho amasosha ase-US abulawe eVietnam abalwa, kodwa labo ababulawa kancane kancane nge-Agent Orange noma i-PTSD ababalwa. Ngempela imicibisholo nemicibisholo esetshenziselwa izimpi zasendulo ayinayo imiphumela efanayo yokulibazisa njenge-Agent Orange. Amasosha ase-US abulawe e-Afghanistan athola isibalo sika-Pinker, kodwa iningi elikhulu elifa kancane ngemva kokulimala noma ukuzibulala alikho.

I-Pinker iyavuma ukuthi ingozi ye-nyukliya isakazeke kuphela ngendlela enemibala egcwele ingilazi:

Uma umuntu eyobala inani lembubhiso ukuthi amazwe asebenzile njengenani lokuthi bangakanani abangakwazi ukuwenza, uma bekhona amandla okubhubhisa atholakalayo kubo, ngemva kwempi empi [okusho ukuthi ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II] amashumi eminyaka bekuyoba nemiyalo eminingi yobukhulu kakhulu ukuthula kunanoma yisiphi isikhathi emlandweni.

Ngakho-ke, sinokuthula okuningi ngoba sakhe izikhali eziningi ezibulalayo!

Futhi inqubekela phambili yentuthuko inhle ngoba iqhubeka.

Kodwa-ke, ngemva kwayo yonke imidwebo yezinyawo ezithinta indlela yethu yokuthula, sibheke phezulu futhi sibone izimpi ezibhubhisayo kunanini ngaphambili, nemishini ekhona yokukhokhela okuningi-imishini eyamukelwa ngokungenakuphikwa noma engabonakali.

Izimpi Zethu Azimabi Njengezimpi Zakho

I-Pinker ayilona yedwa. Incwadi yakamuva kaJared Diamond, The World Until Yesterday: What We Can Learn from Societies Traditional, isikisela ukuthi abantu bezizwe bahlala nempi njalo. Izibalo zakhe zifana ne-Pinker's. I-Diamond ibala ukufa kwempi e-Okinawa ku-1945, hhayi njengephesenti lama-Okinawans, kodwa njengephesenti yazo zonke izizwe ezilwa nezizwe, kubandakanya abantu base-United States, lapho impi ayingakaze ilwe khona. Ngalesi sibalo, i-Diamond ifakazela ukufakazela ukuthi iMpi Yezwe II yayibhubhisa kancane kunokudla ngobudlova "esizweni" esingahlaliswanga.

UDaniel Jonah Goldhagen Unzima Kwedlula Impi: Ukubulawa Kokuqothulwa Kwamacala, Ukuqothulwa Kweqile kanye Nokuhlaselwa Okuqhubekayo Ebuntwini kubonisa ukuthi ukuhlukunyezwa kuhluke kakhulu empini futhi kubi kakhulu kunempi. Ngalokhu, uhlukanisa izingxenye zezimpi, njenge-firebombing yase-Japan yaseJapane noma ukubulawa kweNazi, njengokungabi yimpi nhlobo. Izingxenye zezimpi ezisele kwesigaba sempi zifaneleke. I-Goldhagen, impi yase-Iraq yayingeyona inqwaba-yokubulala ngoba yayinembile. Ukuhlaselwa kwe-9 / 11 kwakuyi-genocide, naphezu kwesilinganiso sabo esincane, ngenxa yokungalungi. Ngesikhathi uSaddam Hussein ebulala i-Iraqis kwaba ukubulala okukhulu, kodwa lapho i-United States ibulala i-Iraqis kwakulungile. (I-Goldhagen ayikhulumi ngosizo lwase-US ku-Hussein ekubulaweni kwama-Iraq.)

I-Goldhagen igomela ukuthi ukuphela kwempi kufanele kube okubaluleke kakhulu kunokuphela kokubulala mass. Kodwa ngaphandle kwezimpi zakhe zaseNtshonalanga, impi ibonakala njengohlobo lokubulala abaningi. Empeleni, impi iyamukeleka kakhulu, inhlonipho, futhi inkulu kakhulu kunazo zonke. Ukwenza impi engamukeleki kungaba yisinyathelo esikhulu ekuqondiseni ukwenza konke ukubulala kungamukeleki. Ukugcina impi endaweni njengoba "ithuluzi elisemthethweni" lombuso wangaphandle liqinisekisa ukuthi ukubulala okuningi kuzoqhubeka. Futhi ukuhlenga kabusha okuningi kwempi okubandakanyeka njengempi engeyona impi ihluleka ngokuphawulekayo ekwenzeni icala lokuthi impi iyahamba.

"Kukhona Okubi Emhlabeni"

Impendulo evamile ezimpikiswaneni zokuqeda impi. "Cha. Cha. Udinga ukuqonda ukuthi kukhona okubi emhlabeni. Izwe liyindawo eyingozi. Kukhona abantu ababi emhlabeni. "Nokunye okunye. Isenzo sokukhomba lolu hlu olucacile lwolwazi lukhombisa ukwamukelwa okujulile kwempi njengendlela yokuphendula kuphela ezweni elikhathazekile, nokuqiniseka okuphelele ukuthi impi ayiyona into eyingozi. Abaphikisi bempi abakholelwa ukuthi akukho lutho olubi emhlabeni. Benza nje impi kuleso sigaba, uma kungenjalo nakakhulu kakhulu.

Kuyinto yokwamukela okungacabangi kwempi eqhubeka impi. Umkhankaso womengameli, u-Hillary Clinton uthe uma i-Iran izobe iqale ukuhlasela kuka-Israyeli, "uzoqeda ngokuphelele" i-Iran. Wayesho lokhu kusongela ngokuthi ukuvimbela, wathi. (Bheka ividiyo ku-WarIsI-ICrime.org/Hillary.) Ngaleso sikhathi, uhulumeni wase-Iranian uthe, futhi izinhlangano ze-intelligence zase-US zithi, i-Iran ayinaso izikhali zenuzi futhi ayikho uhlelo lwezikhali zenuzi. I-Iran yayinezikhali zenuzi, yaxoshwa kuwo amashumi eminyaka ngaphambili yi-United States. Yiqiniso, ukuchithwa kwama-Israyeli okuyizinkolelo zama-Israyeli kwakuyoba kubi njengokubhujiswa kwe-Iran kwe-United States. Kodwa i-United States inamandla ngempela okuletha izikhali zenuzi e-Iran futhi isongela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukwenza kanjalo, kokubili izindlu zaseBush ne-Obama White zibonisa uthando olukhulu lombhalo othi "Zonke izinketho zikhona etafuleni." Akufanele be. Izinsongo ezinjalo akufanele zenziwe. Ukukhuluma kwezizwe ezibhubhisayo kufanele kushiywe ngemuva kwethu. Lolu hlobo lwenkulumo lwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukwenza ukuthula, ukuhlanganyela ngempela nesizwe, ukuhambisa ubudlelwane phambili phambili lapho kungekho sizwe esicabanga ukuthi omunye uzokuthuthukisa isikhali esiyingozi futhi ayisebenzise.

I-MIC

Abalobi ababuka impi njengokuphela, futhi njengento yesithathu yezwe, bavame ukuphuthelwa ezinye zezimbangela ezinkulu empini, kuhlanganise nalabo abandakanya inkulumo ethi "isakhiwo sezempi." Lezi zici zihlanganisa ikhono labapagandli, ukufumbathisa okuvulekile kanye nenkohlakalo yezombusazwe zethu, nokuphambene nokuphulukiswa kwemishini yethu yokufundisa nokuzijabulisa kanye nokuzibandakanya komphakathi okuholela abantu abaningi e-United States ukusekela nabanye abaningi ukubekezelela isimo sempi ngokuqhubekayo ekufuneni izitha nezinzuzo naphezu kwezinkulungwane -kukhombisa ukuthi umshini wempi usenza sivikeleke kancane, udonsa umnotho wethu, uchithe amalungelo ethu, uhlasele imvelo yethu, usakaze imali engenayo kuze kube yilapho, uchitha phansi ukuziphatha kwethu, futhi unikeza isizwe esicebile kunazo zonke emhlabeni ezikhundleni eziphansi kakhulu esikhathini sokuphila , inkululeko, kanye nokukwazi ukuphishekela injabulo.

Ayikho yalezi zici ezingenakunqotshwa, kodwa ngeke sizinqobe uma sicabanga ukuthi indlela yokuthula ukubeka intando yethu ephakeme kumazwe angaphandle abuyele emuva ngamabhomu amaqoqo kanye napalm okuhloswe ukuvimbela izinyathelo ezimbi.

Izakhiwo zezimboni zezimboni iyinjini edala impi. Kungabhidliza noma kuguqulwe, kodwa ngeke ukuyeke ukudala izimpi ngokwayo ngaphandle kokucindezela okukhulu. Futhi ngeke kume ngoba nje sifika ekuqapheliseni ukuthi singathanda ngempela ukuyiyeka. Umsebenzi uzodingeka.

Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, i-National Public Radio yaxoxa nomphathi wezikhali. Bambuzwa ukuthi uzokwenzenjani uma umsebenzi owukhulu kakhulu we-Afghanistan wawuzophela, waphendula ngokuthi uthemba ukuthi kungaba khona umsebenzi waseLibya. Wayehleka ngokuhleka. Futhi akazange athole isifiso sakhe-okwamanje. Kodwa amahlaya awaveli ndawo. Ukube wayedlala ngezingane ezihlukumezayo noma ukucwasa ngokobuhlanga akusho ukuthi lokho akushoyo. Ukuzilibazisa ngempi entsha kuyamukelwa emasikweni ethu njengehlaya elifanele. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuhlekisa impi njengemuva futhi kungathandeki akukwenziwanga, futhi kungase kubonakale kungenakuqondakala, ungasho lutho. Sinendlela ende yokuhamba.