NguKirk Johnson, ngoMashi 19, 2019
Ingabe izizwe ezihola impi eyengeziwe zinikeza labo abangaphakathi kwemingcele yabo inkululeko eningi?
Kuvame ukushiwo ukuthi ukuhlangana akulingani ne-causation lapho kwethulwa imininingwane yesayensi. Ukuzama ukuhlobanisa umqondo wokuthi amazwe alwa izimpi kaningi futhi ngaleyo ndlela anikeze labo abangaphakathi kwemingcele yabo inkululeko ethe xaxa kudinga ukuzivocavoca okwangempela kwengqondo uma kungenjalo ukuqonda kwe-Orwellian kwenkululeko. Kusukela kwaphela iMpi Yezwe Yesibili alikho izwe elike labandakanyeka ezimpini ezamenyezelwa ngokusemthethweni nezingacaciswanga, imisebenzi yesikhashana kanye nezinguquko zombuso ezifihlekile kune-United States of America. Futhi ngenkathi kungaphikiswa ukuthi inkululeko nokuvikelwa okuhlinzekwa nguMthethosisekelo wase-US kanye nokuhumusha okulandelayo kwezomthetho kunganikeza izakhamizi zayo ezinye zezindlela zokuvikela nezenkululeko ezingcono kakhulu (zezakhamizi ezimhlophe kanye nalabo abanezindlela zezezimali okungenani) emhlabeni, izikhathi zempi ngokujwayelekile bayichithile futhi bayilulaza leyo nkululeko futhi abayiqinisanga noma bayikhulisa.
Phakathi neMpi Yezwe Lokuqala, amazwi okumbhikisana nokuthula ayevame ukuboshwa futhi ahlukunyezwe emigwaqweni. Ukunyakaza kokuthula e-US kwafaniswa njengokusongela izwe futhi kubhalwe njengommunisist noma i-socialist njengesizathu sokuqeda izakhiwo zabo ezihleliwe. Njengoba kwaze kwaba yingxenye yesithathu yabantu abayizihambeli zakamuva ezweni, kwakulula ukudala "okunye" okubuyisela emuva ngisho nokuxoshwa ezweni nge-Sedition Acts endaweni kusukela i-1798 ibe yisisombululo somthetho (McElroy 2002).
Ukujikela eMpini Yezwe Yesibili, isibonelo esicacile nesibonakala kakhulu yi-internship ye-120,000 Japanese-Americans kanye nokuthunjwa kwengcebo yabo, ubugebengu bukahulumeni ngokumelene nezakhamuzi zakhona ezinikezwe yi-oda likaMongameli we-executive (Sweeting, 2004). Impi kulokhu iveza ukuthi ukucwaswa kwezizwe kuzosetshenziswa njengoba kudingekile futhi kuvunyelwe uma kuhambisane nomphakathi ovumelanisayo futhi ovumelanisayo.
Ingxabano ingenziwa ukuthi iU.SA ayingewona intando yeningi esebenzayo kuze kube yilapho uhlelo lobandlululo luphela futhi amalungelo omthetho azo zonke izakhamizi zaziwa kwi-1960s. Noma kunjalo, izikhala zomphakathi ezididiyelwe kanye namalungelo athembekile ngokomthetho wokuvota azange ahumushe zibe nenkululeko engaphezulu yokuhlangana noma ukukhuluma ngokumelene nempi kanye nempi yangaphandle.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ama-ejensi afana ne-FBI nezinhlelo ezifana ne-COINTELPRO basebenze ukuhlola nokuphinda ahlukumeze amaqembu amalungelo abantu, amaqembu okuthula namazwi ompi aphikisayo, kuhlanganise nama-anti-war combat (Inkululeko Yenkululeko Manje, Agasti 4th, 1997). Lokhu kwaqhubeka phakathi nempi yaseMelika eVietnam kanye namazwe "omonakalo wokubambisana" emazweni afana neLao PDR naseCambodia kuze kube yilapho ulwazi lwaloluhlelo lwenziwa umphakathi. Isibonelo esihle samandla esikhungo ezama ukuphazamisa nokuthulisa amazwi angabonakala ngendlela ngisho nesibalo esinamandla njengoDkt. Martin Luther King Jr. esingasuswa yizindaba ezithinta umphakathi kanye nabanye osebenza nabo ngokumangalisayo ngemuva kokumemezela ukuphikisana ne-US. impi eVietnam (Smiley, 2010).
Isibonelo emashumini ambalwa eminyaka kamuva emva kokuhlasela kwe-2003 nokusebenza kwe-Iraq kuqhubeka nokufakazela ukuthi ukukhushulwa kwenkululeko nalabo abafisa ukuba nenkundla yokuphikisana nempi babhekane nokushushiswa kukahulumeni kuphela, kodwa nokuhlukunyezwa nokucutshungulwa kwamabhizinisi ezinkampani. Ngesikhathi umculi oholayo weDixie Chicks ethi unamahloni wokuthi uvela embusweni ofanayo noMongameli we-United States, lokhu kwaholela ekutheni amarekhodi eqembu abulawe emisebenzini yomphakathi ehlelwe amaqembu aphiko elifanele nomculo wabo esho iziteshi zomsakazo ezinkampani (Schwartz noF Fabrikant, 2003). Ukuzama ukuhlolwa kwebhizinisi kwaqhubeka nokuqhubeka nefilimu yomsakazo mayelana neDixie Chicks ekuhluphekeni lapho i-NBC, ngesikhathi esiningi esine-General Electric (GE), yenqabe ukukhombisa izikhangiso ze-trailer ye-movie (Rae, 2006). UJe wayengumbonisi omkhulu wokuvikela.
Kusukela ngemuva kwe-9 / 11 / 2001, ukuhlasela nokusebenza kwe-Afghanistan ne-Iraq, kanye neminye imisebenzi yezempi emhlabeni wonke, ukukhululeka komphakathi kwazakhamuzi zase-US kuhlale kushintshwe futhi kuyinselele. Umthetho we-USA Patriot, uye wavimbela kakhulu inkululeko yomphakathi ukuhlela futhi uphika izakhamizi eziningi zaseMelika "inkululeko" ekuhlukunyezweni nasekubandlululweni. Abantu baseMelika benkolo yamaSulumane bebelokhu babe yizinto ezihlose ukuhlaselwa okuhlukahlukene ekubusweni kwabo kwabantu ngalesi sikhathi (Devereaux, 2016). Ukwengeza, imibuthano yomphakathi ukuphikisana ivame ukuvinjelwa ezindaweni ezibizwa ngokuthi mahhala; bese kukhona ukugcinwa kwe-elektroniki okuyimfihlo futhi okunamandla kuyo yonke imisebenzi yethu yokuthengiswa kwe-intanethi u-Edward Snowden namanye ama-brawling-brave avele avele (uMbuso Wenkululeko, Juni 10th, 2013).
Ngingabheka lokhu kuyisongo esikhulu kunazo zonke emiphakathini yethu yenkululeko kanye nenkululeko futhi siphila esifundeni esilungile futhi silingana ngaphansi kwalo mthetho. Kodwa-ke, mina nomndeni wami noma mina asizange sibekwe ekamu lokuqashwa noma siphila ngaphansi kokuphenywa kokusondeka kokubambisana kwami noma ukubhaliswa kwami kwezombangazwe ngakho-ke kulula ukuba senze isitatimende. Lokho ukuhlolwa kwesiteleka sethu se-intanethi kuvula amathuba okuphatha okunjalo bonke abemi.
Ngokuvamile izimpi ezihlabayo ziphikisana nokunikeza inkululeko nenkululeko engaphezulu ezweni, kodwa kungase kube ekuqothuleni futhi kuthukuthele futhi kubuyele emuva okuvumela inkululeko nezinkululeko ukuba zifakwe emithethweni emisha nokuqonda okusha. Ukubuthakathaka kwezinhlelo zempi kungavula iminyango yokulingana okukhulu, inkululeko kanye nobulungiswa; kodwa izimpi ngokwazo azikho nganoma yiluphi uhlobo ukudala inkululeko entsha kunoma yimuphi umqondo ovamile wegama. Impi kanye nezikhungo ezithintekayo futhi zizuze ezimpini, ngokwemvelo, zizama ukuvimbela izinselele ezikhundleni zabo zamandla. Uma izakhamizi zezwe zingavimbeli lezo zikhungo ezizimisele ukulwa, khona-ke inkululeko yabo kanye nenkululeko kuzobekelwa umkhawulo. Lokhu, ngiyakholwa, kuyisenzakalo sezwe jikelele.
Okubhekwayo
UDevereaux, R. (2016). Ijaji elivumile ukwandisa ukuphathwa kwe-NYPD yamaSulumane manje lifuna ukubhekwa ngaphezulu. I-Intercept. https://theintercept.com/2016/
nypd-surveillance-of-amaSulumane-
Intando yeningi Manje. (Agasti 4, 1997). COINTELPRO. https://www.democracynow.org/
McElroy, W. (2002). Impi Yezwe I kanye nokucindezelwa kokuphikisana. I-Independent Institute.
http://www.independent.org/
URae, S. (2006). I-NBC iyalahla i-Dixie Chicks: yenzani naleyo?
https://www.prwatch.org/news/
USchwartz, J & Fabrikant, G. (2003). Abezindaba; Impi ibeka i-radio giant ekuzivikeleni. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2003/
Smiley, T. (2010). Indaba kaDkt. King's 'Beyond Vietnam' inkulumo. I-NPR Inkulumo Yokusakazwa Kwezwe. https://www.npr.org/templates/
Sweeting, M. (2004). Isifundo kwi-Japanese American Internment. Ukucubungula Amakilasi Ethu, iv. I-2. Ukushicilelwa kweziKhungo zokuThuthukisa.
U-Kirk Johnson ungumfundi World BEYOND Warisifundo se-inthanethi samanje se-War Abolition 101, okwabhalelwa sona lesi sihloko.
