II. INGABE KUVELA

Nakuba abantu abaningi bengakholelwa ukuthi impi ingaphelelwa (futhi ngithemba ukuthi Ingxenye I yale ncwadi iqala njalo kancane ukushintsha izingqondo), abaningi abakholelwa ukuthi impi kufanele iphele. Yiqiniso kulula ukulahla umbuzo wokuthi impi kufanele iphele uma unqume ukuthi awukwazi ukuphela, njengoba kulula ukuba ungakhathazeki ngokuthi kungenzeka ukuphela uma unqume ukuthi kufanele ugcinwe . Ngakho, lezi zinkolelo ezimbili zisekela ngokuhlanganyela. Bobabili bayiphutha, futhi buthakathaka kuyasiza ekunciphiseni omunye, kodwa zombili zigijimela kakhulu emasikweni ethu. Kukhona abanye abantu abakholelwa ukuthi impi ingakwazi futhi kufanele iqedwe, kodwa ngubani ophakamisa ukulwa njengethuluzi okufanele enze ngalo msebenzi. Lokho kudideka kubonisa ukuthi kunzima kanjani ukuba sifinyelele esimweni sokusiza ukuqedwa.

"Ukuzivikela" Kubeka Usengozini

Kusukela ku-1947, lapho uMnyango Wezempi ubizwa kabusha ngokuthi uMnyango Wezokuvikela, isosha lase-US liye lahlaselwa okungenani njalo njalo. Ukuhlasela kwabaseMelika baseMelika, ePhilippines, eLatin America, njll, uMnyango Wezempi wawungavikeleki; futhi futhi kwakungekho izimpi zoMnyango Wezokuvikela eKorea, Vietnam, i-Iraq, njll. Nakuba ukuzivikela okungcono kunazo zonke ezemidlalo kungase kube yinto enhle, ukwephulwa kwempi akulondeli, hhayi lapho kudala inzondo, intukuthelo, futhi ibuhlungu, hhayi lapho okunye akuyona impi nhlobo. Ngenkathi okuthiwa impi yomhlaba wonke ebuphekula, ubuphekula bulokhu bukhula.

Lokhu kwabikezelwa futhi kwabikezelwa. Abantu abathukuthele ngokuhlaselwa kanye nemisebenzi nje bebengayiqedwa noma bazonqotshwa ngokuhlaselwa kanye nemisebenzi eminingi. Ukuzenza sengathi "bazonda inkululeko yethu," njengoba uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush esho, noma ukuthi banenkolo engalungile noma abangenangqondo ngokuphelele ayishintshi lokhu. Ukuphishekela ukusetshenzwa kwezomthetho ngokushushisa labo abathintekayo ngobugebengu bokubulala abantu nge-9 / 11 kungenzeka ukuthi basize ekuvimbeleni ubuphekula obengeziwe ngaphezu kokuqala izimpi. Kwakungenakulimaza uhulumeni wase-United States ukuba ayeke abacindezeli bezempi (njengoba ngibhala lokhu, amasosha aseGibhithe ahlasela izakhamizi zaseGibhithe ngezikhali ezihlinzekwe yi-United States, kanti i-White House inqaba ukusika "usizo," okusho ukuthi izikhali), evikela ubugebengu ngokumelene namaPalestina (zama ukufunda iNdodana KaMikele Peled), futhi ubeka amasosha ase-US kwamanye amazwe abantu. Izimpi ze-Iraq ne-Afghanistan, nokuhlukunyezwa kweziboshwa phakathi kwabo, zaba amathuluzi amakhulu okuqasha ubugebengu obuphikisana no-US.

Ngo-2006, izinhlaka zezobunhloli zase-US zakhiqiza iNational Intelligence Estimate efinyelela kuleso siphetho. I-Associated Press ibike ukuthi: "Impi e-Iraq isiphenduke imbangela yabashisekeli abangamaSulumane, yazala intukuthelo enkulu nge-US okungenzeka ukuthi ibe yimbi kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba ibe ngcono, abahlaziyi bezobunhloli base-federal baphetha ngombiko ophikisana nombango kaMongameli Bush wokuthi umhlaba okhula uphephe kakhudlwana. … [T] abahlaziyi asebemnkantshubomvu besizwe baphetha ngokuthi yize kunomonakalo omkhulu ebuholini be-al-Qaida, usongo oluvela kuma-Islamic extremists selusabalale ngobuningi nasezindaweni ezithile. ”

Ukuthi uhulumeni waseMelika uphishekela izinqubomgomo zokuphikisana nobuphekula owaziyo ukuthi uzokhipha ubuphekula kuye kwaholela abaningi ukuba baphethe ngokuthi ukunciphisa ubuphekula akuyona into ebaluleke kakhulu, kanti abanye baphetha ngokuthi ukukhiqiza ubuphekula empeleni kuyinhloso. ULeah Bolger, owayengumongameli we-Veterans For Peace, uthi, "uhulumeni wase-United States uyazi ukuthi izimpi ziphikisana, okungukuthi, uma inhloso yakho ukunciphisa inani 'lamaphekula.' Kodwa injongo yezimpi zaseMelika akuyona ukwenza ukuthula, ukukwenza izitha eziningi ukuze siqhubeke nomjikelezo ongapheli wempi. "

Manje kuza ingxenye lapho ihamba khona nakakhulu ngaphambi kokuba ibe ngcono. Kukhona ithuluzi lokuqasha elisha: izigameko ze-drone nokubulala okuhlosiwe. Ama-Veterans ase-US abulala amaqembu e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan axoxwa encwadini kaJeremy Scahill kanye nefilimu engcolile ama-Wars athi noma nini lapho besebenza ngendlela yokubulala abantu, banikezwa uhlu olubanzi; lolu hlu lwakhula ngenxa yokusebenza ngendlela yalo. UGeneral Stanley McChrystal, owayengumengameli we-US kanye nebutho le-NATO e-Afghanistan utshele uRoyling Stone ngoJune 2010 ukuthi "wonke umuntu ongenacala uyabulala, udala izitha ezintsha ze-10." I-Bureau of Investigative Journalism nabanye babhale ngokucophelela amagama abantu abaningi abangenacala wabulawa yi-drone.

Ku-2013, uMcChrystal wathi kunentukuthelo ebanzi mayelana neziteleka ze-drone ePakistan. Ngokusho kwephephandaba lasePakistan i-Dawn ngoFebhuwari 10, 2013, uMcChrystal, “waxwayisa ngokuthi iziteleka eziningi ze-drone ePakistan ngaphandle kokukhomba abasolwa ngamasosha ngamunye kungaba yinto embi. UGeneral McChrystal uthe uyakuqonda ukuthi kungani abasePakistan, ngisho nasezindaweni ezingathintekile yi-drones, besabela kabi ezitelekeni. Wabuza abaseMelika ukuthi bazosabela kanjani uma izwe elingumakhelwane elifana neMexico liqala ukudubula imicibisholo ye-drone ezindaweni ezazibhekiswe eTexas. Uthe abasePakistan, babona ama-drones njengobonakaliso bamandla aseMelika ngokumelene nesizwe sabo futhi basabela ngokufanele. 'Okungithusayo ngeziteleka ze-drone yindlela abonwa ngayo emhlabeni jikelele,' kusho uGeneral McChrystal kwinhlolokhono yangaphambili. 'Intukuthelo edalwe ukusetshenziswa kwaseMelika kweziteleka ezingagunyaziwe… kukhulu kakhulu kunalokho okujatshulelwa ngumMelika ojwayelekile. Bayazondwa ezingeni le-visceral, ngisho nabantu abangakaze bayibone noma babone imiphumela yayo. '”

Ngesikhathi i-2010, uBruce Riedel, oqondisa ukubuyekezwa kwenqubomgomo yase-Afghanistan kuMongameli Obama wathi, "Ukucindezela esikubeke phezu kwamandla [jihadist] ngonyaka odlule uye wabadonsa ndawonye, ​​okusho ukuthi inethiwekhi yezivumelwano iyanda "kusho uMongameli we-National Intelligence uDennis Blair." Ngesikhathi "ukuhlaselwa kukaDonone kwasiza ekunciphiseni ubuholi baseQaeda ePakistan, kwandisa inzondo yaseMelika" futhi kwalimaza "ikhono lethu ukusebenzisana nePakistan [ekuqedeni] izindawo ezingcwele zeTaliban, ukugqugquzela inkhulumomphendvulwano yaseNdiya ne-Pakistani, nokwenza izikhali zenuzi zisePakistan zivikeleke kakhulu. "(I-New York Times, August 9, 2010.)

UMichael Boyle, oyingxenye yeqembu lika-Obama lokulwa nobushokobezi ngesikhathi somkhankaso wakhe wokhetho ngo-2008, uthi ukusetshenziswa kwama-drones kunemiphumela “emibi engalinganiswanga kahle uma kuthelekiswa nokuzuza kwamasu ahlobene nokubulala amaphekula. … Ukwanda okukhulu kwesibalo sabantu abashona emisebenzini esezingeni eliphansi kukhulise ukumelana kwezepolitiki nohlelo lwaseMelika ePakistan, Yemen nakwamanye amazwe. ” (The Guardian, Januwari 7, 2013.) “Siyakubona lokho kubuyiselwa emuva. Uma uzama ukubulala indlela yakho yokuthola isixazululo, noma ngabe ushaya emhloleni kangakanani, uzocasula abantu ngisho noma bengahlosiwe, ”kunanela uGen.James E. Cartwright, owayeyisekela likasihlalo we IChief Chiefs Yezabasebenzi. (The New York Times, Mashi 22, 2013.)

Le mibono ayivamile. Isikhulu esiteshini se-CIA esise-Islamabad ku-2005-2006 sicabanga ukuthi izigameko ze-drone, okwamanje zisaqhubeka, "zenze kancane ngaphandle kwenzondo yamafutha e-United States ngaphakathi kwePakistan." (Bheka iNdlela Yomkhwa kaMark Mazzetti.) isikhulu esithile se-Afghanistan, uMathem Hoh, ushiye umsebenzi wokubhikisha wathi, "Ngicabanga ukuthi senza inzondo enkulu. Sichitha izimpahla eziningi ezinhle kakhulu ezilandela amantombazane aphakathi kwabantu abangasongeli i-United States noma abangenalo ikhono lokusongela i-United States. "Ngombono onjalo okuningi ubona iqoqo likaFred Branfman kuWarIsACrime.org/LessSafe.

Ukuzwa okungavamile
Okuthile Okuzozwa

Ngo-Ephreli 2013, i-subcommittee yase-US Senate Judiciary inomhlangano wokulalela i-drones eyayihlephulile. Njengoba kwenzeke, ngesikhathi sokulibazisa, idolobha lasekhaya linye lalabo abahleliwe lihlelwe yi-drone. UFarea al-Muslimi, insizwa e-Yemen, uchaze "ukuhlaselwa okwethusa izinkulungwane zamafama alula, abampofu."

U-Al-Muslimi uthe, "Ngiye ngavakashela izindawo lapho i-US ehlose ukubulala khona iziteleka ziye zahlasela izinhloso zabo ezihlosiwe. Futhi ngiye ngavakashela izingosi lapho izimpi zase-US zilahle khona izinhloso zazo futhi kunalokho zabulala noma zalimaza abantu abangenacala. Ngikhulume namalungu omndeni odabukisayo nabahlali bendawo abathukuthele. Ngibonile i-Al Qaeda e-Peninsula yase-Arabia (i-AQAP) isebenzisa iziteleka zase-US ukugqugquzela i-ajenda yayo bese uzama ukuthola amanye amaphekula. "

U-Al-Muslimi ucacise ezinye zalezi zimo. Uphinde wachaza ukubonga kwakhe eUnited States ngezinzuzo zokufunda kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho njengomfundi wokushintshanisa okwamvumela ukuba abone izwe elingaphezu komzana wakhe omncane waseYemeni waseWessab. "Kuzo zonke abantu baseWessab," kusho u-al-Muslimi, "nginguye kuphela umuntu onokuxhumana ne-United States. Bangibiza futhi bangithumelela lolobusuku ngemibuzo engingayiphenduli: Kungani ama-United States ayesabisa ngalezi zimbongolo? Kungani i-United States izama ukubulala umuntu one-missile uma wonke umuntu eyazi ukuthi ukhona nokuthi ngabe ubanjwe kalula? "

Ngemuva kwesiteleka, abalimi baseWessab babesaba futhi bathukuthela. Bebephatheke kabi ngoba bayamazi u-Al-Radmi kodwa bebengazi ukuthi uyisisulu, ngakho-ke bebengaba naye ngesikhathi sesiteleka semishini. …
Esikhathini esedlule, iningi labantu baseWessab lalazi okuncane nge-United States. Izindaba zami mayelana nokuhlangenwe nakho kwami ​​eMelika, abangane bami baseMelika, kanye namagugu aseMelika engizibonele wona kwasiza abantu bendawo engangikhuluma nabo ukuba baqonde iMelika engiyaziyo nengiyithandayo. Manje, nokho, lapho becabanga ngeMelika bacabanga ngokwesaba abakuzwayo kusuka kuma-drones ahlala phezu kwamakhanda abo alungele ukudubula imicibisholo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. …
Akukho lutho lwabantu baseWessab ababeludinga ngaphezu kwesikole sokufundisa izingane zendawo noma isibhedlela ukusiza ukwehlisa inani labesifazane nezingane abafa nsuku zonke. Ukube i-United States yakha isikole noma isibhedlela, bekuzoshintsha khona manjalo izimpilo zabantu bakithi ibe ngcono futhi ibe ithuluzi elisebenza kangcono kakhulu lobuphekula. Futhi ngingaqiniseka ukukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bendawo babezoya ukuyobamba ilitshe ngokwabo. …
Yikuphi ama-radicals ayehlulekile ukuwafinyelela emzaneni wami, isiteleka esisodwa se-drone senziwa ngokushesha: kukhona intukuthelo enkulu kanye nenzondo ekhulayo eMelika.

U-Al-Muslimi ufike esiphethweni esifanayo sokuthi umuntu uzwa kubantu abaningi, kuhlanganise nezikhulu eziphezulu zase-US, ePakistan naseYemen:

Ukubulawa kwabantu abamsulwa yimicibisholo yase-Yemen e-Yemen kusiza ekudambiseni izwe lami futhi kudala indawo okuvela kuyo i-AQAP. Njalo uma umuntu ongenacala angabulawa noma ehlatshwa isiteleka se-US drone noma elinye lokubulala, lizwa yi-Yemenis ezweni lonke. Lezi zimangalo zivame ukubangela inzondo e-United States futhi idale ukuhlehliswa kwemithi okuvimbela imigomo kazwelonke yokuphepha ye-United States.

Ngukuphi Ukubulawa Kubulawe?

Ubufakazi bukaFarea al-Muslimi bubufakazi obuningi obungokoqobo emahholo eCongress. Bonke abafakazi kulokho okuzwakalayo kanye nezinye izinkulumo eziningi ezihlosiwe ngalezi zihloko kwakuyiziprofesimthetho zomthetho ezikhethiwe ukuvuma okungavumelekile kohlelo lwe-drone lokubulala. Uprofesa kulindeleke ukuthi avunyelwe i-drone ebulala e-Afghanistan kodwa ukuphikisa ngokungemthetho ePakistan, Yemen, eSomalia nakwezinye izindawo "ngaphandle kwendawo yempi," kwahlukunyezwa ohlwini lofakazi. Ngenkathi iZizwe Ezihlangene "iphenyisisa" ukungahambi kahle kwemigomo ye-drone, abasomabhizinisi abasondelene nabo beza ukuzwa lo mbono lapho u-al-Muslimi ekhulume khona bebufakazi bukaProfesa uRosa Brooks.

I-White House inqabe ukuthumela noma yibuphi ubufakazi, njengoba inqatshelwe ukulalela ezinye izihloko ngezihloko ezifanayo. Ngakho-ke iCongress yenzenjani namaprofesa omthetho. Kodwa abaprofesa bomthetho bafakaza ukuthi, ngenxa ye-White House eyimfihlo, babengakwazi ukwazi lutho. U-Rosa Brooks ufakaze, empeleni, ukuthi izidakamizwa ezidutshulwa ngaphandle kwendawo yempi eyamukelwa kungaba "ukubulala" (igama lakhe) noma zingamukeleka ngokuphelele. Umbuzo wukuthi beyingxenye yempi. Uma beyingxenye yempi ngaleso sikhathi babevunyelwe ngokuphelele. Uma bezingeyona ingxenye yempi base bebulala. Kodwa iNdlu eNtshonalanga ibike ukuthi inezikhala eziyimfihlo "ezisemthethweni" izigameko ze-drone, kanti uBrowns akakwazi ngaphandle kokubona i-memos ukuthi i-memos ithe iziteleka ze-drone ziyingxenye yempi noma cha.

Cabanga ngalokhu ngomzuzu. Kulo gumbi elifanayo, kulesi sithebula, uFarea al-Muslimi, wesaba ukuvakashela unina, inhliziyo yakhe iphuma ngenxa yokwesaba okwenzeke endaweni yakhe. Futhi lapha kuza umprofesa wezomthetho ukuchaza ukuthi konke kuvumelana ngokugcwele namazinga ase-US uma nje uMongameli ebeke amagama afanele phansi komthetho oyimfihlo ongawubonisi abantu base-US.
Kuyinto engaqondakali ukuthi ukubulala yilona kuphela ubugebengu obuqeda impi. Amakholwa empini ephucukile agcina ukuthi, ngisho nasempi, awukwazi ukuthumba noma ukudlwengula noma ukuhlukunyezwa noma ukweba noma ukulala phansi ngaphansi kwesifungo noma ukukhohlisa intela yakho. Kodwa uma ufuna ukubulala, lokho kuzoba kuhle. Amakholwa empini engaphumelelanga athola lokhu kunzima ukukuqonda. Uma ungabulala, okuyinto engaba yimbi kunazo zonke, ngakho-ke kungani emhlabeni-babuza-awukwazi yini ukuhlukumeza kancane?

Uyini umehluko obalulekile phakathi kokulwa empini nokungahlali empini, njengokuthi okwesinye isenzo isenzo sihloniphekile kanti kwesinye sibulala? Ngencazelo, ayikho into efakazela ngayo. Uma imemori eyimfihlo ingasemthethweni i-drone ibulala ngokuchaza ukuthi bayingxenye yempi, khona-ke umehluko awusenzi lutho noma uyabonakala. Asikwazi ukubona lapha enhliziyweni yombuso, kanti u-al-Muslimi akakwazi ukukubona edolobheni lakhe elidutshulwa e-Yemen. Umehluko yinto engatholakala ku-memo eyimfihlo. Ukubekezelela impi nokuhlala nathi, iningi lamalungu omphakathi kumele ahlanganyele kulobu buphofu bokuziphatha.

Imiphumela ayifihliwe kangako. UMikha Zenko woMkhandlu Wezobudlelwano Namanye Amazwe wabhala ngoJanuwari 2013 wathi, “Kubukeka kunokuxhumana okuqinile e-Yemen phakathi kokubulawa kwabantu okwenziwe ngenhloso kusukela ngoDisemba 2009 nokwandisa ulaka e-United States kanye nozwelo noma ukuthembeka ku-AQAP. … Owayekade eyisikhulu samasosha esasibandakanyeke kakhulu ekubulaweni kwabantu okubhekiswe e-US wathi 'iziteleka ze-drone ziyizimpawu nje zokuzikhukhumeza ezizohlasela iMelika. … Umhlaba obonakala ngokwanda kwama-drones ahlomile… kungabukela phansi izintshisekelo zase-US, njengokuvimbela izingxabano, ukukhuthaza amalungelo abantu nokuqinisa imibuso yezomthetho yamazwe omhlaba. ' Ngenxa yezinzuzo ezingokwemvelo ze-drones ngaphezu kwezinye izingxenyekazi zezikhali, abalingisi bezwe nabangezona izifundazwe bangase babe nethuba elikhulu lokusebenzisa amandla abulalayo ngokumelene ne-United States nabasizi bayo. ”

Uhulumeni wethu unikeze lo mqondo oyinhlekelele igama futhi ufuna ukuwusabalalisa kude nakude. UGregory Johnson wabhala ku-New York Times ngoNovemba 19, 2012: “Ifa elihlala njalo lomgomo kule minyaka emine edlule kungenzeka liphenduke indlela yokulwa nobuphekula izikhulu zaseMelika ezibiza ngokuthi 'imodeli yaseYemen,' ingxube yeziteleka ze-drone kanye nokuhlasela kwamasosha abhekiswe ngqo kubaholi be-Al Qaeda. … Ubufakazi obuqhamuka kubalwi beQaeda kanye nezingxoxo mina nezintatheli zasendaweni sike sazenza kulo lonke elaseYemen zifakazela ukuthi abantu ababulawa ngumphakathi abasemqoka ekuchazeni ukukhula kwe-Al Qaeda lapho. Izwe laseMelika libulala abesifazane, izingane kanye namalungu ezizwe ezibalulekile. 'Njalo lapho bebulala umuntu wesizwe, bakhela abalwa nabalwi i-Al Qaeda,' kusho omunye wase-Yemeni engichazela ngetiye eSana, inhlokodolobha, ngenyanga edlule. Omunye utshele i-CNN, ngemuva kwesiteleka esingaphumelelanga, 'ngeke ngimangale uma abantu besizwe abayikhulu bejoyina i-Al Qaeda ngenxa yephutha ledrone lakamuva.' ”

Ubani Ongaphumelela
Izinqubomgomo ezinjalo eziyingozi?

Impendulo eyingxenye yilezi: Abantu abalalela ngokukhululeka, bathemba abaphathi babo ngokweqile, futhi bazizwe bezisola kakhulu lapho beka futhi bacabanga. Ngo-June 6, i-2013, i-NBC News yaxoxa nomqhubi wangaphambili we-drone ogama lakhe linguBrandon Bryant owayecindezeleke kakhulu ngendima yakhe ekubulaleni abantu abangu-1,600:
UBrandon Bryant uthi uhlezi esihlalweni esiseNvada Air Force basebenzisa ikhamera ngesikhathi ithimba lakhe lidubula imicibisholo emibili ededeni labo emadodeni amathathu ehamba emgwaqeni phakathi kwezwe lase-Afghanistan. Lezi zinqola zithinta zonke izinhloso ezintathu, kanti uBryant uthi uyakwazi ukubona umphumela kwesikrini sakhe sekhompyutheni-kubandakanya izithombe ezishisayo zomkhuhlane okhulayo wegazi elishisayo.

Uthi: "Umfana owayegijima phambili, ulahlekelwe umlenze wakhe wokunene," esho. 'Futhi ngibheke lo mfana ephuma futhi, ngisho, igazi liyashisa.' Njengoba le ndoda yafa isidumbu sakhe sabanda, kusho uBryant, nesithombe sakhe esishisayo sashintsha waze waba umbala ofanayo nomhlabathi.

'Ngiyakwazi ukubona wonke amaphikseli amancane,' kusho uBryant, obhekene ne-post-traumatic disorder disorder, 'uma nje ngivala amehlo ami.'

'Abantu bathi izigameko zeDrone zifana nokuhlasela kwabantu,' kusho uBryant. 'Yebo, izikhali aziboni lokhu. Izikhali aziboni imiphumela yezenzo zabo. Kuyasondelana kakhulu nathi, ngoba sibona konke. ' ...

Akaqinisekiseki ukuthi la madoda amathathu e-Afghanistan ayengabantu baseTaliban abahlukumezi noma abesilisa abanezibhamu ezweni lapho abantu abaningi bephethe izibhamu. La madoda ayengamakhilomitha amahlanu ukusuka emabutho aseMelika ephikisana lapho i-missile iwashaya. ...

Uphinde ukhumbule eqiniseka ukuthi uke wabona ingane ingena esikrinini sakhe ngesikhathi esisodwa ngaphambi kokuba i-missile ishaye, naphezu kokuqinisekiswa kwabanye ukuthi isibalo ayebonile sasinja inja.

Ngemva kokuhlanganyela emakhulwini emisebenzi eminyakeni eminingi, uBryant uthe "walahla inhlonipho ngokuphila" futhi waqala ukuzizwa efana nomphakathi. ...

Ku-2011, njengoba umsebenzi kaBryant njengomqhubi we-drone ususondele, uthe umlawuli wakhe wamtshela lokho okuyi-scorecard. Kubonise ukuthi uhlanganyele ekuthumeni okwabangela ekufeni kwabantu base-1,626.

'Ngingajabula uma bengangibonisi ngisho nephepha,' esho. 'Ngiye ngabona amasosha aseMelika efa, abantu abangenacala bafa, futhi abafayo bafa. Futhi akuyona into enhle. Akuyona into engifuna ukuba nayo-le diploma. '

Manje njengoba engaphandle kwe-Air Force futhi ebuyela ekhaya e-Montana, uBryant uthe akafuni ukucabanga ukuthi bangaki abantu abakulolu hlu abangase bangenacala: 'Kuyabuhlungu kakhulu.' ...

Lapho etshela owesifazane ukuthi ubona ukuthi ube ngumdlali we-drone, futhi wabambelela ekufeni kwabantu abaningi, wamnquma. Uthi: "Uyangibheka njengami ngingumuntu oyisilo," esho. Futhi akazange afune ukungithinta futhi. '

Siphathisa Abanye Kakhulu,
Akuzivikeli

Izimpi zihlanganiswa ngamanga ngokuvumelana okunjalo (bheka incwadi yami ethi War Is A Lie) ikakhulu ngenxa yokuthi abagqugquzeli babo bafuna ukukhalaza ezinhlelweni ezinhle. Bathi impi izosivikela ngokusongela okungekhona, njengezikhali e-Iraq, ngoba impi evulekile yokuhlukunyezwa ngeke isamukele-futhi ngenxa yokuthi ukwesaba nobuzwe kwenza abantu abaningi bazimisele ukukholelwa amanga. Akukho lutho olungalungile ngokuzivikela, ngemuva kwakho konke. Ubani ongase aphikisana nokuzivikela?

Noma bathi impi izovikela abantu abangenakuzisiza eLibiya noma eSiriya noma kwelinye izwe ezingozini ababhekene nazo. Kumelwe sibhoqe ukuba siwavikele. Sine "Isibopho Sokuvikela." Uma othile ebulala uhlanga, ngokuqinisekile akufanele simi futhi sibuke lapho singakuyeka.

Kodwa, njengoba sibonile ngenhla, izimpi zethu zibeka engozini kithi kunokusivikela. Bafaka abanye engozini. Zithatha izimo ezimbi futhi zenze zibe zimbi nakakhulu. Ingabe kufanele sigweme ukuhlukunyezwa? Yiqiniso, kufanele, uma sikwazi. Kodwa akufanele sisebenzise izimpi ukuze senze abantu bezizwe ezihluphekayo babebi nakakhulu. NgoSeptemba 2013, uMongameli Obama wanxusa wonke umuntu ukuba abuke amavidiyo wezingane ezifa eSiriya, okusho ukuthi uma unendaba ngalabo bantwana kufanele uxhase ukuqhuma amabhomu eSiriya.

Eqinisweni, abaphikisi abaningi bempi, ehlazweni labo, bathi ama-United States kufanele akhathazeke ngabantwana bawo futhi ayeke ukuthwala imithwalo yemfanelo yomhlaba. Kodwa okwenza izinto zibe zimbi nakakhulu kwelinye izwe ngokushaya ibhomu akuyona yimuphi umthwalo wemfanelo; kuyicala. Futhi ngeke kuthuthukiswe ngokuthola izizwe ezingaphezulu ukusiza ngazo.

Ngakho Yini Okufanele Siyenze?

Okokuqala, kufanele sakha izwe lapho kungenakwenzeka khona ukushaqeka okunjalo (bheka Isigaba IV sale ncwadi). Izigebengu ezinjengokuhlukunyezwa kwezinhlanga azikho izizathu ezizwakalayo, kodwa zinezimbangela, futhi ngokuvamile ziyisixwayiso esinengi.

Okwesibili, amazwe afana ne-United States kufanele athathe inqubomgomo ehambisana nokubhekwa kwamalungelo abantu. Uma iSiriya yenza izenzo zokuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu futhi iphikisana nokubusa kwezomnotho noma kwezempi yase-US, futhi uma iBairrain yenza izenzo zokuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu kodwa ivumela i-US Navy dock imikhumbi yemikhumbi egodini layo, impendulo kufanele ifane. Eqinisweni, imikhumbi yemikhumbi kufanele ibuye evela emachwebeni amanye amazwe, okuzokwenza kube lula ukunikela. Abacindezeli abaqothulwe eminyakeni yamuva ngokungabi nabuthakathi eGibhithe, Yemen naseTunisia, kodwa kwakungeke kube khona, ukusekelwa kwe-US. Okufanayo kulandela ukuthi umbhikisho uphonseke kabi eLibiya kanti lowo usongela eSiriya, kanye nalowo owaqothulwa e-Iraq. Laba yibo bonke abantu abanohulumeni wase-US abajabule ukusebenza lapho kubonakala sengathi ku-US. Ama-United States kufanele ayeke ukulwa, ukuxhasa noma ukusekela nganoma iyiphi indlela ohulumeni abenza ukuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu, kuhlanganise nohulumeni bakwa-Israyeli ne-Egypt. Futhi-ke, i-United States akufanele ibenze ukuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu ngokwayo.
Okwesithathu, abantu ngabanye, amaqembu, kanye nohulumeni kumele basekele ukuphikisana okungekho emthethweni ekucindezelweni nasekuhlukumezweni, ngaphandle uma ukuhlangana nabo kuzobahlambalaza labo abasekelwa ukuthi bangabhubhisi. Ukunqoba okungapheli kwamanye amazwe ohlukumezayo kuyadlula ukuhlala njalo kunokuhlala isikhathi eside kunezidlova, futhi lezo zimo zanda. (Ngincoma u-Erica Chenoweth noMaria J. Stephan's Kungani ImiSebenzi Yokuphikiswa Komphakathi: I-Strategic Logic Yezingxabano Zengavumi.)

Okwesine, uhulumeni olwa nabantu bawo noma elinye izwe kufanele abe namahloni, axoshwe, ashushiswe, avunyelwe (ngokucindezela okucindezelayo kuhulumeni, hhayi ukuhlupheka kubantu bawo), wabonisana naye, futhi wathuthela endaweni enokuthula . Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ohulumeni abangenzi uhlanga noma impi kufanele bavuzwe.

Okwesishiyagalolunye, izizwe zomhlaba kufanele zenze amapholisa angamazwe angaphandle azibandakanye nezithakazelo zaso sonke isizwe esibandakanyeka ekuthuthukiseni amasosha noma ukumiswa kwamabutho nezikhali ezizweni zangaphandle emhlabeni wonke. Amaphoyisa anjalo kufanele abe nenhloso yodwa yokuvikela amalungelo abantu futhi aqondwe ukuthi unenhloso kuphela. Kudingeka futhi ukusebenzisa amathuluzi okuphoyisa, hhayi amathuluzi empi. Ukuqhuma amabhomu eRwanda kwakungeke kwenzeke noma yikuphi okuhle. Amaphoyisa emhlabathini angase abe nawo. Ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu eKosovo kwaholela ekwandeni ukubulawa emhlabathini, hhayi ukuphela kwempi.

Yiqiniso kufanele sivimbele futhi siphikise uhlanga. Kodwa ukusebenzisa impi ukuyeka uhlanga kufana nokulala nobulili. Impi nokuhlukunyezwa ngamawele. Ukuhlukana phakathi kwabo kuvame ukuthi izimpi zenziwa izwe lethu kanye nokuhlukunyezwa ngabanye '. Isazi-mlando uPeter Kuznick ucela ukuthi abafundi bakhe baseBezil babulale kangakanani abantu base-Vietnam. Abafundi bavame ukuqagela okungaphezu kwe-50,000. Ube esetshela ukuthi owayenguNobhala "Wokuzivikela" uRobert McNamara wayeseklasini lakhe futhi wavuma ukuthi kwakungu-3.8 million. Lokho kwakuyisiphetho sesifundo se-2008 yi-Harvard Medical School kanye ne-Institute for Health Metrics and Assessment ku-University of Washington. Ukubulala i-Nick Turse Noma yini Ehambayo iphakamisa ukuthi inani langempela liphakeme.

UZuznick ubuza abafundi bakhe ukuthi bangaki abantu ababulawa nguHitler emakamu okuhlushwa, futhi bonke bayazi impendulo yokuba ngamaJuda ayizigidi ezingu-6 (kanti izigidi eziningi zihlanganisa zonke izisulu). Ubuza ukuthi bangacabangani uma amaJalimane ehluleka ukwazi inombolo futhi bazizwe benecala lomlando phezu kwalo. Ukuhlukana kweJalimane kushaya ngempela ukuthi abafundi base-US bacabanga kanjani-uma becabanga nhlobo-mayelana nokubulawa kwe-US ePhilippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Iraq, noma-ngempela-eMpini Yezwe II.

Impi ekuHlangweni kobuKhotho?

Ngesikhathi ukuhlaselwa kwabantu abayizigidi eziningana eJalimane kwakunobungozi obukhulu njengento engacatshangelwayo, impi yathatha i-50 kubantu abangu-70 million. Abanye abayizigidi ezingu-3 baseJapane bafa, kuhlanganise namakhulu ezinkulungwane emidlalweni yomoya ngaphambi kwamabhomu amabili enuzi abulala amanye ama-225,000. IJalimane yabulala amabutho amaningi aseSoviet kunokuba abulale iziboshwa. Ababambisene nabo babulala amaJalimane amaningi kuneJalimane. Kungenzeka ukuthi benze kanjalo ngenhloso ephakeme, kodwa ngaphandle kokunye ukubulala abanye. Ngaphambi kwe-US empini, uHarry Truman wama eSenate wathi i-United States kufanele isize amaJalimane noma amaRussia, noma ubani olahlekelwa, ukuze abantu abaningi bafe.

"Ukubulala noma yini ehambayo" kwakuyi-oda evezwe ngamazwi ahlukahlukene, e-Iraq njengaseVietnam. Kodwa izikhali ezahlukene zokulwa nezisebenzi, njengezimpi zeqoqo, zase zisetshenziswa eVietnam ngokuqondile ukulimala nokulimaza kakhulu kunokuba zibulale, futhi ezinye zezikhali ezifanayo zisasetshenziswa yi-United States. (Bheka iTurse, iphe. 77.) Impi ayikwazi ukulungisa noma yini embi kunempi ngoba ayikho into embi kunempi.

Impendulo ethi "ungenzenjani uma izwe elilodwa lihlasela elinye?" Kufanele lifanane nempendulo ethi "ungenzenjani uma izwe lenza ukubulawa kobugebengu?" I-Pundits ibonisa ukuthukuthela okukhulu kunomashiqela obulala "abantu bakhe" "Eqinisweni, ukubulala abantu bomunye umuntu kubi. Kubi nakakhulu uma i-NATO yenza lokho.

Ingabe kufanele siye empini noma sihlale? Lokho akuwona okuwukuphela kokukhetha. Ngingenzenjani, ngicelwa izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa, kunokubulala abantu abanezimbongolo? Ngihlale ngiphendula: Ngizogwema ukubulala abantu abanezidons. Ngiphinde ngiphathe abantu abasolwa njengamacala asolwa ngamacala obugebengu bese ngisebenza ukuze ngibabone bashushiswa ngenxa yobugebengu babo.

Icala laseLibya

Ngicabanga ukuthi imininingwane embalwa ngamacala athize, iLibya neSiriya, iyalungiswa lapha ngukuthambekela okwesabekayo kwabaningi abathi baphikisana nempi ukwenza izinto ngaphandle kwempi ethile, kuhlanganise nale-eyodwa impi yamuva, enye isongelwa impi ngesikhathi salokhu kubhala. Okokuqala, eLibya.

I-argument yokusiza i-2011 i-NATO ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu eLibya ukuthi ivinjelwe ukubulawa kwabantu noma ithuthukise isizwe ngokudiliza uhulumeni omubi. Eziningi zezikhali zombili zompi zase-US zenziwe. U-Hitler wesikhashana wayekade ejabulela ukusekelwa kwe-US ekuhambeni kwesikhathi. Kodwa ukuthatha isikhashana ngalokho okwakuyikho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngabe kwenzekani kangcono esikhathini esidlule ukuyigwema, icala alisenamandla.

I-White House ithi uGaddafi usongela ukubulala abantu baseBanghazi "ngokungabi nesihe," kodwa i-New York Times ibike ukuthi ukusongelwa kukaGaddafi kuqondiswe abahlubuki, hhayi izakhamizi, nokuthi uGaddafi wathembisa intukuthelo ngalabo "abaphonsa izikhali zabo "kusho uGaddafi. U-Gaddafi uzimisele ukuvumela ababalekeli abahlubuki ukuba babalekele eGibhithe uma bekhetha ukulwa nokufa. Kodwa uMongameli u-Obama waxwayisa ngokubulawa kobuhlanga obuseduze.

Umbiko ongenhla walokho uGaddafi okusongela ngempela kufanelana nokuziphatha kwakhe kwangaphambili. Kwakukhona namanye amathuba okubulala abantu abafisa ukubulala, eZawiya, eMisurata, noma e-Ajdabiya. Akazange akwenze lokho. Ngemuva kokulwa okukhulu eMisurata, umbiko we-Human Rights Watch wachaza ukuthi uGaddafi wayebhekene nezimbangi, hhayi izakhamizi. Ku-400,000 abantu baseMisurata, i-257 yafa ezinyangeni ezimbili zokulwa. Ngaphandle kwe-949 eyalimala, amaphesenti angaphansi kuka-3 kwakungabesifazane.

Kuqala. Thola iNews24 kumakhalekhukhwini wakho I-New York Times ithi i-New York Times ithi i-New York Times ayikho into ehloniphekile yokwenyuka kwamaqembu aphikisayo kusho izimpawu zokuziphatha okubi kweGaddafi. "Umphumela we-NATO ojoyina impi cishe wawubulala, hhayi okungenani. Ngokuqinisekile kwandisa impi eyayibonakala sengathi izophela maduze ngokunqoba uGaddafi.

U-Alan Kuperman ubheke eBoston Globe ukuthi "Obama wamukela isimiso esihle sokuzivikela-okuyinto abanye abasho ngokushesha ukuthi i-Obama Doctrine-call yokungenelela lapho kungenzeka khona ukuvimbela uhlanga. I-Libya iveza indlela le ndlela, eyenziwa ngayo, ingase ivuselele ngokugqugquzela izihlubuki ukuba zithuthukise futhi zenze ubuqili, ukuze zikhohlise ukungenelela ekugcineni ekuqhubekeni kwempi yombango kanye nokuhlupheka kwabantu. "

Kodwa kuthiwani ngokuchithwa kukaGaddafi? Lokho kwafezwa noma ngabe ukubulawa kwabantu kwakungavinjelwe noma cha. Iqiniso. Futhi kusencane kakhulu ukusho ukuthi yimiphi imiphumela egcwele. Kodwa siyazi lokhu: amandla anikezwe emcabangweni wokuthi kuyamukeleka ukuthi iqembu likahulumeni lihlehlise omunye. Ukudlwengulwa kwesidlova cishe njalo kushiya ukungazinzi nokuthukuthela. Ubudlova buchitha eMali nakwezinye izizwe esifundeni. Izinhlubuki ezingenandaba nentando yeningi noma amalungelo omphakathi zazihlomile futhi zinikwe amandla, kanye nemiphumela engenzeka eSiriya, i-ambassador yase-United States ebulawa eBanghazi, nangesikhathi esizayo. Futhi isifundo safundiswa kwamanye ababusi bezizwe: uma uchitha izikhali (njengeLibya, njenge-Iraq, ushiye izinhlelo zayo zezikhali zamakhemikhali namakhemikhali) ungase uhlaselwe.

Kweminye imikhakha emnandi, impi yayilwa ngokumelene nentando yase-US Congress kanye neZizwe Ezihlangene. Ohulumeni abaqothulayo bangase bathandeke, kodwa empeleni akusho ngokomthetho. Ngakho-ke, ezinye izizathu zokulungiswa kwakudingeka zakhiwe. UMnyango Wezobulungiswa wase-United States uhambise iCongress ngokuziphendulela okulotshiwe ukuthi impi yakhonza isithakazelo sikazwelonke e-US ekuqineni kwesifunda futhi ekugcineni ukuthembeka kweZizwe Ezihlangene. Kodwa yiLibya kanye ne-United States esifundeni esifanayo? Isiphi isifunda ukuthi, umhlaba? Futhi akuyona impindiselo okuphambene nokuzinza?

Ukuthembeka kweZizwe Ezihlangene kuyinkinga engavamile, evela kuhulumeni owahlasela i-Iraq e-2003 naphezu kokuphikisana kwe-UN kanye nenhloso ecacile (phakathi kwabanye) yokufakazela i-UN engabalulekile. Uhulumeni ofanayo, phakathi kwamasonto okwenza leli cala kuCongress, wenqabe ukuvumela i-UN rapporteur ekhethekile ukuba avakashele umboshwa wase-US okuthiwa uBradley Manning (manje ogama lakhe lingu-Chelsea Manning) ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akahlukunyezwa. Uhulumeni ofanayo ugunyaze i-CIA ukuthi iphule i-UN embargo eLibya, iphula ukuvinjelwa kwe-UN "kwamandla angaphandle kwamanye amazwe" eLibya, futhi ngaphandle kokungabaza izenzo eBanghazi ezigunyazwe yi-UN ezenzweni ezungeze izwe elihloswe "ekuguqulweni kobuso."

I-Ed Schultz, owayengumqhubi womsakazo odumile wase-US owaziwayo, uthi, "Inzondo enkulu kakhulu kuwo wonke amazwi akhuluma ngawo," ukuthi ukuqhuma kwamabhomu eLibya kwakulungiswa ngesidingo sokuphindiselela kulokho uSathane emhlabeni, leso silo siphuma ngokuzumayo ethuneni lika-Adolph Hitler , leso silo ngaphezu kwayo yonke incazelo: Muammar Gaddafi.
Umkhulumeli waseMelika ovelele uJuan Cole wasekela impi efanayo njengento yesandla somuntu. Abantu abaningi emazweni aseNATO bashukunyiswa ukukhathazeka kwabantu; yingakho izimpi zithengiswa njengezenzo zokuphana. Kodwa uhulumeni wase-US akavumi ukungenelela kwezinye izizwe ukuze azuze abantu. Futhi ukuze kube neqiniso, i-United States ayikwazi ukuphendula noma kuphi, ngoba isivele isenele yonke indawo; lokho esikubiza ngokuthi ukungenelela kungcono okuthiwa yizinhlangothi ezishintshayo.

I-United States yayisebhizinisi lokunikezela izikhali kuGaddafi kuze kufike umzuzwana ekunikezeni izikhali kubaphikisi bakhe. E-2009, eBrithani, eFrance nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu bathengisa eLibya ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-$ 470m-izikhali. I-United States ayisakwazi ukungenelela e-Yemen noma eBajrain noma e-Saudi Arabia kuneLibya. Uhulumeni wase-US uvikela lezo zindlovu. Eqinisweni, ukuze athole ukusekelwa kwe-Saudi Arabia ngenxa yokuthi "ukungenelela" kwawo eLibiya, i-US yavuma ukuthi i-Saudi Arabia ithumele amabutho eBaithrain ukuba ahlasele izakhamizi, inqubomgomo uNobhala Wombuso wase-United States uHillary Clinton owavikela obala.

"Ukungenelela kosizo" eLibiya, okwamanje, noma yikuphi umphakathi ongase uqalise ngokuvikela, wabulala ezinye izakhamuzi ngamabhomu futhi ngokushesha wasuka ekuqinisekiseni ukuzivikela ekuhlaseleni amabutho aphindayo futhi ahlanganyele empini yombango.

UWashington wangenisa umholi wokuvukela kwabantu eLibya owayesebenzisa iminyaka eyi-20 eyedlule engenawo umthombo owaziwayo weholo engenayo emakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka endlunkulu yeCIA eVirginia. Omunye umuntu uhlala eduze komkhulu weCIA: owayenguMengameli we-US uDick Cheney. Wabonisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu enkulumweni e-1999 ukuthi ohulumeni bezinye izizwe babelawula amafutha. "Amafutha ahlala ebhizinisini likahulumeni," esho. "Nakuba izindawo eziningi zomhlaba zinikeza amathuba amafutha amakhulu, i-Middle East, okuyizingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zamafutha omhlaba kanye nezindleko eziphansi kakhulu, kusekhona lapho umklomelo ozobe usho khona." Owayengumengameli omkhulu we-Europe of NATO, kusukela ku-1997 kuya ku-2000, UWesley Clark uthi ku-2001, umphathi wePentagon wambonisa ipheshana wathi:

Ngitholile le memo namuhla noma izolo ehhovisi likaNobhala wezokuvikela phezulu. Kuyi-plan, iminyaka emihlanu. Sizokwehlisa amazwe ayisikhombisa eminyakeni emihlanu. Sizoqala nge-Iraq, eSiriya, eLebhanon, khona-ke eLibya, eSomalia, eSudan, sizobuya futhi sithole i-Iran eminyakeni emihlanu.

Leyo ajenda ihambisana ngokugcwele namacebo aseWashington, njengalabo abadume ngenhloso yabo emibikweni ye-tank yokucabanga ebizwa ngokuthi iProjekthi ye-New American Century. Ukuphikisana okukhulu kwe-Iraqi ne-Afghan akuzange kuhambisane nalolu hlelo. Akunjalo nanoma yiziphi izinguquko ezingenasivunguvungu eTunisia naseGibhithe. Kodwa ukuthatha iLibya kwakunomqondo ophelele embonweni wezwe we-neoconservative. Futhi kwakuzwakala ukuchaza imidlalo yempi esetshenziswa iBrithani neFrance ukulingisa ukuhlasela kwezwe elifanayo.

Uhulumeni waseLibya ulawula amafutha amaningi kunanoma isiphi esinye isizwe emhlabeni, futhi kwakuyihlobo lamafutha aseYurophu athola kulula ukuwacwengisa. I-Libya nayo ilawula imali yayo, ehola umlobi waseMelika u-Ellen Brown ukuveza iqiniso elithakazelisayo ngala mazwe ayisikhombisa okuthiwa nguClark:

"Lamazwe ayisikhombisa afana ngani? Ngokwemibandela yebhange, lowo okhishwayo wukuthi akekho kubo obalwe phakathi kwamabhange e-56 ebhange leZokuHlaliswa Kwamazwe ngamazwe (BIS). Lokhu ngokusobala ubabeka ngaphandle kwengalo ende yokulawula ibhange eliphakathi amabhange aseSwitzerland. I-renegade ye-lot ingaba yiLibya ne-Iraq, labo ababili abaye bahlaselwa. UKenneth Schortgen Jr., ebhala ku-Examiner.com, wathi iningi lezinyanga ezingu-1 ngaphambi kokuba i-US ingene e-Iraq ukuze ihlule phansi uSaddam Hussein, isizwe samafutha senze ukuvuma ukwamukela ama-euro esikhundleni samahora amafutha, futhi lokhu kwaba usongo ekubusweni kwedola emhlabeni jikelele njengemali yokugcina imali, nokubusa kwayo njengephilisi ye-petrodollar. ' Ngokusho kwe-athikili yaseRussia okuthiwa 'Ukuqhunyiswa kweBibhithe - Ukujeziswa kukaGaddafi ngokuzama kwakhe ukudukisa iDola laseMelika', uGaddafi wenza isinyathelo esifanayo ngesibindi: waqala inhlangano yokwenqaba idoli ne-euro, futhi wabiza amazwe ase-Arab nase-Afrika ukuba sebenzisa imali entsha esikhundleni, i-dinar yegolide.

"I-Gaddafi iphakamise ukusetha izwekazi elibumbene lase-Afrika, nabantu bayo abayizigidi ezingu-200 besebenzisa lolu lwemali olulodwa. Phakathi nonyaka odlule, lo mbono wamukelwa amazwe amaningi ase-Arab namazwe amaningi ase-Afrika. Abaphikisi kuphela ababenguRiphabhulikhi yaseNingizimu Afrika kanye nenhloko ye-League of States Arab. Lesi sinyathelo sasibhekwa kabi yi-US kanye ne-European Union, kanye noMongameli waseFrance uNicolas Sarkozy ebiza iLibya njengengozi ekuvikelekeni kwezezimali kwesintu; kodwa uGaddafi akazange aphikisiwe futhi waqhubeka nokuphoqa kwakhe ekudaleni i-Afrika ebumbene. "

Icala laseSiriya

I-Syria, njengeLibya, iluhlu olubalulwe nguClark, futhi kuhlu olufanayo olubhekiswe kuDick Cheney owayengunqununu waseBrithani uTony Blair emibhalweni yakhe. Izikhulu zase-United States, kuhlanganise neSenator uJohn McCain, ziye zaveza ngokucacile isifiso sokuqothula uhulumeni waseSiriya ngenxa yokuthi ihlangene nohulumeni wase-Iran abakholelwa ukuthi kumele nabo baxoshwe. Ukukhethwa kwe-2013 yase-Iran kwakungabonakali ukushintsha lokho okubalulekile.

Ngesikhathi ngibhala lokhu, uhulumeni wase-US wayekhuthaza ukulwa kwempi yase-US eSiriya ngenxa yokuthi uhulumeni waseSiriya wayesebenzisa izikhali zamakhemikhali. Akukho bufakazi obuqinile balokhu kusakazwa okwamanje. Ngezansi kukhona izizathu ze-12 ukuthi kungani lesi sizathu samanje sempi asikho okuhle noma ngabe siyiqiniso.

I-1. Impi ayenzelwe ngokomthetho ngesizathu esinjalo. Ayitholakali kwi-Pello ye-Kellogg-Briand, i-Charter United Nations, noma uMthethosisekelo wase-US. Kodwa-ke, ingatholakala enkulumweni yempi yase-US yevini le-2002. (Ngubani othi uhulumeni wethu akakhuthazi ukuvuselelwa kabusha?)

I-2. I-United States ngokwayo ikhona futhi isebenzisa amakhemikhali nezinye izikhali ezilahlwe emhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganise namhlophe ama-phosphorus, ama-napalm, amaqoqo amaqoqo, kanye ne-uranium esebenzile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi udumisa lezi zenzo, gwema ukucabanga ngabo, noma ungajoyina ngokuzilahla, akuzona ukulungiswa komthetho noma ukuziphatha kwanoma yikuphi isizwe esingaphandle ukusibhoboza, noma ukushaya esinye isizwe lapho amasosha ase-US esebenza khona. Ukubulala abantu ukuvimbela ukubulawa kwabo ngezidakamizwa ezingalungile yinkambiso emele iphume ngokugula okuthile. Yibize ukucindezeleka kokucindezeleka kwangaphambi kokucindezeleka.

3. Impi enwetshiwe eSyria ingaba yisifunda noma umhlaba wonke ngemiphumela engalawuleki. ISyria, iLebanon, i-Iran, iRussia, iChina, i-United States, iGulf ithi, amazwe e-NATO… ngabe lokhu kuzwakala njengohlobo lwengxabano esiyifunayo? Ngabe kuzwakala kungqubuzana noma ngubani ozosinda? Kungani emhlabeni ubeka engcupheni into enjalo?

I-4. Ukudala "akukho ndawo yezindiza" kuzobandakanya ukuqhuma amabhomu ezindaweni zasemadolobheni nokubulala ngokungenakuphika inani elikhulu labantu. Lokhu kwenzeka eLibya futhi sibheke kude. Kodwa kwakuzokwenzeka ngesilinganiso esikhulu kunazo zonke eSiriya, kunikezwe izindawo zamasayithi okuzoqhutshwa ibhomu. Ukudala "akukho ndawo yezindiza" akuyona indaba yokwenza isimemezelo, kodwa ngokushiya amabhomu kuma-anti-aircraft izikhali.

I-5. Zombili izinhlangothi eSiriya zisebenzise izikhali ezimbi futhi zenza izinyathelo ezimbi. Ngokuqinisekile ngisho nalabo abacabanga ukuthi abantu kufanele babulawe ukuze bavimbe ukubulawa kwabo ngezikhali ezahlukene bangabona ukungena kwezingalo zombili zombili ukuvikela omunye nomunye. Kungani kungenjalo, njengengqondo engaphephile yinye ingxabano ehilela ukuhlukunyezwa okufanayo kokubili?

I-6. Njengoba i-United States ihlangene nokuphikisana eSiriya, i-United States izobekwa icala ngenxa yecala lokuphikisa. Iningi labantu baseNtshonalanga ye-Asia bayazonda i-al Qaeda namanye amaphekula. Bazonda futhi i-United States kanye ne-drones yayo, imicibisholo, izisekelo, ukuhlasela ebusuku, amanga, nobuzenzisi. Cabanga ngamazinga enzondo azofinyelelwa uma i-al Qaeda ne-United States iqamba ukudiliza uhulumeni waseSiriya bese idala isihogo esinjengesi-Iraq endaweni yaso.

I-7. Ukuvukela okungathandeki okufakwa amandla ngaphandle kwamandla akuvami ukuholela kuhulumeni ozinzile. Eqinisweni akukafiki emlandweni wezimpi zezempi zase-US ezizuza ngokucacile ukuzuza abantu noma ukwakha isizwe empeleni ukwakha isizwe. Kungani iSiriya, ebukeka ingacabangi kakhulu kunezinhloso eziningi ezingase zibe khona, ingabe iwukuphela komthetho?

I-8. Lokhu ukuphikiswa akusikho isithakazelo ekwakheni intando yeningi, noma-ngaleyo ndaba-ekutholeni imiyalo evela kuhulumeni wase-US. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-blowback kusuka kulaba babambisana kungenzeka. Njengoba nje kufanele sifunde isifundo samanga mayelana nezikhali manje, uhulumeni wethu kufanele afunde isifundo sokubamba isitha sesitha isikhathi eside ngaphambi kwalesi sikhathi.

I-9. Isibonelo esinye isenzo esingenamthetho se-United States, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-arming proxies noma ukubandakanya ngokuqondile, isetha isibonelo esiyingozi emhlabeni kanye nalabo aseWashington nase-Israel abakwa-Iran abakuzo ohlwini lwabo.

I-10. Iningi elinamandla lamaMelika, naphezu kwayo yonke imizamo yabamemezeli kuze kube manje, iphikisana nokuvikela izihlubuki noma ukuzibandakanya ngokuqondile. Esikhundleni salokho, ukusekela okuningi kunikezela usizo. Futhi abaningi (iningi?) AmaSiriya, kungakhathaliseki amandla okugxeka kwabo uhulumeni wamanje, aphikisana nokuphazamiseka kwamanye amazwe nobudlova. Iningi labavukeli, empeleni, liyizimbangi zangaphandle. Singasakaza kangcono intando yeningi ngesibonelo kunebhomu.

I-11. Kukhona izinyathelo ezingezona zentando yeningi ezenza intando yeningi e-Bahrain naseTurkey nakwezinye izindawo, nase-Syria ngokwayo, nohulumeni wethu akaphakamiseli umunwe.

I-12. Ukusungula ukuthi uhulumeni waseSiriya wenze izinto ezimbi noma ukuthi abantu baseSiriya bahlupheka, akenzi icala lokuthatha izinyathelo ezingenza izinto zibe zimbi nakakhulu. Kunenkinga enkulu yababaleki ababalekela iSiriya ngamanani amaningi, kodwa kunezimpimpi eziningi noma ngaphezulu zase-Iraq ezingasakwazi ukubuyela emakhaya abo. Ukuphuma ngaphandle komunye uHitler kunganelisa isifiso esithile, kodwa ngeke kuzuze abantu baseSiriya. Abantu baseSiriya bawusizo njengabantu base-United States. Asikho isizathu sokuba abaseMelika bangabe besongela impilo yabo kumaSiriya. Kodwa amaMelika ahlomile amaSyria noma ahlasele amabhomu aseSyria esenzweni esingase siphuthumise le nkinga, akekho owenza lutho. Kufanele sikhuthaze ukukhushulwa kanye nenkhulumomphendvulwano, ukungaboni ngaso sonke isikhathi izinhlangothi zombili, ukuphuma kwababaleki bamazwe angaphandle, ukubuya kwababaleki, ukuhlinzeka ngezidingo zomphakathi, ukushushiswa kwempi yezempi, ukubuyisana phakathi kwamaqembu, nokubanjwa kokhetho lwamahhala.

UNobel Peace Laureate Mairead Maguire uvakashele eSyria futhi waxoxa ngesimo sezinto lapho embukisweni wami womsakazo. Ubhale ku-Guardian ukuthi, "ngenkathi kunomnyakazo osemthethweni futhi osekudonse isikhathi eside wokuthula kanye nezinguquko ezingenalo udlame eSyria, izenzo zobudlova ezimbi kakhulu zenziwa amaqembu angaphandle. Amaqembu ayizishoshovu avela emhlabeni wonke ahlangane neSyria, ezimisele ukuguqula le mpi ibe ngeyenzondo yemibono. … Abagcini bokuthula bamazwe omhlaba, kanye nochwepheshe kanye nezakhamizi ezingaphakathi eSyria, bavumelana ngazwi linye ekuboneni kwabo ukuthi ukubandakanyeka kwe-United States kuzomane kubhebhethekise le mpi. ”

Ngeke Usebenzise Impi Ukuqeda Impi

Ku-1928, amazwe amakhulu emhlabeni asayine i-Kellogg-Briand Pact, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Peace Pact noma i-Pact yaseParis, eyayiyeka impi futhi yazinikela izizwe ekuxazululeni izingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe ngokuthula kuphela. Abolitionists bahlose ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lomthetho wamazwe omhlaba, ukuphikisana, nokushushiswa, futhi ukubona izimpi zivinjelwe ngokusebenzisa izidakamizwa, izigwegwe ezibhekiswe, kanye nezinye izingcindezi ezingenangqondo. Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi iziphakamiso zokuphoqelela ukuvinjelwa empini ngokusebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kwempi zizozihlupha. Ku-1931, uSeninkulu uWilliam Borah wathi:

Kuningi okushiwoyo, futhi okuzoqhubeka kushiwo, ngoba imfundiso yamandla ifa kanzima, mayelana nokusebenzisa isivumelwano sokuthula. Kuthiwa kufanele sifake amazinyo kuwo — igama elifanele ukuveza futhi leyo mfundiso yokuthula esekwe ekudabukeni, ekulimaleni, ekubhubhiseni, ekubulaleni. Abaningi bangibuze: Kusho ukuthini ukusebenzisa isivumelwano sokuthula? Ngizofuna ukukucacisa. Lokho abakushoyo ukuguqula isivumelwano sokuthula sibe yisivumelwano samasosha. Bazoyiguqula ibe ngolunye uhlelo lokuthula olususelwa emandleni, futhi amandla elinye igama lempi. Ngokufaka amazinyo kuso, basho isivumelwano sokuqasha amabutho namabutho asolwandle nomaphi lapho ingqondo evundile yomunye uzungu othanda izikhundla angathola khona umhlaseli… Anginalo ulimi lokuveza ukwethuka kwami ​​ngalesi siphakamiso sokwakha izivumelwano zokuthula, noma izinhlelo zokuthula, phezu imfundiso yamandla.

Ngenxa yokuthi iMpi Yezwe II yaba khona, ukuhlakanipha okuvamile ukuthi uBoreh wayephutha, ukuthi isivumelwano sasifuna amazinyo. Ngakho-ke i-Charter ye-UN ihlanganisa nokuhlinzekwa kwempi yokulwa nempi. Kodwa phakathi neMinyaka Ema-20 Nama-Thirties ama-US kanye nabanye ohulumeni babengazange basayine isivumelwano sokuthula. Bathenga futhi izikhali eziningi, behluleka ukuthuthukisa uhlelo olufanele lomthetho wamazwe omhlaba, futhi bakhuthaze izitayela eziyingozi ezindaweni ezifana neJalimane, i-Italy ne-Japan. Ukulandela impi, ukusebenzisa isivumelwano, abahluleli bashushisa labo abalahlekelwa yicala lokubamba impi. Lokhu kwaba ngowokuqala emlandweni wezwe. Ekwahlulelwa ukungabikho kweMpi Yezwe III (futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ibangelwa ezinye izimbangela, kuhlanganise nokuba khona kwezikhali zenuzi) lezo zokushushiswa kokuqala zaphumelela ngokuphawulekayo.

Egwetshwa yikhulu lokuqala leminyaka yeZizwe Ezihlangene ne-NATO, izinhlelo zokuqeda impi ngokusebenzisa amandla zihlala ziphuthele kakhulu. I-Charter ye-UN ivumela izimpi ezithi zivikele noma i-UN igunyazwe, ngakho-ke i-US ichaze ukuhlaselwa kwezizwe ezingenalutho ezingenalutho ezingxenyeni zomhlaba njengoba zivikela futhi i-UN igunyazwe ukuthi ngabe kunjalo yini ngempela noma cha. Isivumelwano sezwe se-NATO sokuza ekusizeni komunye nomunye seshintshiwe saba ukuhlaselwa okuhlangene emazweni akude. Ithuluzi lamandla, njengoBoreh eliqondakalayo, lizosetshenziselwa ngokuvumelana nezifiso zomuntu onamandla amakhulu.
Yiqiniso, abaningi abathintekayo bazosho ukuthi bayathukuthela abahlukumezi uhulumeni wabo wehlisa ukusekela kwabo futhi baqala ukuphikisa, futhi njengoba befuna ukwazi ukuthi kufanele senze okuthile noma akukho okubhekene nokuhlaselwa kwabangenacala-njengokungathi ukuphela kokukhetha yimpi futhi sihlezi ezandleni zethu. Impendulo, yiqiniso, ukuthi kufanele senze izinto eziningi. Kodwa enye yazo ayiyona impi.

Uhlobo Olungalungile Lwempi Yokuphikiswa

Kunezindlela zokuphikisa impi engaphansi kokuhleleka, ngoba isekelwe emangeni, inqunyelwe imvelo yayo ukuphikisa izimpi ezithile kuphela, futhi ingenzi uhlelo olwanele lokufutheka nokwenza izinto. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ngisho nakanye lapho sithola ngaphesheya ukuphikisa izimpi kuphela yizizwe ezingezona ezaseMpumalanga. Kunezindlela zokuphikisa izimpi ezithile zase-US ezingeyona impela imbangela yokuqeda.

Iningi labantu baseMelika, ngezibalo eziningana zamuva, likholelwa ukuthi impi ye-2003-2011 e-Iraq ilimaza i-United States kodwa yazuza i-Iraq. Abaningi baseMelika bakholelwa, hhayi kuphela ukuthi ama-Iraq afanele abonge, kodwa ukuthi ama-Iraq ayabonga ngempela. Abaningi baseMelika abafisa ukuphelisa impi iminyaka eminingi ngenkathi beqhubeka, benqatshelwe ukuqeda isenzo sokubuyisa. Ngemuva kokuzwa ikakhulukazi ngamabutho ase-US namabhajethi ase-US avela emithonjeni yase-United States, ngisho naseziqenjini zokuthula zase-United States, laba bantu babengazi ukuthi uhulumeni wabo ubangele i-Iraq enye yezinto ezilimazayo kakhulu eziye zabhekana nanoma yisiphi isizwe.

Manje, angilangazelela ukuphikisa ukuphikiswa komuntu, futhi angifuni ukukususa. Kodwa akudingeki ngikwenze lokho ukuze ngizame ukuyikhuphula. Impi yase-Iraq yalimala i-United States. Yabiza izindleko zase-United States. Kodwa lilimaza i-Iraqis ngesilinganiso esikhulu kakhulu. Lokhu akukona ngoba kufanele sizwe izinga elifanele lecala noma ukungaphansi, kodwa ngoba izimpi eziphikisanayo ngezizathu ezinqunyelwe ziholela ekuphikisweni kwempi okulinganiselwe. Uma impi yase-Iraq idla kakhulu, mhlawumbe impi yaseLibya yayingabizi kahle. Uma amasosha amaningi ase-US afela e-Iraq, mhlawumbe adonsa iziteleka ukuxazulula leyo nkinga. Ukuphikisana nezindleko zempi kumuntu ohlukumezayo kungase kube namandla, kodwa kungenzeka yini ukwakheka njengento ephikisanayo nokuphikisana nalezi zindleko ezihlangene nokuphikiswa okulungile ekubulaweni kwabantu abaningi?

UCongressman Walter Jones ujabule ukuhlasela kwe-2003 yase-Iraq, kanti lapho uFrance ephikisana nayo, wagxilisa ukubiza amafries amaFrance, inkululeko yamafriji. Kodwa ukuhlupheka kwamabutho ase-US kwashintsha ingqondo yakhe. Abaningi babevela esifundeni sakhe. Wabona ukuthi bahamba kanjani, ukuthi imindeni yabo yahamba kanjani. Kwakwanele. Kodwa akazange azi i-Iraqis. Akazange azenzele zona.

Ngesikhathi uMengameli Obama eqala ukukhuluma ngempi eSiriya, uCongressman Jones wethula isinqumo ngokuyisisekelo sokubuyisela uMthethosisekelo noMthetho Wezimpi, ngokufuna ukuthi iCongress ivume ngaphambi kokuqaliswa kwanoma imuphi impi. Isinqumo sithole amaphuzu amaningi kahle (noma eduze kwayo):

Nakuba abenzi bomthethosisekelo banikeze izinqumo zokuqala izimpi ezihlaselayo hhayi ngokuzivikela kuphela kuCongress ku-athikili I, ingxenye 8, isigatshana 11;
Nakuba abenzi bomthethosisekelo bazi ukuthi iSigungu Esiphezulu sizobe senza umkhuba wokwenza ingozi nokukhohlisa iCongress kanye nabantu base-United States ukuba bavume izimpi ezingenakuqhathaniswa ukuze zivuse amandla amakhulu;

Nakuba izimpi ezingapheli zingavumelani nokukhululeka, ukwehlukaniswa kwamandla, nokubusa komthetho;

Nakuba ukungena kwamabutho aseMelika e-Armed Forces empini eqhubekayo eSiriya ukuchitha uMongameli uBashar al-Assad kuzokwenza iUnited States iphephe kancane ngokuvusa izitha ezintsha;

Nakuba izimpi ezisiza abantu ziphikisana ngokwemigomo futhi ziholela ekuhlaleni kwempi kanye nezinxushunxushu, njengaseSomalia naseLibya;

Nakuba ukuphumelela, ukuhlukunyezwa kwe-Syrian e-hydra ekhanda kungabangela ukucindezela umphakathi wamaKristu noma ezinye izinto ezincane njengoba kuye kwabonwa ngokufanayo e-Iraq kanye nohulumeni waseShiite ogunyaziwe; futhi

Ngenkathi u-United States usizo lwezempi kumaSiriya abahlukumezi bezingozi behluleka ukungafani nokusiza usizo lwezempi olunikezwa i-mujahideen yase-Afghanistan ehlukaniswe ngokumelene ne-Afghanistan ukuphikisa iSoviet Union futhi kufike ekugcineni kwezingxenyana ze-9 / 11.

Kodwa lesi siqeshana esilandelayo sokuhlukumezeka saphazamisa lesi sinqumo futhi sidlala ezandleni zezandla "ezihlomulayo":

Nakuba isiphetho saseSiriya asibalulekile ekuvikelekeni nenhlalakahle ye-United States kanye nezakhamuzi zakhona futhi akufanelekile ukubeka impilo yelungu elilodwa lamabutho aseMelika aseMelika.

Ikusasa lesizwe sonke sabanye abantu abayizigidi ezingu-20 akufanelekile umuntu oyedwa, uma izigidi ezingu-20 zingamaSiriya futhi i-1 ivela e-United States? Kungani kungaba njalo? Yiqiniso, isiphetho seSiriya siyadingeka kuwo wonke umhlaba-bheka isigaba ngenhla mayelana ne-blowback. Ubuzwe bukaJones obungadingekile buyokwenza abaningi bazi ukuthi akazazi. Udlala ngqo emcabangweni wokuthi impi yeSiriya yayizozuza amaSyria kodwa ilahle ama-United States. Ukhuthaza umqondo wokuthi akekho okufanele afake impilo yakhe engozini kwabanye, ngaphandle uma abanye bevela esizweni esincane esifanayo. Izwe lethu ngeke lisinde ezinkingeni zemvelo ezizayo ngaleyo mindset. UJones uyazi ukuthi iSiriya yayizohlupheka-bheka izigaba ezingenhla. Kufanele akhulume kanjalo. Iqiniso lokuthi izimpi zethu azikho emaceleni, ukuthi zihlukumeze thina kanye nalabo ababazuzayo, ukuthi zisenza sivikeleke kancane ngenkathi sibulala abantu, kuyinkinga enamandla. Futhi kuyinto ephikisana nayo yonke impi, hhayi nje eminye yayo.

Izindleko zempi

Izindleko zempi zikhona ngakolunye uhlangothi. Ukufa kwe-US e-Iraq kwaba yizingxenye ezingu-0.3 zokufa kule mpi (Bheka i-WarIsACrime.org/Iraq). Kodwa izindleko ekhaya libuye ziningi kakhulu kunalokho okuvame ukubonakala. Sizwa mayelana nokufa okungaphezu kokulimala okuningi kakhulu. Sizwa ngokulimala okubonakalayo ngaphezu kokulimala okuningi okungabonakali: ukulimala kwengqondo nobuhlungu obungokwengqondo nokucindezeleka. Asizwa okwanele mayelana nokuzibulala, noma umthelela emindenini nabangani.

Izindleko zezimali zezimpi zivezwa njengezikhulu kakhulu, futhi kunjalo. Kepha kuncishisiwe ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile okungeyona impi kumalungiselelo ezimpi — ukusebenzisa lokho, ngokweNational Priorities Project, kuhlangene nokusetshenziswa kwempi, kubalwa amaphesenti angama-57 emali esetshenzisiwe yombuso kusabelomali esihlongozwayo sikaMongameli sonyaka we-2014. Futhi konke lokho kusetshenziswa wethulwa kithina ngokungamanga njengokungenani ukuba nohlu lwesiliva lomhlomulo wezomnotho. Empeleni, noma kunjalo, ngokwezifundo eziphindaphindwayo ze-University of Massachusetts - Amherst, ukusetshenziswa kwezempi kukhiqiza imisebenzi embalwa futhi ekhokha kakhulu kunanoma yiluphi olunye uhlobo lokusebenzisa, kubandakanya imfundo, ingqalasizinda, amandla aluhlaza, njll. kubi kakhulu emnothweni kunokuncishiswa kwentela kwabantu abasebenzayo — noma, ngamanye amazwi, kubi kunokuthile. Kungukukhishwa kwezomnotho okwethulwe njengo “Mdali Wemisebenzi,” njengabantu abahle abakha iForbes 400 (Bheka i-PERI.UMass.edu).

Kuyathakazelisa, nakuba "inkululeko" ivame ukukhonjiswa njengesizathu sokulwa nempi, izimpi zethu sekuyisikhathi eside zisetshenzisiwe njengezizathu zokuvimbela ngokungathí sina inkululeko yethu yangempela. Qhathanisa isiqephu sesine, sesihlanu, kanye nesichibiyelo sokuqala kuMthethosisekelo wase-US ngemisebenzi evamile yase-US manje kanye neminyaka engu-15 edlule uma ucabanga ukuthi ngisondeza. Ngesikhathi "impi yomhlaba wonke ebusweni," uhulumeni wase-US usungule imikhawulo emikhulu emibonisweni yomphakathi, izinhlelo eziningi zokuqapha ngokuphambene ngokucacile koHlelo Lwesine, umkhuba ovulekile wokuboshwa okungenasiphelo ngaphandle kokukhokhiswa noma ukuhlolwa, uhlelo oluqhubekayo lokubulala ngumongameli wangasese imiyalo, kanye nokuzivikela komuntu kulabo abenza ubugebengu bokuhlushwa egameni likahulumeni wase-US. Ezinye izinhlangano ezinkulu ezingezona zikahulumeni zenza umsebenzi omkhulu wokubhekana nalezi zimpawu kodwa ngenhloso yokugwema ukubhekana nesifo sokwenza impi nokulungiselela impi.

Isiko lempi, izikhali zempi, kanye nemisebenzi yokwenza inzuzo yempi idluliselwa emaphoyiseni asemakhaya aphikisana kakhulu, kanye nokulawulwa kwamanye amazwe okulwa nempi. Kodwa amaphoyisa abheka umphakathi njengesitha kunokuba umqashi asenze siphephe. Ibeka ukuphepha kwethu okusheshayo kanye nethemba lethu kuhulumeni omelele engozini.

Ukufihlwa kwezempi kuphumula uhulumeni ngaphandle kwabantu futhi uhlukanisa abashaya imimoya abazama ukusitshela ngalokho okwenziwayo, ngamagama ethu, ngemali yethu, njengezitha zikazwelonke. Sifundiswa ukuthi sizonde labo abasihloniphayo futhi bahlukumeze kulabo abasibeka phansi. Ngesikhathi ngibhala lokhu, umculi osemusha ogama lakhe linguBradley Manning (manje ogama lakhe lingu-Chelsea Manning) wabekwa icala ngokudalula ubugebengu bezempi. Ubekwa icala ngokuthi "ukusiza isitha" futhi ngokuphula umthetho we-World War I-Espionage Act. Akukho bufakazi obunikezwa ukuthi wayezosiza noma yisiphi isitha noma azame ukusiza noma yisiphi isitha, futhi wahlushwa icala lokusiza "isitha." Noma kunjalo watholakala enecala lokuthi "u-espionage," ukugcwalisa umthwalo wakhe wezomthetho nokuziphatha ukudalula uhulumeni okungalungile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, omunye umlusi omncane, u-Edward Snowden, wabaleka ezweni ngenxa yokwesaba impilo yakhe. Futhi izintatheli eziningi zithi imithombo ngaphakathi kukahulumeni inqaba ukukhuluma nabo isikhathi eside. Uhulumeni wesifundazwe usungule uhlelo lwe-"Insider Threat Program," okukhuthaza abasebenzi bakahulumeni ukuba bahlwithe kunoma yibaphi abasebenzi abasola ukuthi bangabamemeza noma izinhloli.

Isiko lethu, ukuziphatha kwethu, umuzwa wethu wokuzihlonipha: lezi zingabhubhisa impi ngisho nalapho impi ibangazinkulungwane zamakhilomitha osogwini.

Indawo yethu yemvelo iyisisulu esiyinhloko futhi, lezi zimpi phezu kwamafutha aso ngokwawo eziholele abathengi bezinto eziphilayo, kanye nabathakathi bomhlaba, umoya, namanzi ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ukwamukelwa kwempi emasikweni ethu kungasetshenziswa yizinhlangano ezinkulu zemvelo 'ukungathandi ukufika kwenye yezinto ezilimazayo kakhulu: umshini wempi. Ngabuza uJames Marriott, umbhali wophiko lwe-Oil Road, ukuthi ngabe wayecabanga ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha asetshenziselwa ukufaka amandla amaningi ekubambeni kwezempi noma ezempi kunokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezimbi. Waphendula wathi, "Ngeke ususe enye ngaphandle komunye" (ukugqweba okuncane nje, ngicabanga).

Njengoba sibeka imithombo yethu namandla ethu empini silahlekelwa kwezinye izindawo: imfundo, amapaki, ukuphumula, ukuhlala emsebenzini. Sinezempi ezingcono kunazo zonke namasongo angcono kunazo zonke, kodwa sihamba ngemuva kwezinto ezivela ezikoleni kuya ekunakekelweni kwezempilo kuya kuma-intanethi nasesistimu yefoni.

Ku-2011, ngisize ukuhlela ingqungquthela ebizwa ngokuthi "I-Military Industrial Complex e-50" ebheka izinhlobo eziningi zokulimala ezakhiweni zezimboni zempi (Bheka DavidSwanson.org/mic50). Lesi senzakalo saba uphawu lwekhulu leminyaka kusukela uMengameli u-Eisenhower ethole inzwa enkulumweni yakhe yokukhulumisana ukuze achaze okunye okuvelele kakhulu, okubaluleke kakhulu futhi okubuhlungu njengamanye izixwayiso zomlando wesintu:

Emibhandlwini kahulumeni, kumele siqaphele ukutholakala kwethonya elingavumelekile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lifunwa noma lingavumi, yizinkampani zempi-zezimboni. Ikhono lokukhuphuka kwamandla angalungile likhona futhi lizoqhubeka. Akufanele nanini sivumele isisindo salenhlanganisela sengozini yethu yenkululeko noma izinqubo zentando yeningi. Akufanele sithathe lutho kalula. Isixwayiso kanye nesakhamuzi esiwaziyo kuphela singabangela ukuvivinya okufanele kwemishini emikhulu yezimboni nezamasosha zokuzivikela ngezindlela zethu zokuthula nezinhloso zethu, ukuze ukuphepha nokukhululeka kuphumelele ndawonye.

Elinye Izwe Linokwenzeka

Izwe elingenayo impi lingase libe izwe elinempahla eminingi esiyifunayo nezinto eziningi esingalindeli ukuziphupha. Inhlawulo yale ncwadi igujwa ngoba ukuqeda impi kungasho ukuphela kwesibindi esiyingozi, kodwa futhi ngenxa yalokho okulandelayo. Ukuthula nokukhululeka kokwesaba kukhululeka kunamabhomu. Ukukhululwa lokho kungasho ukuzalwa kwesiko, ngenxa yobuciko, isayensi, ngokuchuma. Singaqala ngokuphatha imfundo ephezulu kakhulu kusukela esikoleni sokuqala esikoleni njengelungelo lomuntu, singakhulumi ngezindlu, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ukuphumula kanye nomhlalaphansi. Singakwazi ukukhulisa abantu abaphilayo, injabulo, ukuhlakanipha, ukubamba iqhaza kwezombusazwe, kanye nethemba lekusasa elisimeme.

Asidingi impi ukuze silondoloze indlela yethu yokuphila. Kudingeka sishintshe ku-solar, umoya, nezinye izinto ezivuselelekayo uma sizosinda. Ukwenza kanjalo kunezinzuzo eziningi. Okokuqala, izwe elinikeziwe ngeke lenzeke ngaphezu kwesabelo salo sokukhanya kwelanga. Kunokuningi okuhambayo, futhi kusetshenziswe kangcono eduze lapho kuhlangene khona. Singase siphumelele ukuthuthukisa indlela yethu yokuphila ngezindlela ezithile, ukukhulisa ukudla okwezinye izindawo, ukuthuthukisa umnotho wendawo, ukuguqula ingxube engalingani yemali engangiyibamba phakathi naleso sikhathi kuze kube yilapho uprofesa eveza ukuthi umnotho wezomnotho wesikhathi esifanayo wawungalingani kakhulu kunethu. AmaMelika akudingeki ahlupheke ukuze aphathe izinsiza ngokulinganayo nangokuphatha ngokucophelela.

Ukusekela umphakathi ngempi, nokubamba iqhaza empini, kuyingxenye yezimfanelo ezivame ukuthandazwa ngempi nabasosha: injabulo, umhlatshelo, ubuqotho, ubuqili, nokuzihlanganisa. Lezi zingatholakala empini, kodwa hhayi kuphela empini. Izibonelo zazo zonke lezi zimfanelo, kanye nozwela, uzwela, nokuhlonipha azitholakali kuphela empini, kodwa futhi emisebenzini yabantu, izishoshovu kanye nabaphilisa. Izwe elingenayo impi akudingeki lilahlekelwe injabulo noma isibindi. Ukuzikhandla okungekho emthethweni kuzogcwalisa lelo gaba, njengoba kuzokwenza izimpendulo ezifanele emahlathini ehlathini nezikhukhula ezikusasa lethu njengoba kushintsho kwezulu. Sidinga lezi zinhlobonhlobo zenkazimulo nokuzijabulisa uma sizophila. Njengenzuzo ehlangothini abahlinzeka nganoma yikuphi ukuphikisana kwezici ezinhle zokuhlelwa kwempi. Sekuyisikhathi eside kusukela uWilliam James efuna okunye kuzo zonke izici ezinhle zempi, isibindi, ubumbano, umhlatshelo, njll. Sekuyisikhathi eside kusukela uMohandas Gandhi ethole enye.

Yiqiniso, i-apocalypse yezemvelo akuyona yodwa uhlobo lwezinhlekelele ezinkulu ezisongelayo. Njengoba izikhali zenuzi zikhula, njengoba ubuchwepheshe be-drone bukhula, futhi njengoba ukuzingelwa kwabantu kuba yinto evamile, sinobungozi benhlekelele yenuzi nezinye izinhlekelele ezihlobene nempi. Ukuphela impi akuyona nje indlela eya phezulu; kuyindlela yokuphila. Kodwa, njengoba u-Eisenhower exwayisile, asikwazi ukuqeda impi ngaphandle kokuqeda amalungiselelo empi. Futhi asikwazi ukuqeda amalungiselelo empi ngaphandle kokuqeda umbono wokuthi impi enhle ingase ifike ngolunye usuku. Ukuze sikwenze lokho, ngokuqinisekile kuzosiza uma sigqashula, noma okungenani sigxeke, umbono wokuthi sibonile izimpi ezinhle esikhathini esidlule.

"Akukaze kube khona
Impi Enhle Noma Ukuthula Okubi "noma
Indlela Yokubhekana Nabo Bobabili UHitler neMpi

UBenjamin Franklin, owakusho lokho ngaphakathi kwamaphuzu okucaphuna, waphila ngaphambi kukaHitler futhi ngakho-ke angeke afaneleke-ezingqondweni zabantu abaningi-ukukhuluma ngale ndaba. Kodwa iMpi Yezwe II yenzeke ezweni elihluke kakhulu kusukela namuhla, akudingeki ukuba kwenzeke, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi libhekwe ngokuhlukile ngenkathi kwenzeka. Kwenzeka futhi ngokuhlukile endleleni esivame ukufundiswa ngayo. Okokuqala, uhulumeni wase-US wayezimisele ukungena empini, futhi ngezinga elikhulu wangena empini, e-Atlantic nasePacific, ngaphambi kwePearl Harbor.

I-Pre-WWII yaseJalimane kungenzeka ibonakale ihluke kakhulu ngaphandle kokuhlala okunzima okwakulandela iMpi Yezwe I eyayijezisa abantu bonke kunabantu abenza impi, futhi ngaphandle kokusekelwa kwezimali okuphawulekayo okwenziwe amashumi eminyaka edlule futhi eqhubekayo ngeMpi Yezwe II ngamabhizinisi aseMelika njengeGM , I-Ford, i-IBM, ne-ITT (bona i-Wall Street ne-Rise of Hitler ka-Anthony Sutton).
(Ake ngifake amazwi okukhuluma lapha ukuthi ngithemba ukuthi abaningi bayothola ngobuwula, kodwa ngiyazi ukuthi abanye bayodinga ukuzwa. Sikhuluma ngeMpi Yezwe II, futhi ngimgxeka omunye ngaphandle kukaHitler-okungukuthi izinkampani zase-US- ngakho-ke ake ngiphuthume ukuveza ukuthi uHitler usalokhu engumthwalo wemfanelo wobugebengu obubi abukwenzile. I-blame ifana nokushisa kwelanga kunjengamafutha asebusini; singanikeza uHenry Ford ukusekela kwakhe uHitler ngaphandle kokuthatha kancane kancane U-Adolph Hitler ngokwakhe futhi ngaphandle kokuqhathanisa noma ukulinganisa le mibini.)

Ukuphikisana kwamaNazi eDenmark, eHolland naseNorway, kanye nemibhikisho ephumelelayo eBerlin ngabafazi abangewona amaJuda ababoshiwe abaJuda ababoshiwe bephakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka okungakaze kugcwaliseke ngokuphelele-hhayi ngisho nokuvalwa. Umbono wokuthi iJalimane ngabe ihlale isebenza njalo eYurophu naseSoviet Union, futhi yahlaselwa emazweni aseMelika, ayinakwenzeka kakhulu, futhi yanikeza ulwazi lwe-1940 olulinganiselwe lobudlova obungenasivikelo. Ebusweni, iJalimane yayinqobe ngokuyinhloko yiSoviet Union, ezinye izitha zayo ezidlala izingxenye ezincane.

Iphuzu elibalulekile akulona ukuthi ukungahloniphi okukhulu okuhleliwe kwakufanele kusetshenziswe kumaNazi kuma-1940s. Kwakungekho, futhi abantu abaningi bekuyofanele babone izwe ngokuphambene ukuze lokho kwenzeke. Esikhundleni salokho iphuzu ukuthi amathuluzi okungazenzi lutho aqondwa kakhulu namuhla futhi angaba, futhi ngokuvamile azosetshenziswa, ngokumelene nabashiqela abakhulayo. Akufanele sicabange ukubuyela eminyakeni lapho lokho kwakungenjalo, ngisho noma ukwenza kanjalo kusiza ukulinganisa amazinga ahlukumezayo okusetshenziswa kwempi! Kufanele, kunalokho, siqinise imikhankaso yethu ekuvimbeleni ngokungenangqondo ukukhula kwamandla enkathazo ngaphambi kokuba bafinyelele iphuzu elibucayi, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo balwe nemizamo yokubeka umsebenzi womhlabathi wezimpi ezizayo ngokumelene nabo.

Ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa kwePearl Harbour, okwakungeyona ingxenye ye-United States, uMongameli uFranklin Roosevelt wayezame ukuqamba amanga kubantu baseMelika mayelana nemikhumbi yase-United States kuhlanganise noGerer noKearny, owawusiza izindiza zaseBrithani ukuba zilandele izikebhe zamaJalimane, kodwa yiziphi URovelvelt wazenza sengathi uhlaselwe kabi. U-Roosevelt wazama nokudala ukwesekwa kokungena empini ngokuqamba amanga ukuthi wayephethe imephu eyimfihlo yamaNazi ukunqoba iNingizimu Melika, kanye nenhlelo eyimfihlo yeNazi yokufaka zonke izinkolo ngeNazi. Kodwa-ke, abantu base-United States benqabe umbono wokuya eminye impi kuze kufike ukuhlasela kweJapan ePearl Harbor, lapho uRovelvelt esesungulwe khona, wabe esebenza futhi waqala ukusebenzisa iMavy enkulu emanzini amabili, abadayisi abadala abahweba beya eNgilandi ngenjongo yokuqashisa izisekelo zawo eCaribbean naseBermuda, futhi ngokuyimfihlo wayala ukudala uhlu lwabantu baseJapan nabaseJapane baseMelika e-United States.

Lapho uMongameli Roosevelt evakashela iPearl Harbor iminyaka eyisikhombisa ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa kweJapane, amasosha aseJapan (okufana noHitler nanoma ubani omunye emhlabeni) asolwa ngokugcwele ngobugebengu bawo obungenacala. Ngo-Mashi 1935, uRoosevelt wanikezela iWake Island emkhunjini wase-US futhi wanikeza iPan Am Airways imvume yokwakha imigwaqo eWake Island, eMidway Island naseGuam. Abaphathi bezempi baseJapane bamemezele ukuthi baphazamiseke futhi babheka lezi zigijimi njengengozi. Kanjalo abashayeli bezokuthula base-United States.

NgoNovemba 1940, uRoosevelt ukhokhelwe u-China $ 100m empini neJapane, futhi ngemuva kokubonisana noNgqongqoshe waseMelika waseBrithani, uMnuz Henry Morgenthau, uhlele izinhlelo zokuthumela amabhomu aseShayina nabasebenzi base-US ukuba basebenzise ngokuqhuma amabhomu eTokyo nakwamanye amadolobha aseJapane.

Eminyakeni eminingi ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa kwePearl Harbor, i-US Navy yasebenza eNingizimu Afrika, i-March 8, i-1939, inguqulo yayo echaza "impi ehlaselayo yesikhathi eside" eyayiyobhubhisa impi futhi iphazamise ukuphila komnotho Japan. NgoJanuwari 1941, umkhangisi waseJapane wabonisa ukuthukuthela kwakhe phezu kwePearl Harbour enkulumweni, futhi ummeli wase-US eJapane wabhala encwadini yakhe yokubhala: "Kuningi lokukhuluma edolobheni kuze kube yilapho amaJapane, i-United States, ihlela ukuphuma konke ukuhlaselwa kwamasosha ePearl Harbor. Yiqiniso ngazisa uhulumeni wami. "

NgoMeyi 24, i-1941, i-New York Times ibika ukuqeqeshwa kwe-US force force yase-US, nokuhlinzekwa "kwezindiza eziningi nokulwa kwamabhomu" eChina yi-United States. "Ukuhlaselwa kwamabhomu aseJapane kulindelwe" funda ikhanda eliphansi.

NgoJulayi 24, 1941, uMongameli Roosevelt wathi, "Uma sinqamula amafutha, [amaJapane] kungenzeka ukuthi wehlele eDutch East Indies ngonyaka odlule, futhi ngabe ube nempi. Kwabaluleka kakhulu kulesi simo sethu sobugovu sokuzivikela sokuvimbela impi kusukela ekuqaleni eNingizimu Pacific. Ngakho inqubomgomo yethu yangaphandle yayizama ukuvimbela impi ekuphumeni lapho. "Abezombusazwe baphawula ukuthi uRoosevelt uthe" wayekhona "kunokuthi" ukhona. "Ngosuku olulandelayo, uRovelvelt wakhipha i-executive order yokuqothula impahla yaseJapane. I-United States neBrithani inqume amafutha kanye netsimbi ensimbi eJapane. U-Radhabinod Pal, ummeli wamaNdiya owakhonza enkantolo yezobugebengu e-Tokyo ngemuva kwempi, okuthiwa yi-embargoes "ingozi ecacile futhi enamandla kakhulu ekhona eJapane," futhi waphetha ngokuthi i-United States ivuselele iJapane.

Uhulumeni wase-US uphonsela lokho okukubiza ngokuziqhenya ngokuthi "izigwegwe ezinzima" e-Iran njengoba ngibhala.

Ngomhla kaNovemba 15, 1941, uMphathi wezeMpi uGeorge Marshall utshele abezindaba ngalokhu esingakukhumbuli ngokuthi "uhlelo lweMarshall." Empeleni asikhumbuli nhlobo. "Silungiselela impi ephikisana neJapane," kusho uMarshall, ecela izintatheli ukuba zigcine imfihlo.

Ezinsukwini eziyishumi kamuva uNobhala Wezempi uHenry Stimson wabhala encwadini yakhe yokubhala ukuthi wayezohlangana eHhovisi Lase-Oval noMarshall, uMongameli Roosevelt, uNobhala weNavy Frank Knox, u-Admiral Harold Stark noNobhala Wezwe uCordell Hull. U-Roosevelt ubatshele ukuthi amaJapane cishe azohlasela ngokushesha, mhlawumbe ngoMsombuluko olandelayo. Kuye kwabhalwa kahle ukuthi i-United States yayiphulile amakhodi aseJapane nokuthi uRovelvelt wayenakho ukufinyelela kubo.

Okungazange kulethe i-United States empini noma ukuqhubeka kuyisifiso sokusindisa amaJuda ekushushisweni. Iminyaka enguRovelvelt ivimbe umthetho owawuzovumela ababaleki bamaJuda abavela eJalimane baye eMelika. Umqondo wempi ukusindisa amaJuda awutholakali emaphoyiseni amaphekula empi futhi kwavela ngemva kwempi, njengoba nje umqondo we "impi enhle" ithatha amashumi eminyaka kamuva njengoba kuqhathaniswa neVietnam War.

“Waphazamiseka ngo-1942,” kubhala uLawrence S. Wittner, “ngamahemuhemu ngamasu okuqothula amaNazi, uJessie Wallace Hughan, uthisha, usopolitiki kanye nomsunguli we-War Resisters League, wakhathazeka ukuthi leyo nqubomgomo, eyayibonakala 'ingokwemvelo,' ngokombono wabo wokugula, 'kungenzeka kwenziwe uma iMpi Yezwe II iqhubeka. Wabhala, 'Kubonakala sengathi ukuphela kwendlela yokusindisa izinkulungwane futhi mhlawumbe izigidi zamaJuda aseYurophu ekubhujisweni, kungaba ngukuthi uhulumeni wethu asakaze isethembiso' se 'armistice ngombandela wokuthi abantu abambalwa baseYurophu bangahlukunyezwa. … Kungaba kubi impela uma ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kusukela manje sithola ukuthi lolu songo lwenzekile ngaphandle kokwenza isenzo sokuzivikela. ' Lapho izibikezelo zakhe zigcwaliseka kahle kakhulu ngo-1943, wabhalela uMnyango Wezwe kanye neNew York Times, echaza iqiniso lokuthi 'izigidi ezimbili [zamaJuda] sezifile' nokuthi 'izigidi ezimbili zizobulawa ekupheleni impi. ' Waphinda futhi wanxusa ukuthi kuphele ubutha, wathi ukunqotshwa kwamasosha aseJalimane kuzobuyisela ukuziphindiselela kwimbuzi yamaJuda. 'Ukunqoba ngeke kubasindise,' egcizelela, 'ngoba abantu abafile ngeke bakhululwe.' ”

Ekugcineni ezinye iziboshwa zazisindiswa, kepha eziningi zabulawa. Akukhona nje ukuthi impi yayingavimbeli ukuqothulwa kohlanga, kodwa impi ngokwayo yayibi kakhulu. Impi yasungula ukuthi izakhamuzi zazingumdlalo omuhle wokubulala abaningi futhi zazibulala ngamashumi ezinkulungwane zezigidi. Ukuzama ukushaqeka nokwesaba ngokuhlatshwa kwenqwaba kwehlulekile. Imizi yokubhujiswa komlilo ayisebenzanga injongo ephakeme. Ukulahla eyodwa, bese kuthi okwesibini, ibhomu lenuzi lingaqiniseki njengendlela yokuqeda impi eyayisiqede kakade. Amaphephandaba angamaJalimane nabaseJapane awamiswa, kodwa umbuso wezwe wase-United States wezizinda nezisempi kwakuyizindaba ezimbi ezizalelwa eMiddle East, Latin America, Korea, Vietnam, eCambodia, eLosos nakwezinye izindawo. Imibono yamaNazi ayinqotshwa udlame. Ososayensi abaningi bamaNazi baqoqwa ukuba basebenze i-Pentagon, imiphumela yethonya labo ebonakalayo.

Kodwa okuningi kwalokho esikucabanga njengamabi aNazi (ama-eugenics, ukuhlolwa kwabantu, njll) atholakale e-United States, ngaphambi, ngesikhathi nangemva kwempi. Incwadi yamuva ethi Against Against Will: Umlando Wemfihlo Wokuhlolwa Kwezokwelapha Kwezingane E-Cold War America iqoqa okuningi kwalokho okwaziwa. I-Eugenics yafundiswa emakhulwini ezinkolo zezokwelapha e-United States yi-1920 futhi ngokulinganisa okukodwa emakolishi amathathu e-US phakathi kwama-1930. Ukuhlolwa okungavunyelwanga ngabantwana nezingane abadala kwakungavamile e-United States ngaphambili, ngesikhathi, futhi ikakhulukazi ngemuva kokuba ama-US kanye nabalingani bawo bashushiswe amaNazi ngomkhuba ku-1947, bagweba abaningi ejele kanye nalabo abayisikhombisa ukuba balengiswe. Inkantolo yakha ikhodi ye-Nuremberg, amazinga womsebenzi wezokwelapha owaphulwa ngokushesha ekhaya. Odokotela baseMelika bawubheka "ikhodi enhle yabanqabile." Ngakho-ke, saba nesifundo se-Tuskegee syphilis, kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital eBrooklyn, eWillowbrook State School eStaten Island, ejele laseHolmesburg ePhiladelphia, nabanye abaningi , kuhlanganise nokuhlolwa kwe-US kumaGuatemal phakathi nezinqubo zeNuremberg. Futhi ngesikhathi secala laseNuremberg, izingane esikoleni sase-Pennhurst eningizimu-mpumalanga yePennsylvania zanikezwa udoti lwe-hepatitis-laced ukuze badle. Ukuhlolwa komuntu kwanda emashumini eminyaka alandela. Njengoba indaba ngayinye idlulile siyibonile njenge-aberration. Ngokumelene Nokuthanda Kwaso kuphakamisa okunye. Njengoba ngibhala, kukhona imibhikisho yokuqothulwa okuphoqelelwe kwamanje kwamantombazane ase-California.

Iphuzu akufani ukuqhathanisa amazinga ahlobene nobubi bomuntu ngamunye noma abantu. Amakamu okuhlushwa amaNazi anzima kakhulu ukufanisana nalokhu. Iphuzu liwukuthi akukho nhlangothi empini enhle, futhi ukuziphatha okubi akuyona into efanelekile yempi. I-American Curtis LeMay, owayengamele ukuqhunyiswa komlilo ngamadolobha aseJapane, ebulala amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu, wathi uma omunye ohlangothini ephumelele wayezobe eshushiswa njengesigebengu sempi. Leyo simo ayengeke yenze ubugebengu obuyinkimbinkimbi bempi yamaJapane noma amaJalimane ayamukelekile noma adunyiswe. Kodwa bekuyoholela ezweni elibanikeza umcabango ongacabangi, noma okungenani umcabango oyingcosana. Esikhundleni salokho, ubugebengu bezakhamuzi bekungaba ukugxila, noma okungenani ukugxila okulodwa, kokucasuka.

Akudingeki ucabange ukuthi ukungena kwe-US eMpini Yezwe II kwakuwumqondo omubi ukuphikisa zonke izimpi ezizayo. Ungakwazi ukubona izinqubomgomo ezingalungile zamashumi eminyaka ezaholela eMpini Yezwe II. Futhi ungakwazi ukubona imperialism zombili zombili njengomkhiqizo wesikhathi sabo. Kukhona labo, ngenxa yalokhu, abazithethelela ubugqila bukaTexas Jefferson. Uma singakwenza lokho, mhlawumbe singase sixoxe nempi kaFranklin Roosevelt. Kodwa lokho akusho ukuthi kufanele senze izinhlelo zokuphinda noma enye yalezo zinto.