I-War Endangers Us (imininingwane)

Bangu amathuluzi asebenzayo ngaphezulu kunempi yokuvikela.

Ukuhlela impi kuholela ezimpini. Ukwenza izimpi kudala ingozi. Futhi izikhali zempi zisengozini ye-apocalypse ngamabomu noma ngengozi.

Ukuhlela impi kuholela empini.

"Khuluma kahle futhi uthwale induku enkulu," kusho uTheodore Roosevelt, othanda ukwakha impi enkulu uma kunjalo, kodwa empeleni akulisebenzisi ngaphandle uma ephoqelelwe. Lokhu kwenziwa kahle kakhulu, ngaphandle kokunciphisa okuncane kwe-Roosevelt ukugqugquzela amabutho ePanama e-1901, eColombia e-1902, eHonduras e-1903, eDominican Republic e-1903, e-Syria e-1903, e-Abyssinia e-1903, e-Panama e-1903, eDominican Republic I-1904, iMorocco e-1904, e-Panama e-1904, e-Korea e-1904, e-Cuba e-1906, e-Honduras e-1907 nasePhilippines kuwo wonke umongameli weRovelvelt.

Abantu bokuqala esibazi ukuthi ngubani olungele impi - i-hero yaseSumalia uGilgamesh nomngane wakhe u-Enkido, noma amaGreki alwa eTroy - nawo ayenzela ukuzingela izilwane zasendle. U-Barbara Ehrenreich uchaza ukuthi,

 ". . . ngokunciphisa kwezilwane zasendle nezilwane, kwakungeke kube lula ukuzitholela abesilisa ababesebenza ngokukhethekile ekuzingeleni nasekuphikisweni kwempi, futhi akukho mzila owenziwe kahle owenzela isimo 'seqhawe.' Yini eyasindisa umzingeli-defender wesilisa kusuka obsolescence noma impilo yokusebenza kwezolimo kwaba ukuthi wayenezikhali kanye namakhono ukuyisebenzisa. [Lewis] uMamford ukhombisa ukuthi umzingeli-mvikeli walondoloza isimo sakhe ngokuphenduka 'uhlobo lokuvikela': umkhokhele (ngokudla nokuma komphakathi) noma ube ngaphansi kwesikhathi sakhe.

"Ekugcineni, ukutholakala kwabazingeli abangapheleli kwezinye izindawo kuqinisekisile ukuthi kuyingozi enkulu futhi 'yangaphandle' ukuvikela. Abashushisi-abavikeli beqembu elilodwa noma indawo yokuhlala bangase baqinisekise ukuthi bahlale bebhekene nokukhomba usongo olwenziwa ngabangane babo kwamanye amaqembu, futhi ingozi ingasetshenziswa ngokucacile ngokubeka isiteleka ngezikhathi ezithile. Njengoba uGwynne Dyer esho ekuhloleni kwakhe kwempi, 'impi ephuthumayo. . . kwakuyizemidlalo esesimweni esishaya abazingeli abangasebenzi. '"

Ngamanye amazwi, impi ingase iqale njengendlela yokuzuza ubuqhawe, njengoba nje kuqhubeka ngokusekelwe emlandweni ofanayo. Kungenzeka ukuthi kwaqala ngoba abantu babehlomile futhi badinga izitha, ngoba izitha zabo zendabuko (izingonyama, amabhere, izimpisi) zazifa. Yikuphi okwafika kuqala, izimpi noma izikhali? Le mfumbe ingase ibe nempendulo. Impendulo ibonakala iyisikhali. Futhi labo abangafundi ku-prehistory bangase balahlekelwe ukuyiphinda.

Sithanda ukukholelwa ezinhlelweni zomuntu wonke. "Yilungele" isichazamazwi seB Boy Scouts, ngemuva kwakho konke. Kunengqondo nje, enesibopho, futhi ephephile ukulungiswa. Ukungazilungiseleli bekungeke kwenzeke, akunjalo?

Inkinga ngale ngxabano yukuthi akusiyo yonke into ehlakaniphile. Ngesilinganiso esincane akusiyo yonke imimoya yabantu ukuthi bafune izibhamu emakhaya abo ukuze bazivikele ezigodini. Kuleso simo, kunezinye izici okufanele zicatshangelwe, kuhlanganise nezingozi eziphezulu zezibhamu, ukusetshenziswa kwezibhamu ngokuvumelana nokuthukuthela, ikhono lezigebengu ukuvula izibhamu zabanikazi, ukubamba izibhamu, ukuphazamisa Isixazululo sesibhamu sibangelwa emizamweni yokunciphisa izimbangela zobugebengu, njll.

Emkhakheni omkhulu wempi nokuzibopha isizwe sempi, izinto ezifanayo kufanele zicatshangelwe. Izingozi ezihlobene nezikhali, ukuhlolwa okunonya kubantu, ukweba, ukuthengiswa kwabalingani ababa yizitha, futhi ukuphazanyiswa kwemizamo yokunciphisa imbangela yobuphekula nempi kufanele kucatshangelwe konke. Ngakho-ke, kufanele, ukuthambekela kokusebenzisa izikhali uma unayo. Ngezinye izikhathi, izikhali ezingaphezulu azikwazi ukukhiqizwa kuze kube yilapho isisetshenziswa esivele siphelile futhi ukuhlolwa okusha kuhlolwa "empini."

Kodwa kunezinye izici okufanele uzicabangele nazo. Ukugcinwa kwezizwe ngezikhali zempi kubeka ingcindezi kwezinye izizwe ukuba zenze okufanayo. Ngisho nesizwe esihlose ukulwa kuphela ekuvikeleni, singase siqonde ukuthi "ukuzivikela" kube yikhono lokuziphindisela kwezinye izizwe. Lokhu kwenza kubalulekile ukudala izikhali kanye namasu okulwa nempi, futhi ngisho "impi yokulungiselela," ukugcina izingodo zomthetho zivulekile futhi zikhulise, futhi zikhuthaza ezinye izizwe ukuba zenze okufanayo. Uma ubeka abantu abaningi ukuhlela ukuhlela okuthile, lapho leyo phrojekthi eqinisweni isitshalomali sakho esikhulu kunazo zonke nesibanga esikhulu, kungaba nzima ukugcina labo bantu bangatholi amathuba okuqhuba izinhlelo zabo. Funda kabanzi.

Ukwenza impi kubangela ingozi.

Kusukela ngo-1947, lapho uMnyango Wezempi wase-US uqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi uMnyango Wezokuvikela, amasosha ase-US abelokhu ecasula okungenani njengoba nje njalo. Ukuhlaselwa kwaboMdabu baseMelika, i-Philippines, i-Latin America, njll., okwenziwa uMnyango Wezempi akuzange kuzivikele; futhi kwakungezona izimpi zoMnyango Wezokuvikela e-Korea, Vietnam, Iraq, njll. Nakuba ukuzivikela okungcono kakhulu kwezemidlalo eminingi kungase kube icala elihle, icala empini alizivikeli, hhayi lapho lidala inzondo, ukucasuka, kanye ne-blowback, hhayi lapho. okunye akuyona impi nhlobo. Phakathi nalokhu okuthiwa yimpi yomhlaba wonke yobuphekula, ubuphekula buye banda.

Lokhu kwakubikezelwe futhi kwabikezelwa. Abantu abacasulwe ukuhlaselwa kanye nemisebenzi ngeke basuswe noma banqotshwe ukuhlaselwa okwengeziwe nemisebenzi. Ukwenza sengathi “bayayizonda inkululeko yethu,” njengoba kwasho uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush, noma ukuthi banenkolo engalungile noma abanangqondo ngokuphelele akukushintshi lokhu. Ukuphishekela usizo lwezomthetho ngokushushisa labo abathintekayo ngamacala okubulala abantu abaningi ngo-9/11 kungase kusize ukunqanda ubuphekula obengeziwe kangcono kunokwethula izimpi. Ngeke futhi kube buhlungu ukuthi uhulumeni wase-US ayeke ukuhlomisa abashisekeli (ibutho laseGibhithe lihlasela izakhamuzi zaseGibhithe ngezikhali ezinikezwe yi-United States, kanti i-White House iyenqaba ukunqamula "usizo," okusho izikhali), ivikela ubugebengu. ngokumelene namaPalestine (zama ukufunda iThe General's Son kaMiko Peled), nokumisa amasosha ase-US kwamanye amazwe abantu. Izimpi zase-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kweziboshwa phakathi nazo, kwaba amathuluzi amakhulu okuqasha amaphekula aphikisana ne-US.

Ngo-2006, izinhlaka zezobunhloli zase-US zakhiqiza iNational Intelligence Estimate efinyelela kuleso siphetho. I-Associated Press ibike ukuthi: "Impi e-Iraq isiphenduke imbangela yabashisekeli abangamaSulumane, yazala intukuthelo enkulu nge-US okungenzeka ukuthi ibe yimbi kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba ibe ngcono, abahlaziyi bezobunhloli base-federal baphetha ngombiko ophikisana nombango kaMongameli Bush wokuthi umhlaba okhula uphephe kakhudlwana. … [T] abahlaziyi asebemnkantshubomvu besizwe baphetha ngokuthi yize kunomonakalo omkhulu ebuholini be-al-Qaida, usongo oluvela kuma-Islamic extremists selusabalale ngobuningi nasezindaweni ezithile. ”

Ukuthi uhulumeni waseMelika uphishekela izinqubomgomo zokuphikisana nobuphekula owaziyo ukuthi uzokhipha ubuphekula kuye kwaholela abaningi ukuba baphethe ngokuthi ukunciphisa ubuphekula akuyona into ebaluleke kakhulu, kanti abanye baphetha ngokuthi ukukhiqiza ubuphekula empeleni kuyinhloso. ULeah Bolger, owayengumongameli we-Veterans For Peace, uthi, "uhulumeni wase-United States uyazi ukuthi izimpi ziphikisana, okungukuthi, uma inhloso yakho ukunciphisa inani 'lamaphekula.' Kodwa injongo yezimpi zaseMelika akuyona ukwenza ukuthula, ukukwenza izitha eziningi ukuze siqhubeke nomjikelezo ongapheli wempi. "

Ama-Veterans ase-US abulala amaqembu e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan axoxwa encwadini kaJeremy Scahill kanye nefilimu Izimpi ezingcolile uthe noma nini lapho bebasebenzisa uhlu lwabantu lokubulala, banikezwa uhlu olubanzi; lolu hlu lukhulile ngenxa yokusebenza ngendlela yawo. UGeneral Stanley McChrystal, owayengumengameli we-US kanye namabutho e-NATO e-Afghanistan etshele Itshe eligingqikayo ngoJuni 2010 ukuthi "wonke umuntu ongenacala uyabulala, udala izitha ezintsha ze-10." I-Bureau of Investigative Journalism nabanye babhale ngokucophelela amagama abantu abaningi abangenacala ababulawa yi-drone.

Ku-2013, uMcChrystal uthe kwakukhona intukuthelo evamile ngokumelene nemigomo ye-drone ePakistan. Ngokusho kwephephandaba lasePakistanDawn ngoFebruwari 10, 2013, McChrystal, "waxwayisa ngokuthi i-drone kakhulu ehlasela ePakistan ngaphandle kokukhomba ukuthi izikhali ezimele ziba yinto engalungile. U-Gen. McChrystal uthe uyaqonda ukuthi kungani amaPakistan, ngisho nasezindaweni ezingazange zithinteke yi-drones, aziphathe kahle ngokumelene nalezi zigameko. Wabuza abaseMelika ukuthi bazokwenzenjani uma izwe elingumakhelwane njengeMexico liqala ukudubula imicibisholo ye-drone e-Target eTexas. AmaPhailand athi, wabona ama-drones njengendlela yokubonakalisa amandla eMelika ngokumelene nesizwe sawo futhi asabela ngendlela efanele. 'Yini engishaya ngayo mayelana nemigomo ye drone ukuthi iqondwa kanjani emhlabeni jikelele,' kusho u-Gen. McChrystal enkulumweni yangaphambili. 'Intukuthelo eyenziwe ukusetshenziswa kweMelika yezimangalo ezingalindelekile ... inkulu kakhulu kuneMelika ejwayelekile. Bazondwa ezingeni le-visceral, ngisho nabantu abangakaze babone noma babone imiphumela yomunye. '"

Kusukela ngo-2010, uBruce Riedel, owaxhumanisa ukubuyekezwa kwenqubomgomo yase-Afghanistan kaMongameli Obama wathi, "Ingcindezi esibeke phezu kwayo [amabutho e-jihadist] onyakeni odlule nayo ibahlanganisele ndawonye, ​​okusho ukuthi inethiwekhi yemifelandawonye iyakhula. anamandla angabi buthakathaka.” (New York Times, May 9, 2010.) OwayenguMqondisi Wezobunhloli Kazwelonke uDennis Blair uthe nakuba “ukuhlasela kwe-drone kusize ekwehliseni ubuholi be-Qaeda ePakistan, kwandise nenzondo ngeMelika” futhi kwalimaza “ikhono lethu lokusebenza nePakistan [ eku]qedeni izindawo ezingcwele zeTaliban, ukukhuthaza inkhulumomphendvulwano yama-Indian-Pakistani, nokwenza izikhali zenuzi zasePakistan zivikeleke kakhulu.” (I-New York Times, Agasti 15, i-2011.)

UMichael Boyle, oyingxenye yeqembu lika-Obama elilwisana nobushokobezi ngesikhathi ekhankasela ukhetho lwango-2008, uthi ukusetshenziswa kwezindiza ezingenayo izindiza “kunemiphumela emibi engazange ikalwe kahle uma kuqhathaniswa nezinzuzo zamaqhinga ezihambisana nokubulala amaphekula. … Ukwenyuka okukhulu kwenani lokufa kwezisebenzi ezisezingeni eliphansi kukhulise ukumelana nepolitiki ohlelweni lwase-US ePakistan, Yemen nakwamanye amazwe.” (The Guardian, Januwari 7, 2013.) "Siyabona ukuthi lokho kukhishwa. Uma uzama ukubulala indlela yakho esixazululweni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uqondile kangakanani, uzocasula abantu ngisho noma bengabhekwanga, "kuphawula u-Gen. James E. Cartwright, owayengu-Vice-Chairman of Abakwa-Joint Chiefs of Staff. (I-New York Times, Ngo-Mashi 22, i-2013.)

Le mibono ayidlangalaleni. Isikhulu esiteshini se-CIA esise-Islamabad ku-2005-2006 sicabanga ukuthi izigameko ze-drone, okwamanje zisaqhubeka, "zenze kancane ngaphandle kwenzondo yamafutha e-United States ngaphakathi ePakistan." (Bheka Indlela Yendlela nguMark Mazzetti.) Isikhulu esiphezulu se-US esifundazweni sase-Afghanistan, uMathem Hoh, sishiye phansi ngokubhikisha futhi sathi, "Ngicabanga ukuthi senza inzondo enkulu. Sichitha izimpahla eziningi ezinhle kakhulu ezilandela amantombazane angama-midlevel angesongeli i-United States noma angenalo ikhono lokusongela i-United States. " Funda kabanzi.

Izikhali zempi ziyingozi engozini ye-apocalypse engenhloso noma engozini.

Singaqeda zonke izikhali zenuzi noma singazibuka zikhuphuke. Ayikho indlela ephakathi. Asinakho izikhali zenuzi, noma singaba namaningi. Lokhu akuyona iphuzu lokuziphatha noma elinengqondo, kodwa ukubhekwa okusebenzayo okusekelwa ngokucwaninga ezincwadini ezinjengalezi I-Apocalypse Never: Ukufaka Indlela Ezwe Lamahhala Yezikhali ZaseNyukliya nguTad Daley. Uma nje ezinye zithi zikhona izikhali zenuzi abanye bazozifisa, futhi uma kukhona okungcono kakhulu kuzosakazeka kwabanye.

Uma izikhali zenuzi ziqhubeka zikhona, cishe kuyoba khona inhlekelele yenuzi, futhi lapho izikhali zanda kakhulu, izofika ngokushesha. Amakhulu ezehlakalo acishe acekela phansi umhlaba wethu ngengozi, ukudideka, ukungaqondi kahle, kanye ne-machismo engenangqondo kakhulu. Uma ungeza ithuba langempela nelikhulayo lokuthi amaphekula angewona awezwe athole futhi asebenzise izikhali zenuzi, ingozi ikhula kakhulu - futhi ikhuliswa kuphela izinqubomgomo zezifundazwe zenuzi ezisabela ebuphekula ngezindlela ezibonakala ziklanyelwe ukubuthela amaphekula amaningi.

Kusukela ngesivumelwano sokuvinjelwa kokuhlolwa okulinganiselwe sango-1963, i-United States izibophezele “empumelelweni eshesha kakhulu yesivumelwano sokuhoxiswa kwezikhali okuvamile nokuphelele.” I-Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty ka-1970 idinga ukuhoxiswa kwezikhali.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwe-equation, ukuba nezikhali zenuzi akwenzi lutho ukusigcina siphephile, ukuze kungabikho ukuhwebelana okuhilelekile ekuziqedeni. Azikuvimbeli ukuhlasela kwamaphekula ngabalingisi abangekho ngaphansi kombuso nganoma iyiphi indlela. Futhi abengezi iota emandleni ezempi ukuze avimbe amazwe ekuhlaseleni, uma kubhekwa ikhono le-United States lokucekela phansi noma yini noma kuphi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ngezikhali ezingezona ezenuzi. Ama-Nukes nawo awanqobi izimpi, kanti i-United States, i-Soviet Union, i-United Kingdom, i-France ne-China alahlekelwe izimpi ngokumelene namandla angewona enyukliya ngenkathi ephethe ama-nukes. Futhi, uma kwenzeka kuba nempi yenuzi yomhlaba wonke, izikhali eziningi kabi zingakwazi yini ukuvikela isizwe nganoma iyiphi indlela ku-apocalypse.

Isifingqo se ngenhla.

Izinsiza ngolwazi olwengeziwe.
Izizathu eziningi zokuqeda impi.