Umthelela wezimpi e-Iraq, e-Afghanistan nasePakistan ayikwazi ukubona kuphela ezimweni zezenhlalakahle, ezomnotho nezombusazwe kulezi zindawo kodwa nasezindaweni lapho lezi zimpi ziye zahlaselwa khona. Iminyaka ende yempi ibangele ukubhujiswa okukhulu kwekhava lehlathi kanye nokunyuka kokukhishwa kwekhabhoni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutholakala kwamanzi kuye kwachithwa ngamafutha emotweni yempi futhi i-uranium esebenzile isuka kumabhomu. Kanye nokulimala kwemithombo yemvelo kula mazwe, isilwane kanye nezinyoni zezinyoni nazo zithintekile kabi. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, odokotela bezokwelapha base-Iraq nabacwaningi bezempilo baye bacela ucwaningo olwengeziwe ngokungcola kwemvelo ngokuphathelene nempi njengengxenye ebangelwa izimo zezempilo ezimpofu kanye namazinga aphezulu okutheleleka nezifo.
Ukungcola Kwamanzi Nenhlabathi: Phakathi nomkhankaso we-1991 wangaphakathi we-Iraq, i-US isebenzisa amathani ayi-340 wemikhosi equkethe i-uranium esebenzile (DU). Amanzi nomhlabathi kungangcoliswa yilezi zikhali zamakhemikhali, kanye ne-benzene ne-trichlorethylene ezivela emisebenzini yomoya. I-Perchlorate, isithako esinobuthi ku-rocket propellant, ingenye yezingcolisi eziningi ezitholakala emanzini angaphansi komhlaba ezungeze amasayithi okugcina isitoreji emhlabeni jikelele.
Umthelela wezempilo wokuchayeka kwemvelo okuhlobene nempi uhlala uphikisana. Ukuntuleka kokuphepha kanye nokubikwa okungalungile ezibhedlela zase-Iraq kube nocwaningo olunzima. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwamuva luveze izitayela ezikhathazayo. Ucwaningo lwasekhaya eFallujah, e-Iraq ekuqaleni kuka-2010 lwathola izimpendulo kuhlu lwemibuzo mayelana nomdlavuza, ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa, kanye nokufa kwezinsana. Izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lomdlavuza ku-2005-2009 kuqhathaniswa namanani eGibhithe naseJordani atholakele. Izinga lokushona kwezinsana eFallujah kwaba ukufa kwabantu abangama-80 kwabangu-1000 abazalwa bukhoma, kuphakeme kakhulu kunamanani angama-20 eGibhithe, ali-17 eJordani nali-10 eKuwait. Isilinganiso sokuzalwa kwabesilisa nokuzalwa kwabesifazane eqenjini lobudala elingu-0-4 sasingu-860 kuya ku-1000 uma kuqhathaniswa nalokho okulindelekile okungu-1050 ngonyaka ka-1000. [13]
Udoti obunobuthi: Izimoto ezisindayo zamasosha nazo ziwuphazamisile umhlaba, ikakhulukazi e-Iraq naseKuwait. Kuhlanganiswe nesomiso ngenxa yokugawulwa kwamahlathi nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni, uthuli lube yinkinga enkulu ebhebhethekiswa yiminyakazo emikhulu emikhulu yezimoto zamasosha ezweni lonke. Amasosha ase-US agxile emiphumeleni yezempilo yothuli kwabezempi abakhonza e-Iraq, Kuwait nase-Afghanistan. Ukuvezwa kwamalungu wenkonzo yase-Iraq kubuthi obuthakwe ngaphakathi kuhambisane nezinkinga zokuphefumula ezivame ukuwavimbela ukuthi aqhubeke nokusebenzela nokwenza imisebenzi yansuku zonke njengokuzivocavoca umzimba. I-US Geologic Survey izazi ze-microbiologists zithole izinsimbi ezisindayo, kufaka phakathi i-arsenic, lead, cobalt, barium, ne-aluminium, okungadala ukucindezeleka kokuphefumula, nezinye izinkinga zempilo. [11] Kusukela ngo-2001, kube nokukhuphuka kwamaphesenti angama-251 ezingeni lokuphazamiseka kwemizwa, ukukhuphuka kwamaphesenti angama-47 ezingeni lezinkinga zokuphefumula, kanye nokukhuphuka kwamaphesenti angama-34 emazingeni esifo se-cardio-vascular kumalungu enkonzo yezempi okungenzeka ihlobene nale nkinga. [12]
Ukushisa iGesi Nokushiswa Komoya Kwezimoto Zempi: Ngisho nokubeka eceleni isikhathi esisheshayo sokusebenza kwesikhathi sempi, uMnyango Wezokuvikela ube ngumthengi oyedwa omkhulu kunabo bonke ezweni, esebenzisa amalitha angaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4.6 kaphethiloli unyaka ngamunye. [1] Izimoto zamasosha zidla uphethiloli osuselwa kuphethiloli ngesilinganiso esiphakeme ngokweqile: ithangi le-M-1 Abrams lingathola ibanga elingaphezu nje kwengxenye yelitha kulitha kaphethiloli ngemayela noma lisebenzise cishe amalitha angama-300 phakathi namahora ayisishiyagalombili okusebenza. [2] Izimoto zeBradley zokulwa zidla cishe amalitha ayi-1 ngemayela eliqhutshwa.
Impi isheshisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli. Ngokwesilinganiso esisodwa, amasosha ase-US asebenzise imiphongolo ka-oyela eyizigidi eziyi-1.2 e-Iraq ngenyanga eyodwa kuphela ka-2008. [3] Leli zinga eliphakeme lokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli ngaphezu kwezimo ezingezona ezempi kufanele lihlanganyele neqiniso lokuthi uphethiloli kumele ulethwe ezimotweni ezisensimini ngezinye izimoto, kusetshenziswa uphethiloli. Okunye ukulinganisela kwamasosha ngonyaka ka-2003 kwakuwukuthi izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zamandla kaphethiloli ezempi zenzeka ezimotweni ezaziletha uphethiloli enkundleni yempi. [4] Izimoto zamasosha ezisetshenziswe e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan zikhiqize amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamathani amathoni e-carbon monoxide, i-nitrogen oxides, ama-hydrocarbon, ne-sulfur dioxide ngaphezu kwe-CO.2. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhankaso wokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu wezinhlobonhlobo ze-toxics-ukukhulula amasayithi njengama-depot yezikhali, nokubeka ngokuzithandela imililo yamafutha nguSaddam Hussein ngenkathi ukuhlasela kwe-Iraq ku-2003 kuholele ukungcola komoya, inhlabathi, namanzi. [5]
Ukuqothulwa Kwempi Nokusheshiswa Kwezilwane Nemifula: Lezi zimpi zilimaze namahlathi, amaxhaphozi namachibi ase-Afghanistan, ePakistan nase-Iraq. Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi okunamandla kuhambisane nalokhu kanye nezimpi ezedlule e-Afghanistan. Indawo ephelele yehlathi yehle ngamaphesenti angama-38 e-Afghanistan kusuka ngo-1990 kuya ku-2007. [6] Lokhu kungumphumela wokugawulwa kwemithi ngokungemthetho, okuhambisana namandla akhulayo ezikhulu zempi, ezijabulele ukwesekwa yi-US. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kwenzeke kulawa mazwe njengoba ababaleki befuna uphethiloli nezinto zokwakha. Isomiso, ukwanda kogwadule, kanye nokulahleka kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezihambisana nokulahleka kwendawo kuye kwaba ngumphumela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba izimpi ziholele ekubhujisweni kwemvelo, imvelo ewohlokile ngokwayo inegalelo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano. [7]
Ukubhujiswa Kwezempi Okusheshayo Kwezempi: Ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu e-Afghanistan nokugawulwa kwamahlathi kusongele indlela ebalulekile yokufuduka kwezinyoni ezihamba kule ndawo. Inani lezinyoni ezindiza manje kulo mzila lehle ngamaphesenti angama-85. [8] Izisekelo zase-US zaba yimakethe enenzuzo yezikhumba ze-Snow Leopard ezisengozini, kanti abantu base-Afghanistan abampofu nababaleki bazimisele kakhulu ukunqabela ukuvinjelwa kokuzingelwa kwabo, kusukela ngo-2002. [9] Izisebenzi zosizo lwangaphandle ezafika edolobheni elikhulu izinombolo ezilandela ukuwa kombuso wamaTaliban nazo zithengile izikhumba. Izinombolo zabo ezisele e-Afghanistan zalinganiselwa phakathi kuka-100 no-200 ngo-2008. [10] (Ikhasi libuyekezwe kusukela ngoMashi 2013)
[1] Col. Gregory J. Lengyel, USAF, Department of Defense Energy Strategy: Ukufundisa Inja Endala Amaqhinga Amasha. Isinyathelo Sokuvikela sekhulu lama-21. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, Agasti, 2007, k. 10.
[2] Ukuvikeleka Komhlaba Wonke.Org, M-1 Abrams Main Battle Tank. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/m1-specs.htm
[3] I-Associated Press, "Amaqiniso Ekusetshenzisweni Kophethiloli Wezempi," USA Today, I-2 April 2008, http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2008-04-02-2602932101_x.htm.
[4] Kucashunwe kuJoseph Conover, uHarry Husted, uJohn MacBain, uHeather McKee. Ukuthintana Kokusebenza Kwezinto kanye Namandla Wemoto Elwa neBradley eneFuel Cell Auxiliary Power Unit. I-SAE Technical Papers Series, 2004-01-1586. 2004 SAE World Congress, Detroit, Michigan, Mashi 8-11, 2004. http://delphi.com/pdf/techpapers/2004-01-1586.pdf
[5] I-United Nations Statistics Division. "I-United Nations Statistics Division - Izibalo Zemvelo." Uphiko Lwezibalo Lwezizwe Ezihlangene. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envelo/Questionnaires/country_snapshots.htm.
[6] ICarlotta Gall, i-Afghanistan esatshiswe yimpi Enkingeni Yezemvelo, I-New York Times, Januwari 30, 2003.
[7] Enzler, SM "Imiphumela yezemvelo yempi." Ukwelashwa Nokuhlanzwa Kwamanzi - iLenntech. http://www.lenntech.com/enveloal-effects-war.htm.
[8] USmith, uGar. "Isikhathi Sokubuyisa i-Afghanistan: Izidingo Zokukhala ze-Afghanistan." Ijenali Yomhlaba Wesiqhingi. http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/eij/article/its_time_to_res… UNoras, uSibylle. "Afghanistan." Ilondoloza izingwe zeqhwa. snowleopardblog.com/projects/afghanistan/.
[9] Reuters, "Abezizwe basongela i-Afghan Snow Leopards," ngomhlaka 27 Juni 2008. http://www.enn.com/wildlife/article/37501
[10] UKennedy, uKelly. "Umcwaningi weNavy uxhuma ubuthi othulini olusendaweni yempi nezifo." USA Today, May 14, 2011. http://www.usatoday.com/news/military/2011-05-11-Iraq-Afghanistan-dust-soldiers-illnesses_n.htm.
[11] Ibid.
[12] UBusby C, uHamdan M no-Ariabi E. Umdlavuza, Ukufa Kwezinsana Nokuzalwa Ngokocansi-Ratio eFallujah, Iraq 2005-2009. Int.J Environ.Res. Impilo Yomphakathi 2010, 7, 2828-2837.
[13] Ibid.
