Ibungazwe ngu-Talia Hagerty I-Pacific Standard
Ongoti bezomnotho abaqali ukufunda ngempi. Abaningi e-US baphikisene ngokuthi impi ilungele umnotho, futhi labo abaseWashington babonakale bemagange ukubakholelwa. Ngempela, impi iyisihloko esifanelekile sezomnotho. Kubiza kakhulu, futhi izinombolo ezihilelekile—imali esetshenzisiwe, izikhali ezisetshenzisiwe, abalimele—zingabalwa futhi zifinyezwe kalula.
Nokho, kunesihloko esiyinselelo esisanda kudonsa amehlo osomnotho: ukuthula.
Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, abacwaningi nosomnotho abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba benze inzuzo enkulu emkhakheni osafufusa wezomnotho wokuthula. Bathola ukuthi udlame nezimpi zimbi emnothweni, kodwa futhi singasebenzisa ezomnotho ukuzinqanda.
Ucwaningo lwakamuva olushicilelwe ngabakwa Isikhungo soMnotho noxolo (IEP) ithole ukuthi udlame lwadla umhlaba ngama- $9.46 trillion ngo-2012 kuphela. Lokho kungamaphesenti angu-11 omkhiqizo womhlaba wonke. Uma kuqhathaniswa, izindleko zenkinga yezezimali zaziyiphesenti elingu-0.5 nje kuphela lomnotho womhlaba ka-2009.
Ukuthula kubonakala kusobala futhi kulula uma siphila kuyo, kanti nokho amaphesenti angu-11 ezinsiza zethu zomhlaba wonke anikelwa ekudaleni nasekuqukatheni udlame.
UJURGEN BRAUER NOJOHANE Paul Dunne, abahleli be I-Economics of Peace and Security Journal kanye nababhali be I-Peace Economics, ichaza “i-peace economics” njengokuthi “isifundo sezomnotho nokuklanywa kwezikhungo zezombusazwe, ezomnotho, nezamasiko, ukusebenzelana kwazo, nezinqubomgomo zazo zokuvimbela, ukunciphisa, noma ukuxazulula noma yiluphi uhlobo lodlame olucashile noma lwangempela noma enye ingxabano ebhubhisayo phakathi naphakathi kwemiphakathi. .” Ngamanye amazwi, ukuthula kuwuthinta kanjani umnotho, umnotho ukuthinta kanjani ukuthula, futhi singazisebenzisa kanjani izindlela zomnotho ukuze sikuqonde kangcono zombili? Lezi akuzona izihloko ezintsha zezomnotho, kusho uBrauer. Kodwa imibuzo yocwaningo ivamise ukusebenzisa igama elithi “impi” esikhundleni selithi “ukuthula.”
Uyini umehluko? Ukungabi bikho nje kobudlova nempi yilokho abacwaningi abakubiza ngokuthi “ukuthula okungenamsoco.” Kuyingxenye yesithombe kuphela. “Ukuthula okuhle” wukuba khona kwezinhlaka, izikhungo, kanye nezimo zengqondo eziqinisekisa uhlelo oluqhubekayo lwezenhlalo kanye nenkululeko kuzo zonke izinhlobo zobudlova. Ukulinganisa ukungabi bikho kodlame kulula ngokwanele, uma kuqhathaniswa nokuba khona kwalo, kodwa ukuhlola wonke ama-nuances wesistimu yezenhlalakahle esimeme kunzima kakhulu.
U-Brauer wenza icala eliphoqelelayo lokuthula kwezomnotho. Uma, ngokwesibonelo, amaphesenti amabili e-GDP yomhlaba wonke esetshenziselwa izikhali, ngokuqinisekile bakhona abangazuza ngodlame nempi. Kodwa iningi lomnotho lenza kangcono endaweni yokuthula, nokuthi udlame lwenza izinto zibe nzima kakhulu kwamanye amaphesenti angama-98. Iqhinga liwukuqonda ukuthi imiphakathi ithuthukisa kanjani ukuthula okuhle.
The I-Global Peace Index, ekhishwa minyaka yonke yi-IEP kusukela ngo-2007, ilinganisa amazwe omhlaba ngendlela yokuthula kusetshenziswa izinkomba ezingama-22 zokungabi bikho kodlame. Akumangalisi ukuthi i-IEP ithola ukuthi i-Iceland, i-Denmark, ne-New Zealand bekuyizona ebezinokuthula kakhulu ngo-2013, kuyilapho i-Iraq, iSomalia, iSyria, ne-Afghanistan bekuyingcosana. I-US ikleliswe ku-99 kwezingu-162.
Ngedatha ebanzi futhi cishe yomhlaba wonke mayelana nokungabikho kodlame, kuyenzeka ukuthi kuhlolwe izinhlaka zomphakathi eziqondana. Lokhu kusinika isithombe sokuthula okuhle. Ngemva kokuhlaziya ngokwezibalo ubudlelwano phakathi kwezikolo ze-GPI kanye namasethi edatha anqamula amazwe angaba ngu-4,700, i-IEP ihlonze amaqembu ezinkomba, njengeminyaka yokuphila noma izintambo zocingo kubantu abayi-100, ukuthi icubungula izici ezibalulekile zezomnotho, ezombusazwe, namasiko zokuthula. I-IEP ibiza lezi zigaba eziyisishiyagalombili eziwumphumela ngokuthi “Izinsika Zokuthula”: uhulumeni osebenza kahle, ukusatshalaliswa kwezinsiza ngokulinganayo, ukugeleza kolwazi mahhala, indawo yebhizinisi ekahle, izinga eliphezulu labantu (isib., imfundo kanye nempilo), ukwamukelwa amalungelo abanye, amazinga aphansi enkohlakalo, nobudlelwano obuhle nomakhelwane.
Okuningi kokuhlobana kokuthula kubonakala kusobala. Ingqalasizinda yekhwalithi ivamise ukucekelwa phansi yimpi; amanzi yinto okungenzeka silwe ngayo. Ukubaluleka kwezifundo ezifana Nezinsika Zokuthula kusekuvezeni inkimbinkimbi yomphakathi, ovele usebenze nje. Umphakathi lapho sonke sithola esikudingayo ngaphandle kokucosha isibhamu. Ukuthula kubonakala kusobala futhi kulula uma siphila kuyo, kanti nokho amaphesenti angu-11 ezinsiza zethu zomhlaba wonke anikelwa ekudaleni nasekuqukatheni udlame. I-Peace economics ikhombisa ukuthi ukuqinisekisa umnotho lapho wonke umuntu ethola lokho akudingayo kokubili kudala umuzwa onokuthula womuntu futhi, ingcebo nemisebenzi.
Kukhona, impela, ukuthuthukiswa okusele okusamele kwenziwe ezinhlakeni ze-IEP. Isibonelo, ukulingana kobulili kuwukuhambisana okubalulekile ngokwezibalo kokungabikho kodlame nje jikelele. Kodwa ngenxa yokuthi i-GPI kusamele ifake izilinganiso ezithile zodlame olusekelwe ebulilini, lwasekhaya, noma locansi—okuphikisa ukuthi abanayo idatha eyanele yamazwe ngamazwe—asazi okwamanje ukuthi ukulingana ngokobulili nokuthula kusebenzisana kanjani. Kukhona okunye ukuxhumana okufanayo okufanele kucushwe kahle, futhi abacwaningi bathuthukisa izindlela zomnotho zokubhekana nakho.
I-Peace economics yithuba lokuhambisa izilinganiso zethu kanye nokuhlaziya ukuthula ngale kwempi nezingxabano ezihleliwe, ngokusho kuka-Bauer, kanye nemibono yobudlova noma ukungabi nodlame. UBrauer ubize isisho sakudala ukuze achaze intshiseko yakhe ngalo mkhakha: Awukwazi ukuphatha lokho ongakukali. Sesivele sisebenza kahle kakhulu ekulinganiseni nasekulawuleni impi, ngakho manje sekuyisikhathi sokukala ukuthula.
UTalia Hagerty ungumbungazi ovelele umeluleki wezomnotho wokuthula isekelwe eBrooklyn, eNew York. Ubhalisa ngezomnotho wokuthula, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ku Ithiyori Yoshintsho. Mlandele ku-Twitter: @taliahagerty.
Omaka: Ezomnotho, I-Global Peace Index, Ukuthula, War
