I. IMIHLANGANO YOKUQALA

Ubugqila Kwaqedwa

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye iningi labantu abaphila emhlabeni babebanjwe ebugqilini noma e-serfdom (ingxenye yesithathu yomphakathi womhlaba, eqinisweni, ngokwe-Encyclopedia of Human Rights e-Oxford University Press). Umqondo wokuqeda into egcwele kangaka futhi ehlala njalo njengebugqila yayibhekwa kabanzi. Ubugqila bebulokhu bukhona nathi futhi bekungaba njalo. Omunye akanakukufisa ukungazifisi ngokungazizwa noma ukungahambisani nemigomo yemvelo yethu, engathandeki nakuba kungenzeka. Inkolo nesayensi kanye nomlando kanye nezomnotho konke okushiwo ukufakazela ukuhlala unomphela, ukwamukeleka, ngisho nokuthanda. Ukuba khona kobugqila eBhayibhelini lobuKristu kwakufanelekile emehlweni abantu abaningi. E-Efesu 6: 5 St. Paul wayala izigqila ukuba zilalele amakhosi azo emhlabeni njengoba zilalela uKristu.

Ukusabalala kobugqila nakho kwavumela ukuphikisana ukuthi uma izwe elilodwa lingakwenzi elinye izwe lingathi: "Abanye abahlonishwayo bangase banqabe ukuhweba ngezigqila njengabantu abangalungile nababi," kusho ilungu lePhalamende laseBrithani ngoMeyi 23, 1777, "Kodwa ake sicabangele ukuthi, uma amakoloni ethu kufanele ahlonywe, angenziwa kuphela ngama-African negroes, nakanjani kungcono ukuzitholela lezo zisebenzi emikhumbi yaseBrithani, kunokuzithengisa abadayisi baseFrance, abangamaDutch noma baseDenmark." Ngo-Ephreli 18, i-1791, i-Banastre Tarleton yamemezela ePhalamende-futhi, ngokungangabazeki, abanye baze bamkholelwa-ukuthi "abantu base-Afrika abanakho ukuphikisa ukuhweba."

Ekupheleni kwekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, ubugqila babuqothulwa cishe yonke indawo futhi ngokushesha ekunciphiseni. Ngokwengxenye, lokhu kwakungenxa yokuthi inqwaba yezishoshovu eNgilandi kuma-1780s yaqala inhlangano ekhuthaza ukuqedwa, indaba ekhulunywa kahle ku-Adam Hochschild's Bury The Chains. Lokhu kwakuyinkimbinkimbi eyenza ukuphela kokuhweba kwegqila nobubambisene imbangela yokuziphatha, imbangela yokuhlatshwa ngenxa yabantu abade, abantu abangaziwa behluke kakhulu kuwe. Kwakuwumgudu wokucindezelwa komphakathi. Ayisebenzisi ubudlova futhi ayizange isebenzise ukuvota. Iningi labantu lalingenalo ilungelo lokuvota. Esikhundleni salokho, wasebenzisa imizwa ebizwa ngokuthi i-naive futhi ukungazinaki okushiwo yizindinganiso ezithathwa njengabantu. Yashintsha isiko, okuyinto eqinisweni, ukuthi yini ehlala igaxa futhi izama ukuzigcina ngokuzibiza ngokuthi "imvelo yomuntu."

Ezinye izinto zanikele ekuqothulweni kobugqila, kubandakanya ukumelana kwabantu abagqilaziwe. Kodwa ukumelana okunjalo kwakungewona omusha emhlabeni. Ukulahlwa kwesigqila-kuhlanganise nezigqila zangaphambili-nokuzibophezela kokungavumeli ukubuyiselwa kwayo: lokho kwakukusha futhi kunqume.

Leyo mibono isakazwa yizinhlobo zokukhulumisana esizicabangela manje. Kunobunye ubufakazi bokuthi kule nkathi yokuxhumana okusheshayo emhlabeni wonke singasakaza imibono efanelekayo masinyane.

Ngakho-ke, ubugqila buye? Yebo no cha. Ngenkathi uhlala omunye umuntu uvinjelwe futhi uphazamisekile emhlabeni wonke, izinhlobo zokugqilaza zikhona ezindaweni ezithile. Ayikho inzalo yabantu abayizigqila zokuphila, ezithwalwa futhi ziboshwa ngokukhululekile ngabanikazi bazo, okungabizwa ngokuthi "ubugqila bendabuko." Ngokudabukisayo, noma kunjalo, ukugqilazwa kwezikweletu nobugqila bobulili kufihla emazweni ahlukahlukene. Kukhona amaphakethe ebugqila bezihlobo ezihlukahlukene e-United States. Kukhona umsebenzi wejele, kanye nezisebenzi ngokungafani nokuba yizizukulwane zezigqila zangaphambili. Kukhona abantu abaningi base-Afrika baseMelika ababoshiwe noma abaqondiswa uhlelo lwezobulungiswa bezobugebengu e-United States namuhla kunabanye base-Afrika-baseMelika abagqilaziwe e-United States ku-1850.

Kodwa lezi zimbi zanamuhla azikhombisi muntu ukuthi ubugqila, nganoma yiluphi uhlobo, luyisimo esihlala njalo emhlabeni wethu, futhi akufanele. Abaningi base-Afrika baseMelika ababoshiwe. Izisebenzi eziningi emhlabeni azigqila kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lobugqila. Ku-1780, uma ngabe uhlongoze ukwenza ubugqila ngaphandle kwemithetho, ukukhwabanisa okumele kwenziwe ngasese, kufihliwe futhi kufihlwe lapho kusekhona khona nganoma yiluphi uhlobo, ubungabhekwa njengento engafanelekile futhi ungazi njengomuntu ophakamisa okuphelele ukuqedwa kobugqila. Uma ngabe uphakamisa ukubuyisela ubugqila ngendlela enkulu namuhla, iningi labantu lingayilahla lo mbono njengemuva nangemuva.

Zonke izinhlobo zobugqila kungenzeka ukuthi aziqediwe ngokuphelele, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi azikho. Kodwa kungenzeka. Noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubugqila bendabuko bungabuyiselwa ekumukelweni okudumile futhi kubuyiselwe ekuvelele esizukulwaneni noma ezimbili. Bheka ukuvuselelwa okusheshayo ekwamukelweni kokuhlukunyezwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka ukuze kube yisibonelo sokuthi umkhuba abanye abantu abaqale ukushiya usubuyiselwe kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, kulo mzuzu, kwacaca kubantu abaningi ukuthi ubugqila buyisinqumo nokuthi ukubhujiswa kwayo kuyindlela yokukhetha-ukuthi, empeleni, ukuqedwa kwayo kwakunjalo, ngisho noma kunzima.

Impi Yomphakathi Kahle?

E-United States abanye bangase babe nomkhuba wokungabaza ukuqedwa kobugqila njengesibonelo sokuqeda impi ngoba impi yayisetshenziselwa ukuqeda ubugqila. Kodwa ingabe kufanele isetshenziswe? Ingabe kwakuzosetshenziswa namuhla? Ubugqila bephela ngaphandle kwempi, ngokukhululwa okukhokhelwayo, emakoloni aseBrithani, eDenmark, eFrance, eNetherlands, naseNingizimu Melika naseCaribbean. Leyo modeli yasebenza futhi eWashington, DC I-Slave enezifunda e-United States yayenqaba, iningi lazo likhetha ukuhlukanisa indawo esikhundleni. Yileyondlela eyahamba ngayo umlando, futhi abantu abaningi bekuyofanele bacabange ngokuhluke kakhulu ukuthi bahambe ngokuhlukile. Kodwa izindleko zokukhulula izigqila ngokuzithenga ngabe ziphansi kakhulu kuneNyakatho ezisebenzisiwe empini, zingabizi lokho iNingizimu eyisebenzisile, hhayi ukubala ukufa nokulimala, ukuguqulwa, ukulimala, ukubhujiswa, namashumi eminyaka okudabuka okuzayo, ngenkathi ubugqila bude buhlala buba khona ngempela kubo bonke kodwa igama. (Bheka Izindleko Zezimpi Ezinkulu Zase-US, yi-Congressional Research Service, uJuni 29, 2010.)

Ngo-June 20, i-2013, i-Atlantic yanyathelisa isihloko esithi "Cha, uLincoln Wayengeke Akwazi 'Ukuthenga Amakhoboka'." Kungani? Yebo, abanikazi bezinceku babengafuni ukuthengisa. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ngokuphelele. Abazange, hhayi nhlobo. Kodwa i-Atlantic igxile kwenye ingxabano, okungukuthi bekuyoba kubi kakhulu, kubiza okungenani $ 3 billion (ku-1860s imali). Noma kunjalo, uma ufunda ngokucophelela-kulula ukuyilahlekelwa-umbhali uyavuma ukuthi impi ibiza kabili lokho okuningi. Izindleko zokukhulula abantu zazingenakwenzeka. Kodwa izindleko eziphindwe kabili-zabantu ababulalayo, zihamba cishe zingabonakali. Njengezinkanuko zabantu abondliwe kahle nge-dessert, kubonakala sengathi kunekamelo elihlukile ngokuphelele lokusetshenziswa kwempi, igumbi ligcinwe kude nokugxeka noma ngisho nokubuza imibuzo.

Iphuzu alikho kakhulu kangangokuthi okhokho bethu bebengase bakhethe ukukhetha okuhlukile (bekungabikho eduze kokukwenza kanjalo), kodwa ukuthi ukhetho lwabo lubonakala lubuwula kusukela ekubambeni kwethu. Uma kusasa sasizovuka futhi sithole wonke umuntu afanelekile ngokucasuka ngenxa yokwesaba kokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi, ingasiza yini ukuthola ezinye izinsimu ezinkulu zokubulala phakathi nezinombolo ezinkulu? Lokho kwakuzokwenzani ngokuqeda amajele? Futhi yini iMpi Yombango ehlobene nokugqilazwa kobugqila? Uma-ngokuphambene kakhulu nomlando wangempela-abanikazi bezinceku zase-US bakhethe ukuqeda ubugqila ngaphandle kwempi, kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi njengesinqumo esibi.

Ake ngizame ngempela, ngigcizelele leli phuzu: lokho engikuchazayo KUNGAKHO kwenzeke futhi kwakungeke kwenzeke, kwakungekho ndawo esiseduze ukuba kwenzeke; kodwa okwenzekayo bekuyobe kuyinto enhle. Ukube bengabanikazi bezinceku kanye nezombangazwe babeguqula ukucabanga kwabo futhi bakhetha ukuqeda ubugqila ngaphandle kwempi, bebengayiqeda ukuhlupheka okuncane, futhi mhlawumbe baphele ngokuphelele. Kunoma yikuphi, ukucabanga ubugqila obuphela ngaphandle kwempi, sidinga nje ukubheka umlando wangempela wamazwe ahlukahlukene. Futhi ukucabanga ukuthi ushintsho olukhulu luyenziwa emphakathini wethu namhlanje (kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuvaliwe amajele, ukudala imishanguzo yelanga, ukubhala kabusha uMthethosisekelo, ukugqugquzela ezolimo eziqhubekayo, ukhetho lwezimali esidlangalaleni, ukuthuthukisa ezitolo zentando yeningi yentando yeningi, noma yini enye-ungayithandi noma yimuphi wale mibono , kodwa ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi ungacabanga ngenguquko enkulu ongayithanda) asifuni ukufaka njengeSigaba 1 "Thola amasimu amakhulu okuzokwenza izingane zethu zibulalane ezinombolweni ezinkulu." Esikhundleni salokho, siyanqamuka ngokuqondile ku-Step 2 "Yenza into edinga ukuyenza." Ngakho kufanele.

Ukukhona Kwama-Essential Precedes Essence

Kunoma isiphi isazi sefilosofi esiphathelene nombono kaJean Paul Sartre emhlabeni akukho isidingo sokubonisa ukuphela kokugqilazwa kwegqila ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ubugqila bukhethwayo. Singabantu, futhi ngo-Sartre lokho kusho ukuthi sikhululekile. Ngisho nalapho sigqilaziwe, sikhululekile. Singakhetha ukungakhulumi, ukungadli, ukungaphuzi, ukungabi ocansini. Ngesikhathi ngibhala lokhu, izinqwaba zeziboshwa zazingenela isiteleka selambile eCalifornia naseGuantanamo Bay nasePalestine (futhi bexhumana nabo). Konke okukhethwa kukho, kuhlale kube njalo, kuzakuba njalo. Uma singakhetha ukungadli, singakhetha ukungahlanganyeli emzamweni omkhulu, odinga ukubambisana kwabantu abaningi, ukusungula noma ukugcina isikhungo sobugqila. Kulo mbono kusobala ukuthi singakhetha ukugqilaza abantu. Singakhetha ukuthanda yonke indawo noma ukudla komuntu noma noma yini esiyibona ifanelekile. Abazali batshela izingane zabo ukuthi, "Ungaba noma yikuphi okukhethayo ukuthi ube khona," futhi okufanayo kufanele kube njalo neqoqo elihlanganisiwe lezingane zonke.

Ngicabanga ukuthi lo mbono ongenhla, ongenamahloni njengoba kungase uzwakale, kubaluleke kakhulu. Akusho ukuthi izenzakalo zesikhathi esizayo azikwenziwe ngokomzimba ngabangaphambili. Kusho ukuthi, ngokubheka komuntu ongewona owaziyo, izinqumo ziyatholakala. Lokhu akusho ukuthi ungakhetha ukuba namakhono angokwenyama noma amathalenta awunawo. Akusho ukuthi ungakhetha ukuthi lonke izwe liziphatha kanjani. Awukwazi ukukhetha ukuba neRandi eliyizinkulungwane eziyinkulungwane noma ukunqoba indondo yegolide noma ukuthola umongameli okhethiwe. Kodwa ungakhetha ukuba uhlobo lomuntu ongeke abe nomnikazi wamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ngenkathi abanye belambile, noma uhlobo lomuntu ozokwenza lokho futhi agxile ekubeni ne-dollar ayizigidi ezimbili. Ungakhetha ukuziphatha kwakho. Unganikeza ukunqoba indondo yegolide noma ukuceba noma ukukhetha umzamo wakho omuhle noma umzamo wenhliziyo emibili noma akukho mzamo nhlobo. Ungaba uhlobo lomuntu olalela imiyalo engekho emthethweni noma yokuziphatha okubi, noma uhlobo lomuntu owenza lokho. Ungaba uhlobo lomuntu obekezelela noma okhuthaza into efana nobugqila noma uhlobo lomuntu ozama ukuluqeda ngisho nabanye abaningi abalisekelayo. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi ngamunye wethu angakhetha ukukuqeda, ngizophikisana, singakwazi ukukhetha ukuqeda.

Kunezindlela eziningi lapho omunye angase angavumelani nalokhu. Mhlawumbe, bangase basikisele, amandla athile avimbela sonke ukuba sisebenze ngokubambisana ukuthi yini esingayikhetha ngamunye ngamunye ngomzuzwana wokucaca okuzolile. Leli qembu lingase libe uhlobo oluthile lokungalingani kwezenhlalo noma ithonya elingenakugwenywa kwama-sycophants kunamandla. Noma kungaba ukucindezelwa komncintiswano wezomnotho noma ukuphakama kwabantu noma ukuntuleka kwemithombo. Noma mhlawumbe ingxenye ethile yabantu bethu igula noma iwonakele ngendlela ebaphoqa ukuba bakhe isizinda sobugqila. Laba bantu bangase bafake isikhungo sobugqila kuwo wonke umhlaba. Mhlawumbe ingxenye ebambelele ebugqila yabantu ihlanganisa bonke abesilisa, futhi abesifazane abakwazi ukunqoba ukushayela amadoda ekugqilazweni. Mhlawumbe inkohlakalo yamandla, ehlangene nokuzikhethela kwalabo abathandekayo ekufuneni amandla kwenza izinqubomgomo zomphakathi ezibhubhisayo zingenakugwema. Mhlawumbe ithonya labathengi kanye nekhono labashumayeli besikhumbuzo lisenza singabi namandla okulwela. Noma mhlawumbe ingxenye enkulu yomhlaba ingahle ihlelwe ukuqeda ubugqila, kodwa omunye umphakathi wawuzoletha ubugqila njalo njengesifo esithathelwanayo, futhi ukuwuphela ngesikhathi esifanayo kuyobe kungenakwenzeka. Mhlawumbe umbuso wezizwe ukhiqiza ubugqila ngokungazelelwe, futhi ubukhulu bezimali bungenakugwema. Mhlawumbe ukubhujiswa komuntu okuhloswe ngqo endaweni yemvelo kudinga ubugqila. Mhlawumbe ubandlululo noma ubuzwe noma inkolo noma ukucwaswa kwabantu noma ukuthanda izwe noma ukungafani noma ukwesaba noma ukuhaha noma ukungahawukeli okujwayelekile kungenakugwema futhi kuqinisekisa ubugqila kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sizama kangakanani ukucabanga nokuthatha indlela yethu yokuphuma kuyo.

Lezi zinhlobo zezimangalo zokungavumeleki zizwakala kalula lapho zibhekiswe esikhungweni esivele sichithwa kakhulu, njengebugqila. Ngizoxoxa nabo ngenzansi ngokuphathelene nesikhungo sempi. Ezinye zalezi zinkolelo-isibalo sabantu, ukusweleka kwemithombo, njll-ziyaziwa kakhulu phakathi kwezifundiswa ezibheke ezizweni ezingewona amaWestern njengoba umthombo oyinhloko wokwenza impi. Ezinye izinkolelo, ezifana nomthelela walokho uMengameli uDwight Eisenhower abiza ngokuthi isakhiwo sezempi zezimboni, sithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwezidlamlilo zokuthula ezikhungethekile e-United States. Akuyona into engavamile, noma kunjalo, ukuzwa abasekeli bezimpi zase-US bakusho ukuthi kudingeka ukulwa nezinsiza kanye "nendlela yokuphila" njengesizathu sezimpi eziye zavezwa kuthelevishini njengoba zinezizathu ezihluke ngokuphelele. Ngithemba ukucacisa ukuthi izimangalo zokungavinjelwa kobugqila noma impi azikho isizathu eqinisweni, noma yiziphi izikhungo ezisetshenziswa kuzo. Ukubaluleka kwale mpikiswano kuzosizwa uma siqala ukucabanga ukuthi zingaki izikhungo ezihloniphekile esivele sishiye ngemuva.

Ama-Feuds wegazi kanye nama-Duels

Akekho e-United States ohlongoza ukubuyisela ukuhlaselwa kwegazi, ukuphindisela ukubulawa kwamalungu omndeni owodwa ngamalungu omndeni ohlukile. Ababulali bokuziphindiselela babeyinto evamile futhi evunyelwe eYurophu futhi namanje kakhulu kakhulu kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba. I-Hatfields enobuhle ne-McCoys ayidonseli igazi lomunye nomunye iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Ku-2003, le miindeni emibili yase-US yagcina isayine isivumelwano. Ukuhlaselwa kwegazi e-United States sekuyisikhathi eside usunqatshelwe futhi unqatshelwe umphakathi okholelwa ukuthi ungenza ngcono futhi wenze ngcono.

Ngokudabukisayo, omunye wabakwaMcCoys abathintekayo ekutheni asayine lesi sivumelwano ayenamazwana angcono kakhulu, kuyilapho i-United States ilwa impi e-Iraq. Ngokusho kwe-Orlando Sentinel, "uRoo Hatfield waseWesnesboro, Va., Wafika nombono ngokuthi isimemezelo sokuthula. Umyalezo obanzi awuthumela emhlabeni, uthe, uma ukuphepha kukazwelonke kusengozini, abaseMelika bahlukanisa eceleni futhi bahlale bebumbene. "Ngokusho kwe-CBS News," kusho uRoo ngemuva kweSept 11, ufuna ukubeka isitatimende esisemthethweni ukuthula phakathi kwemindeni emibili ukukhombisa ukuthi uma inhlanhla yemindeni ejulile ingasungulwa, kanjalo isizwe singabumbana ukuze sivikele inkululeko yaso. "Isizwe. Akuyona izwe. "Vikela inkululeko" ngoJune 2003 kwakuyikhodi "yokulwa impi," kungakhathaliseki ukuthi impi, njengezimpi eziningi, yanciphisa inkululeko yethu.
Ingabe siye savuselela ukuhlukunyezwa kwegazi njengomndeni njengamazwe wegazi? Siyeke ukubulala omakhelwane ngenxa yezingulube ezibiwe noma izikhalazo ezizuzwe njengefa ngoba amandla angavamile asicindezela ukuba abulale ahlelwe kabusha ekubulaleni abantu bezinye izizwe ngempi? Ingabe iCentucky yayiyoya empini neWest Virginia, ne-Indiana ne-Illinois, uma behluleka ukulwa ne-Afghanistan esikhundleni sayo? Ingabe i-Europe ekugcineni ikhona ngokuthula ngokwayo ngoba nje isiza ukuhlasela i-United States indawo efana ne-Afghanistan, i-Iraq ne-Libya? UMengameli uGeorge W. W. Bush akazange aqinisekise yini impi e-Iraq kwezinye izingxenye ngokusho ukuthi umengameli wase-Iraq uzame ukubulala uyise kaBush? Ingabe i-United States ayibhubhisi iCuba njengokungathi iMpi Yomshoshaphansi ayizange iphele ngokuyinhloko ngenxa ye-inertia enkulu? Ngemuva kokubulala isakhamuzi sase-US okuthiwa u-Anwar al-Awlaki, uMongameli uBarack Obama akazange athumele yini amanye amasonto amabili ngemuva kokubulala indodana ka-Awlaki eneminyaka engu-16 ubudala, okungekho okwelulekwa okungenzi lutho okwenzile? Uma kwenzeka-ukungaqondakali okungahle kwenzeke-ngabe ngabe u-Awlaki omncane wayebhekiswe ngaphandle kokukhonjwa, noma uma yena kanye nabanye abantu abasha naye bebulawa ngokunganaki okumsulwa, akufani yini nokungahloniphi kwegazi?

Ngokuqinisekile, kodwa ukufana akuyona into efanayo. Ukuhlukunyezwa kwegazi, njengoba bekunjalo, basuka emasiko ase-US nakwamanye amasiko amaningi emhlabeni wonke. Ngezinye izikhathi, ukuhlambalaza igazi kwakubhekwa njengokuvamile, kwemvelo, okumangalisayo, futhi okuhlala njalo. Babesidinga isiko nodumo, ngomndeni nangokwesimilo. Kodwa, e-United States nakwezinye izindawo eziningi, zihambile. Izambatho zabo zihlala. Ama-blood feuds aphinde avele ngesimo esibi, ngaphandle kwegazi, ngezinye izikhathi kanye nabameli abafakwa esikhundleni sokudubula izibhamu. Imikhuba yezinhlanzi zegazi ixhumene nemikhuba yamanje, njengempi, noma ubudlova beqembu, noma ukushushiswa kobugebengu kanye nokuthunyelwa. Kodwa ama-feuds egazi akuyona into ebalulekile phakathi kwezimpi ezikhona, azibangeli izimpi, izimpi azilandeli izimpawu zabo. Ama-blood feuds awazange ashintshwe empini noma yini enye. Baqedile. Impi ikhona ngaphambi nangemva kokuqedwa kwezingxabano zegazi, futhi yaba nokufana okunye nokubhekwa kwegazi ngaphambi kokuqedwa kwabo kunemva kwalokho. Ohulumeni abalwa izimpi baye bavala ukuvinjelwa ngaphakathi, kodwa ukuvinjelwa kuye kwaphumelela kuphela lapho abantu bamukele igunya layo, lapho abantu bavumelene khona ukuthi ukubulawa kwegazi kufanele kushiywe ngemuva kwethu. Kukhona izingxenye zomhlaba lapho abantu abangazange bakwamukele lokho.

I-Dueling

Ukuvuselelwa kokukhathala kubonakala sengathi kuncane kakhulu kunokubuyiselwa ebugqilini noma e-blood feuds. Ama-Duels ayekade ejwayelekile eYurophu nase-United States. Amasosha, kuhlanganise ne-US Navy, ayevame ukulahlekelwa izikhulu eziningi ukuze zihlukane phakathi kokulwa nesitha sangaphandle. I-Dueling yayivinjelwe, inqatshelwe, ihlekwa usulu futhi inqatshiwe phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye njengendlela yokuziphatha okungekho emthethweni. Abantu bebonke banquma ukuthi kungase kushiywe ngemuva, futhi bekuyikho.

Akekho ohlongozwayo wokuqeda ukuhlukumezeka noma okungekho emthethweni ngenkathi egcina ukuzivikela noma ukusiza abantu. Okufanayo kungashiwo ngokukhipha igazi kanye nobugqila. Le mikhuba inqatshiwe njengenhlangano yonke, ingaguquki noma iphucukile. Asinayo imihlangano yaseGeneva yokulawula ubugqila obufanele noma ukuhlaselwa kwegazi okuphucukisiwe. Ubugqila abugcinwanga njengomkhuba owamukelekayo kwabanye abantu. Imikhaya ekhethekile ekhethekile okwakudingeka ilungele ukuzivikela imindeni engenangqondo noma embi engakwazi ukubonisana nayo. I-Dueling ayizange ihlale isemthethweni futhi iyamukelekile kubantu abathile. IZizwe Ezihlangene azigunyazisi ama-duels ngendlela egunyaza ngayo izimpi. Ukuguqulwa kwamanye amazwe, okwakungakaze kube khona kuwo, kuqondwa ukuthi kuyindlela ebhubhisayo, ebuyisela emuva, engavamile, nokungazi ukuthi abantu bazame ukuxazulula izingxabano zabo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuhlambalaza umuntu angase akhonze kuwe cishe kuyoba nzima-njengoba sibheka izinto namuhla-kunesibopho sokuthi siyiziphukuphuku futhi sinonya ngokuhlanganyela kuma-duels. Ngakho-ke ukuxosha akuseyona indlela yokuvikela idumela lakhe ekuhlazweni.

Ingabe i-duel yesikhashana isenzeka okwamanje? Mhlawumbe, kodwa kunjalo nokubulala, ukudlwengula nokuphanga ngezikhathi ezithile. Akekho ophakamisa ukubhalisa labo, futhi akekho ocela ukubuyisela emuva. Ngokuvamile sizama ukufundisa izingane zethu ukuxazulula izingxabano ngamazwi, hhayi izibhamu noma izikhali. Uma singeke sisebenze izinto, sicela abangane noma umphathi noma amaphoyisa noma inkantolo noma elinye igunya lokubambisana noma ukubeka isinqumo. Asikaqedi izingxabano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, kodwa sesiye safunda ukuthi sonke singcono ekuzilungiseleleni ngokungenasizotha. Kwezinga eliningi iningi lethu liyaqonda ukuthi ngisho nomuntu ongase anqobe e-duel kodwa olahlekelwa yisinqumo senkantolo usengcono kakhulu. Lowo muntu akudingeki aphile njengezwe elinodlame, akudingeki ahlupheke "ekunqobeni" kwakhe, akudingeki abone ukuhlupheka kwabathandekayo bakhe abathandekayo, akudingeki afune ukwaneliseka noma "ukuvalwa" ngeze ukuzwa okungenakuphikisana kwempindiselo, akudingeki ukwesabe noma yikuphi ukufa noma ukulimala komuntu othandekayo ku-duel, futhi akudingeki ukuba uhlale ulungele ukuzakhela ozayo.
Ama-Duels Womhlaba Wonke:
I-Spain, i-Afghanistan, i-Iraq

Kuthiwani uma impi ingalungile indlela yokuxazulula izingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe njengesibili ukuxazulula izingxabano zomphakathi? Ukufanisana mhlawumbe kunamandla kunokuba sikhathalele ukucabanga. Ama-Duels ayengemincintiswano phakathi kwamabili wabantu abaye banquma ukuthi ukungavumelani kwabo akukwazanga ukuxazululwa ngokukhuluma. Yebo, siyazi kangcono. Bengase bakwazi ukuxazulula izindaba ngokukhuluma, kodwa bakhetha ukungena. Akekho obophezelekile ukulwa ne-duel ngoba othile owayephikisana naye wayengenangqondo. Noma ubani okhethile ukulwa ne-duel wayefuna ukulwa ne-duel, futhi yena ngokwakhe-ngakho-akunakwenzeka ukuba omunye umuntu akhulume naye.

Izimpi zincintisana phakathi kwezizwe (ngisho nalapho zichazwe njengokulwa nento ethi "ukwesaba") - izizwe ezingakwazi ukuxazulula ukungavumelani kwazo ngokukhuluma. Kufanele sikwazi kangcono. Izizwe zingaxazulula izingxabano zabo ngokukhuluma, kodwa khetha ukungazi. Asikho isizwe esibophezelekile ukulwa nempi ngoba esinye isizwe singenangqondo. Noma yisiphi isizwe esikhetha ukulwa nempi efuna ukulwa nempi, futhi yedwa-ngakho-akunakwenzeka ukuba esinye isizwe sikhulume nayo. Lena iphethini esiyibona ezimpi eziningi ze-US.

Uhlangothi oluhle (ohlangothini lwethu, empeleni) empini, sithanda ukukholelwa, liphoqelelwe kulo ngoba olunye uhlangothi luqonda ubudlova kuphela. Awukwazi ukukhuluma nabase-Irani, isibonelo. Kungaba kuhle uma kungenzeka, kepha leli yizwe langempela, futhi ezweni langempela amazwe athile alawulwa yizilwane ezingcolile ezingenakwenzeka ngomcabango onengqondo!
Ake sicabange ngenxa yokuphikisana ukuthi ohulumeni benza impi ngoba olunye uhlangothi ngeke lucabange futhi lukhulume nabo. Abaningi bethu abakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kuyiqiniso. Sibona ukwakha impi njengoba kuqhutshwa izifiso ezingenangqondo nokuhaha, ukulungiswa kwempi njengamaphakheji amanga. Ngempela ngibhala incwadi ethi War Is A Lie ukuhlola izinhlobo ezivamile kakhulu zamanga ngezimpi. Kodwa, ngenxa yokuqhathaniswa nokuqhathaniswa, ake sibheke icala lezempi njengendlela yokugcina lapho ukhuluma uhluleka, futhi ubone ukuthi uyagcina kanjani. Futhi ake sibheke amacala ahlanganisa i-United States, njengoba ejwayele abaningi bethu futhi ejwayele abanye abaningi, futhi njenge-United States (njengoba ngizoxoxa ngezansi) ngumenzi wempi ohola umhlaba.

Spain

Inkolelo yokuthi impi iyisichibiyelo sokugcina esetshenziselwa ukulwa nalabo abangakwazi ukucatshangwa nabo abahlali kahle. Impi YaseSpain neMelika (i-1898), isibonelo, ayihambisani kahle. ISpain yayizimisele ukuhambisa isahlulelo nganoma iyiphi i-arbiter engathathi hlangothi, ngemuva kokuthi i-United States isho iSpanishi ngokushaya umkhumbi okuthiwa yi-USS Maine, kodwa i-United States yayimemezela empini naphezu kokuba ingenayo ubufakazi bokusekela izinsolo zayo ngeSpain , izinsolo ezazisetshenziswa njengezizathu zokulwa. Ukuze sibe nomqondo wemfundiso yethu yempi kufanele senze iSpain njengendima yomlingisi wezemvelo kanye ne-United States njengengxenye yenyanga. Lokho akunakulungile.

Ngokujulile: akunakulungile. I-United States ayizange iqhutshwe futhi ayizange ihlelwe yizinyanga. Ngezinye izikhathi kungase kube nzima ukubona ukuthi izidakamizwa zingenza kanjani okubi ngaphezu kwezikhulu zethu ezikhethiwe, kodwa iqiniso lihlala liwukuthi iSpain yayingabhekene nezilo ezingaphansi kwamuntu, kuphela ngamaMelika. Futhi iUnited States yayingahambisani nezilo ezingezansi, kuphela ngamaSpanish. Le ndaba ingase ixazululwe eduze kwetafula, futhi olunye uhlangothi lwenza leso siphakamiso. Iqiniso liwukuthi i-United States ifuna impi, futhi kwakungekho lutho iSpanishi elingasitshela ukuyivimbela. I-United States yakhetha impi, njengoba nje i-dueler ikhethe ukudubula.

Afghanistan

Izibonelo zivela engqondweni emlandweni wakamuva kakhulu, hhayi nje kuphela emakhulwini eminyaka edlule. I-United States, iminyaka emithathu ngaphambi kukaSeptemba 11, 2001, ibilokhu icela amaTaliban ukuba aguqule u-Osama bin Laden. Amaphoyisa aseTaliban ayecele ubufakazi bokuthi unecala noma yibuphi ubugebengu nokuzibophezela kokumlinga ezweni langaphandle elingathathi hlangothi ngaphandle kwesijeziso sokufa. Lokhu kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngo-Okthoba, i-2001. (Bheka, isibonelo "U-Bush Ulahla Ukunikezwa Kwe-Taliban Ukunikela Nge-Bin Laden Ngaphezulu" ku-Guardian, ngo-Okthoba 14, i-2001.) Izimfuno zikaTaliban azibonakali zingenangqondo noma ezibucayi. Kubonakala sengathi izidingo zomuntu ozoxoxisana naye. I-Taliban iphinde ixwayise i-United States ukuthi uBin Laden uhlela ukuhlasela emhlabathini wase-US (lokhu ngokusho kwe-BBC). UNobhala wangaphambili wasePakistan uNiaz Naik utshele i-BBC ukuthi iziphathimandla zase-United States zamtshela emhlanganweni we-UN owasekelwe e-Berlin ngoJulayi 2001 ukuthi i-United States izothatha isinyathelo ngokumelene namaTaliban maphakathi no-Okthoba. Uthe akungabazeki ukuthi ukuzinikela kukaBaden kuzoshintsha lezo zindlela. Ngesikhathi i-United States ihlasela i-Afghanistan ngo-Okthoba 7, i-2001, amaTaliban aphinde acela ukuxoxisana ngokudlulisela i-bin Laden ezweni elithathu ukuba lizame. I-United States yenqabe lesi sipho futhi yaqhubeka impi e-Afghanistan iminyaka eminingi, ingasiqedi lapho uBad Laden ekholelwa ukuthi uye washiya leli zwe, futhi akalokothi alinqamule ngemuva kokumemezela ukufa kukaBin Laden. (Bheka i-Foreign Policy Journal, Septemba 20, 2010.) Mhlawumbe kwakukhona ezinye izizathu zokugcina impi iqhubeka iminyaka eyishumi, kodwa ngokusobala isizathu sokuqala ukuthi kwakungeyona enye indlela yokuxazulula impikiswano ayatholakala. Ngokusobala i-United States yayifuna impi.

Kungani umuntu efuna ukulwa? Njengoba ngiphikisana e-War Is A Lie, i-United States yayingafuni kakhulu impindiselo yokubhujiswa kweSpain ebizwa ngokuthi ukubhujiswa kweMaine njengokuthatha ithuba lokunqoba izindawo. Ukuhlasela i-Afghanistan kwakungenalutho oluncane noma aluhlangene noBin Laden noma uhulumeni oye wabasiza u-bin Laden. Kunalokho, izisusa zase-US zazihlobene nemipayipi yamafutha amancane, ukubeka izikhali, ukubeka kwezombangazwe, ukugxila kwezombusazwe, ukuthutha kwezombusazwe, ukuqondisa ukuhlasela kwe-Iraq (Tony Blair utshele iBush Afghanistan ukuthi kumele eze kuqala), isikhombiso somhlaba sokubamba amandla kanye nezinqubomgomo ezingathandeki ekhaya, nokuhlomula empini kanye nezinyathelo ezilindelekile. I-United States yayifuna impi.

I-United States ingaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-5 wabantu bomhlaba kodwa isebenzisa iphesenti eyodwa kwezingxenye zezwe, ingxenye yesine yamafutha omhlaba, amaphesenti angu-23 wamalahle, amaphesenti angu-27 we-aluminium, namaphesenti angu-19 wethusi. (Bheka iScientific American, Septemba 14, 2012.) Lezo zindaba azikwazi ukuqhubeka kuze kube phakade ngokusebenzisa izingxoxo. Isandla esifihlekile semakethe ngeke sisebenze ngaphandle kwesibindi esifihliwe. UMcDonald's akakwazi ukuchuma ngaphandle kukaMcDonnell Douglas, umklami we-US Air Force F-15. Futhi isibhamu esifihliwe esigcina umhlaba uphephile ubuchwepheshe be-Silicon Valley ukuze uthuthuke kuthiwa yi-US Army, Air Force, Navy kanye ne-Marine Corps, "kusho umculi wesandla ofihlekile kanye nomlobi wekhomishana weNew York Times uThomas Friedman. Kodwa ukuhaha akuyona impikiswano yokuthi omunye umfana anganaki noma ububi. Kungukuhaha nje. Sonke sibone izingane ezincane kanye nabantu asebekhulile befunda ukuthi bancane. Kukhona futhi izindlela ezibhekiswe emandleni anempilo kanye nemiphakathi yasendaweni ehola izimpi zokuhaha ngaphandle kokuholela ekuhluphekeni noma ekuhluphekeni. Ukubala okuningi kokuguqulwa kwamandla amakhulu ku-green energy akucabangi ukudluliselwa kwemithombo emikhulu evela empini. Sizoxoxa ngalokho impi ephelayo eyenzeka ngezansi. Iphuzu lapha ukuthi impi ayifanele ukubhekwa njengento ehloniphekile kunokwedlula.

Ingabe impi yayingenakugwema ekubukeni kwama-Afghans, owatholile i-United States engathandeki ekuxoxweni? Ngokuqinisekile akunjalo. Nakuba ukumelana nodlame kuhlulekile ukuqeda impi iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi, kungenzeka ukuthi ukuphikiswa okungaphephile kungaphumelela kakhulu. Singakwazi ukuzuza, njengalewo emakhulwini eminyaka adlule ayengakwazi, kusukela emlandweni wokuphikiswa okungenasidingo e-Spring Spring, eMpumalanga Yurophu, eNingizimu Afrika, eNdiya, e-Central America, emizamweni ephumelelayo yamaPhilippines namaPuerto Ricans ukuvala isosha lase-US izisekelo, njll.

Ngaphandle kokuthi lokhu kuzwakala sengathi ngimane nginikeza izeluleko ezingadingekile kuma-Afghani ngenkathi uhulumeni wami ewabhubhisa, kufanele ngikhombise ukuthi isifundo esifanayo singasebenza nasezweni lakithi. Umphakathi wase-US usekela noma ubekezelela ukusetshenziswa kwemali (ngokusebenzisa iminyango ehlukahlukene-buza i-War Resisters League noma iNational Priorities Project) engaphezu kuka-$ 1 trillion minyaka yonke emalungiselelweni empi ngokuqondile ngenxa yesaba (fantastical nakuba kungenzeka) ukuhlasela kwe-United States ngamandla angaphandle. Uma lokho kwenzeka, amandla angaphandle angabandakanyeka angase abhujiswe izikhali zase-US. Kodwa, bekufanele siqede lezo zikhali, ngeke siphikise imibono ethandwayo-yiba nesokunxele esingenakuzivikela. Sizokwazi ukwenqaba ukubambisana kwethu nomsebenzi. Singaqasha abahlali abavela esizweni esihlaselayo nezihlangu zabantu ezivela emhlabeni jikelele. Singaphishekela ubulungiswa ngemibono yomphakathi, izinkantolo, kanye nezigwebo ezibhekiswe kubantu abathintekayo.

Eqinisweni, yi-United States ne-NATO ehlasela abanye. Impi nokusebenza kwe-Afghanistan, uma sibuyela emuva kuso kancane nje, kubonakala sengathi i-barbaric njenge-duel. Ukujezisa uhulumeni ngokuzithandela (ngezinye izimo ezizwakalayo) ukuphendulela umgebengu osolwa, ngokuchitha isikhathi esingaphezu kweyishumi ukuqhuma amabhomu nokubulala abantu besizwe (abaningi babo abangazange bazwe ngokuhlaselwa kukaSeptemba 11, 2001, kancane kancane babasekela, futhi iningi labo lazonda amaTaliban) alibonakali njengesenzo esithuthukisiwe kakhulu kunokudubula umakhelwane ngoba umalume wakhe ugwebe ingulube yomkhulu wakho. Empeleni impi ibulala abantu abaningi kakhulu kunezingxabano zegazi. Eminyakeni eyishumi nambili kamuva, uhulumeni wase-United States, njengoba ngibhala lokhu, uzama ukuxoxisana neTaliban-inqubo ephoqelekile ngoba abantu base-Afghanistan abahambelani kahle yiqembu noma yizingxoxo, kodwa inqubo engase ithathwe kangcono faka iminyaka engu-12 ngaphambili. Uma ungakhuluma nabo manje, kungani ungakhulumi nabo ngaleso sikhathi, ngaphambi kokuba kube ne-mass-duel ecacile? Uma impi yeSiriya ingagwenywa, kungani kungenakukwazi ukulwa ne-Afghanistan?
Iraq

Khona-ke kukhona icala lase-Iraq ngoMashi 2003. I-United Nations inqume ukugunyaza ukuhlaselwa kwe-Iraq, njengoba nje inqabe iminyaka emibili ngaphambili ne-Afghanistan. I-Iraq ayisongela i-United States. I-United States yayinayo futhi yayilungiselela ukusebenzisa i-Iraq zonke izinhlobo zezikhali ezilahliwe emhlabeni wonke: i-phosphorus emhlophe, izinhlobo ezintsha ze-napalm, amabhomu eqoqo, i-uranium esephelile. Uhlelo lwe-US lwaluzohlasela ingqalasizinda kanye nezindawo ezinabantu abaningi ngokufutheka okunjalo ukuthi, ngokuphambene nakho konke okwenzeka esikhathini esidlule, abantu "bayothuswa futhi bathuswe" -linye igama lingasongelwa-ukungeniswa. Futhi ukulungiswa kwalokhu kwakuwukuthi i-Iraq ibhekwa ukuthi ikhona izikhali zamakhemikhali, eziphilayo nezikhali zenuzi.

Ngeshwa kulezi zinhlelo, inqubo yokuhlola umhlaba wonke yayisuse i-Iraq yezikhali ezinjalo ngaphambili futhi yaqinisekisa ukungabi khona kwazo. Ukuhlolwa kwaqhubeka, kuqinisekiswa ukuthi ukutholakala kwezikhali ezinjalo akuqinisekisiwe, lapho i-United States yamemezela ukuthi impi izoqala futhi abahloli kumele bahambe. Impi yayidingeka, uhulumeni wase-US wathi, ukuchitha uhulumeni wase-Iraq-ukususa uSaddam Hussein emandleni. Nokho, ngokusho komhlangano ngoFebhuwari 2003 phakathi kukaMengameli uGeorge W. Bush noNdunankulu waseSpain, uBush uthi uHussein wayezimisele ukuhamba e-Iraq, futhi aye ekuthunjweni, uma engakwazi ukugcina $ 1 billion. (Bheka i-El Pais, ngo-September 26, i-2007, noma iWashington Post ngosuku olulandelayo.) IWashington Post yathi: "Nakuba isikhundla sikahulumeni sikaBush ngesikhathi somhlangano sasiwukuthi umnyango wawulokhu uvulekile isisombululo sezombusazwe, amakhulu ezinkulungwane Amasosha ase-US asevele esetshenziselwe umngcele wase-Iraq, kanti i-White House yayisicacile. 'Isikhathi sincane,' kusho uBush emhlanganweni wesigungu [uNdunankulu waseSpain uJose Maria] u-Aznar ngalolo suku. "

Mhlawumbe umbusi ovunyelwe ukubaleka nge $ 1 billion akuwona umphumela omuhle. Kodwa lesi sipho asizange sibonakaliswe emphakathini wase-US. Satshelwa ukuthi ukungezwani kwaba nzima. Ukuxoxisana kwakungenakwenzeka, saziswa. (Ngakho-ke, kwakungekho nethuba lokwenza umnikelo wokunciphisa ama-dollar ayizigidi zamabhiliyoni, isibonelo.) Ukuhlolwa kwakungasebenzi, bathi. Izikhali zazikhona futhi zingasetshenziswa nganoma isiphi isikhathi esiphikisana nathi, zathi. Impi, ngokudabukisayo, ngokudabukisayo, kuyisikhathi sokugcina esidabukisayo, basitshela. UMengameli Bush kanye noNdunankulu waseBrithani uTony Blair bakhulume eNkantolo eNkulu ngoJanuwari 31, 2003, bathi impi izogwema uma kungenzeka, ngemuva nje komhlangano wangasese lapho uBush ephakamisa khona izindiza zokuqashelwa kwe-U2 ngokumboza i-Iraq, abadwebe ngemibala ye-UN, futhi benethemba lokuthi i-Iraq izobavuthela, njengoba lokho bekuyobe sekuyisizathu sokuqala impi. (Bheka i-Lawless World kaPhillipe Sands, futhi ubone ukuxhunywa okubanzi kwezindaba eziqoqwe ku-WarIsACrime.org/WhiteHouseMemo.)

Esikhundleni sokulahlekelwa yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane zamaRandi, abantu base-Iraq balahlekelwa yizigidi zabantu abayizigidi ezingu-1.4, babona abantu abayizigidi ezingu-4.5 bebabaleki, ingqalasizinda yesizwe sabo kanye nemfundo kanye nezinhlelo zezempilo ezibhubhisayo, ukukhululeka komphakathi okulahlekile okwakukhona ngisho nangaphansi kokubusa okuhlukunyezwa kukaSaddam Hussein, ukubhujiswa kwemvelo cishe ngaphesheya kokucabanga, izifo zezifo kanye nokukhubazeka okubeletha njengokwesabeka njengoba izwe liyazi. Isizwe sase-Iraq sabhujiswa. Izindleko eziya e-Iraq noma e-United States e-dollar zazingaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane (i-United States ikhokhelwe ngaphezu kwe-$ 800 billion, ingabala izinkulungwane zezigidi zamaRandi ezindleko zokunyuka kwephethiloli, izinkokhelo zesikhathi esizayo, ukunakekelwa kwabadala, namathuba alahlekile). (Bheka uDavidSwanson.org/Iraq.) Akukho okwenziwe lokhu ngoba i-Iraq ayikwazanga ukubonisana nayo.

Uhulumeni wase-US, ezingeni eliphakeme, akazange ashukunyiswe izikhali eziqanjiwe nhlobo. Futhi akuyona indawo yombuso wase-US ukuba anqume i-Iraq noma ngabe umbusi walo uyabaleka. Uhulumeni wase-US kufanele abe esebenze ekupheleni kokusekela kwawo kwabashiqela kwamanye amazwe amaningi ngaphambi kokuphazamisa i-Iraq ngendlela entsha. Ikhetho likhona ekuqedeni izigwegwe zomnotho kanye nokuqhuma kwamabhomu nokuqala ukwenza ukubuyiswa. Kodwa uma izisusa ze-United States sezibikezela ukuthi ziyizinto zangempela, singaphetha ngokuthi ukukhuluma kwakuyindlela okufanele ikhethwe ngayo. Ukuxoxisana nokuhoxiswa kwe-Iraq kusuka e-Kuwait bekuyi-option ngesikhathi se-First Gulf War. Ukukhetha ukungamsekeli nokunika amandla uHussein bekuyikhetho ngaphambili. Kukhona njalo okunye ukusekela ubudlova. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ngisho nasezindaweni zokubuka zase-Iraqi. Ukuphikisana nokucindezelwa kungaba okungenasivivinyo noma okubudlova.

Hlola noma yikuphi impi oyithandayo, futhi kuthi uma abahlukumezekile befuna ukukusho izifiso zabo ngokuvulekile, bebengase bangene ezingxoxweni kunokuya empini. Esikhundleni salokho, befuna impi yempi ngenxa yalokho, noma impi yezizathu ezingenakunqunywa ukuthi akekho esinye isizwe esingavuma ngokuzithandela.

Impi Yokhetho

Phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi, iSoviet Union yashona empeleni, yadutshulwa indiza ye-U2, isenzo uqobo uMengameli Bush asethemba sokuthi uzoqala impi e-Iraq, kodwa i-United States neSoviet Union baxoxisana ngale ndaba esikhundleni uya empini. Lelo khetho likhona njalo-ngisho nalapho kusongelwa ukubhujiswa kokubili kungekho. Kwakukhona ne-Bay of Pigs kanye neCuban Missile Crises. Ngesikhathi abafudumele eMengameli uJohn F. Kennedy bezama ukumbamba impi, wakhetha ukushisa izikhulu eziphezulu futhi baqhubeka bekhuluma neSoviet Union, lapho kuqhutshwa khona ukufana okufanayo kwempi ephikisana noSihlalo uNicita Khrushchev. (Funda uJames Douglass 'JFK kanye noNgenakwenzeka.) Eminyakeni yamuva, iziphakamiso zokuhlasela i-Iran noma iSiriya ziye zalahlwa kaningi. Lezo zihlaselo zingase zifike, kodwa zikhethwa.

Ngo-Mashi 2011, i-African Union ibe necebo lokuthula eLibya kodwa yavinjelwa yi-NATO, ngokusungula indawo "engekho inhlanzi" nokuqaliswa kokuqhuma kwamabhomu, ukuya eLibya ukuyoxoxa ngayo. Ngo-Ephreli, i-African Union yakwazi ukuxoxisana noMongameli waseLibya u-Muammar al-Gaddafi, futhi wabonisa isivumelwano sakhe. I-NATO, eyithole imvume ye-UN yokuvikela amaLibyya asolwa ukuthi ayengozini kodwa akukho ukugunyazwa ukuqhubeka nokuqhubhisa izwe noma ukudiliza uhulumeni, waqhubeka nokushaya ibhomu ezweni futhi echitha uhulumeni. Omunye angakholelwa ukuthi kwakuyinto enhle ukuyenza. "Sifikile. Sobone. Ushonile! "Kusho uNobhala Wombuso we-US uHillary Clinton, ehleka ngokujabula ngemuva kokushona kukaGaddafi. (Buka ividiyo ku-WarIsI-ICrime.org/Hillary.) Ngokufanayo, ama-duelists akholelwa ukuthi ukudubula omunye umuntu kwakuyinto enhle ukuyenza. Iphuzu lapha ukuthi akuyona kuphela ukhetho olutholakalayo. Njengokubambisana, izimpi zingashintshwa ngokuxoxisana nokuxoxisana. Umhlukumezi angase angaphumi ngaso sonke isikhathi ekukhulumisaneni ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezingabangela ukuzenza impi ngokuyimfihlo nangenhlamba, kodwa lokho kungaba into embi kangaka?

Lokhu kuyiqiniso empini engase isongelwa kakhulu yase-US e-Iran. Imizamo kahulumeni wase-Iranian yokuxoxisana inqatshelwe yi-United States kule minyaka eyishumi edlule. Ku-2003, i-Iran iphakamise izingxoxo nazo zonke izinto ezikusetafuleni, futhi i-United States yaxoshwa. I-Iran iye yavuma imikhawulo emikhulu ohlelweni lwakho lwenuzikliya kunalokho okudingekayo ngumthetho. I-Iran iye yazama ukuvumelana nezidingo ze-US, ngokuphindaphindiwe iyavuma ukuthumela uphethiloli wenhlanhla ngaphandle kwezwe. E-2010, eTurkey naseBrazil kwaze kwaba yinkathazo enkulu ukuze i-Iran ivumelane nalokho okushiwo uhulumeni wase-US, okwakubangelwa uhulumeni wase-United States kuphela ukuveza intukuthelo yakhe eTurkey naseBrazil.

Uma lokho i-United States efuna ngempela ukuthi ibuse i-Iran futhi isebenzise izinsiza zayo, i-Iran ngeke ilindeleke ukuba iphoqele ngokuvuma ukubusa okuyingxenye. Leyo mgomo akufanele ilandelwe yi-diplomacy noma impi. Uma lokho i-United States efuna ngempela kungenxa yezinye izizwe ukulahla amandla enyukliya, kungase kuthole kunzima ukubeka leyo nqubomgomo kubo, noma ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwempi. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokuphumelela ngeke ibe yimpi noma izingxoxo, kodwa isibonelo kanye nokusiza. I-United States ingaqala ukuqeda izikhali zayo zenuzi kanye nezitshalo zamandla. Kungatshayela imali enamandla. Imithombo yezezimali etholakalayo yamandla aluhlaza, noma yini enye, uma umshini wempi uqothulwe cishe awunakulinganiswa. I-United States inganikeza usizo lwamafutha aluhlaza emhlabeni ukuze kube yingxenyana yalokho okuchithayo ukunikeza ukubusa kwezempi-kungasaphathwa ukuphakamisa izigwegwe ezivimbela i-Iran ukuba izuze izingxenye zezimayini zomoya.

Izimpi Ngezinye Abantu

Ukuhlola izimpi ezilwa nabantu ngabanye kanye namaqembu amancane amaphekula asolwayo kubonisa ukuthi ukukhuluma kuye kwaba yindlela ekhona, noma enqatshiwe. Eqinisweni, kunzima ukuthola icala lapho kubonakala sengathi ukubulawa kwakuyisikhathi sokugcina. NgoMeyi u-2013 uMongameli Obama wanikeza inkulumo athi yena wabantu bonke ababulewe ngezingxabano ze-drone ezine kuphela zasezakhamuzi zase-US, kanti kwelinye lala macala amane wayehlangabezane nemigomo ethile ayezakhele yona ngaphambi kokugunyaza ukubulawa. Lonke ulwazi olutholakale esidlangalaleni luphikisana nalolu daba, futhi empeleni uhulumeni wase-US uzama ukubulala u-Anwar al-Awlaki ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke izenzakalo lapho uMongameli Obama kamuva athi u-Awlaki wadlala indima eqinisekisa ukubulawa kwakhe. Kodwa u-Awlaki wayengakaze abekwe icala lobugebengu, akalokothi asolwa, futhi ukukhishwa kwakhe akuzange kufuneke. Ngo-June 7, 2013, umholi wezwe wase-Yemen, uSalin Bin Fareed, utshele iNdemokhrasi ukuthi u-Awlaki kungenzeka ukuthi uphendule futhi wafaka icala, kodwa "akakaze abuze." Kwezinye izimo eziningi kubonakala ukuthi izisulu zezidakamizwa zaseDonone zingaboshwa uma leyo nkundla ike yazama ukuzama. (Isibonelo esisikhumbulekayo sokubulawa kukaDisemba 2011 kuPakistan kaTariq Aziz oneminyaka engu-16 ubudala, ngemuva kwezinsuku zokuya emhlanganweni we-anti-drone enhloko-dolobha, lapho angase aboshwe khona kalula-uma esolwa ngamanye ubugebengu.) Mhlawumbe kunezizathu zokukhetha ukubulala ngokubamba. Kodwa, futhi futhi, mhlawumbe kwakukhona izizathu zokuthi kungani abantu bekhetha ukulwa nama-duels ekufakeni izikhwama zomthetho.

Umqondo wokuphoqa imithetho ngokumelene nabantu ngokudubula imicibisholo kubo wadluliselwa ezizweni ku-Agasti-Septemba ukuqhuma kwe-2013 ukuhlasela eSiriya-okuzohlaselwa ngesigwebo sokusetshenziswa kwesibhamu esivinjelwe. Kodwa, yiqiniso, noma yimuphi umbusi omubi okwanele ukuba abulale amakhulu amakhulu angeke abe nomuzwa wokuthi ujeziswe lapho kunamakhulu amaningi ebulawa, njengoba ehlala engathandeki futhi engaqiniseki.

Impi Ehle Ngempela Esikhathini Esizayo

Yiqiniso, ukuhlukanisa izimpi okungenzeka kuthathwe esikhundleni senkhulumomphendvulwano noma ngokushintsha imigomo yenqubomgomo akusho neze ukuthi wonke umuntu ukuthi impi ngeke idingeke esikhathini esizayo. Inkolelo eyinhloko engqondweni yezigidi zabantu yilokhu: Omunye akakwazanga ukukhuluma noHitler. Futhi i-corollary yayo: Umuntu akakwazi ukukhuluma noHitler olandelayo. Ukuthi uhulumeni wase-US ubelokhu ehlukumeza ama-Hitlers amasha ama-third quarters of a hundred-ngesikhathi lapho ezinye izizwe eziningi zithole i-United States ukuba isizwe ongenakukwazi ukukhuluma-akusho neze ukubhekana nomqondo wokuthi uHitler angase abuyele ngolunye usuku . Le ngozi engqondweni iphendulwa ngokutshalwa kwezimali okunamandla namandla, kuyilapho izingozi ezifana nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke kumele kuboniswe ukuthi sezivele zingene emjikelezweni ongenakulinganiswa wezinhlekelele ezimbi ngaphambi kokuba senze.

Ngizobhekana ne-albatross enkulu yeMpi Yezwe II eSigabeni II sale ncwadi. Kodwa-ke, kufanele siqaphele manje ukuthi ingxenye yesithathu yekhulu leminyaka yisikhathi eside. Okuningi kushintshile. Kubekho iMpi Yezwe III. Izizwe zomhlaba ezihlomile azikaze zilwa futhi. Izimpi zilwa nezizwe ezihluphekile, nezizwe ezihluphekile njengama-proxies, noma izizwe ezicebile ezibhekene nabampofu. Umbuso wezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene usuphelelwe yimfashini, esikhundleni sokwahluka kwe-US entsha (amasosha ezempi emazweni e-175, kodwa akukho amakholoni asetshiwe). Izishoshovu ezincane ezincane zingase zingabi mnandi kakhulu, kodwa akekho ozohlela ukunqoba umhlaba. I-United States iye yaba nesikhathi esinzima kakhulu ehlala e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan. Ababusi abase-United States baseTunisia, eGibhithe naseYemen baye bakuthola kunzima ukuvimbela ukuphikiswa okungaphephile kwabantu babo. Ubukhosi nezintandane zihluleka, futhi zihluleka ngokushesha kunanini ngaphambili. Abantu baseMpumalanga Yurophu abangazange baqede ngeso lengqondo iSoviet Union nababusi babo bamaKhomanisi ngeke neze bathengiswe kude noHitler omusha, futhi ngeke nanoma yiziphi ezinye izizwe ezizohlala kuzo. Amandla okumelana nokuphikisana nokuziphendulela kuye kwaziwa kakhulu. Umbono wekoloniyali kanye nombuso usukhululekile kakhulu. I-Hitler entsha izoba ngaphezulu kwe-anachronism eyingozi kakhulu kunokusongela okukhona.

Ukubulala Kwesifundazwe Esincane

Esinye isikhungo esihloniphekile sihamba ngendlela ye-dodo. Ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalolunye lesishiyagalolunye ehlongozwayo ukuqeda isigwebo sokufa kwakubhekwa njengengozi futhi buwula. Kodwa ohulumeni abaningi bezwe abasasebenzisi isijeziso sokufa. Phakathi kwezizwe ezicebile kukhona okuhlukile okusele. I-United States isebenzisa isijeziso sokufa futhi empeleni, phakathi kwababulali abahlanu abahamba phambili emhlabeni-okungasho lutho emibhalweni yomlando, ukubulala kuye kwehla ngendlela ephawulekayo. Futhi ezinhlanu eziphezulu: i-Iraq "yakhululwa" yakamuva. Kodwa iningi le-United States '50 lithi ayisasasebenzisi isijeziso sokufa. Kunezici ze-18 ezikuqedile, kufaka phakathi i-6 kuze kube manje ekhulwini leshumi nambili leminyaka. Ama-Thirty-One asetshenzisanga isijeziso sokufa eminyakeni engu-5 eyedlule, i-26 eminyakeni eyi-10 eyedlule, i-17 eminyakeni eyedlule ye-40 noma ngaphezulu. Izindawo ezimbalwa zaseSouth-neTexas zihola-ke iningi lokubulala. Futhi konke ukubulala kuhlanganisiwe kufane nengqikithi encane yesilinganiso lapho isigwebo sokufa esasetshenziswa khona e-United States, eshintshelwe abantu, emakhulwini eminyaka adlule. Izimpikiswano zesigwebo sokufa zisalula ukuthola, kodwa cishe azizange zithi azikwazi ukuqedwa, kuphela ukuthi akufanele kube khona. Uma sibhekwa njengesihluthulelo ekuvikelekeni kwethu, isijeziso sokufa manje sibhekwa njengento yokuzikhethela futhi sibhekwa njengento yokuzikhethela, inqabile yokukhiqiza, neyihlazo. Kuthiwani uma lokho kwakuzokwenzeka empini?

Ezinye izinhlobo zobudlova ziyehla

Ezingxenyeni ezithile zomhlaba, kanye nesigwebo sokufa, yizo zonke izijeziso zomphakathi ezesabekayo kanye nezinhlobo zokuhlushwa nokuhlukunyezwa. Ukuhamba noma ukunciphisa ubudlova obuningi obuyingxenye yokuphila kwansuku zonke emakhulwini eminyaka namashumi eminyaka edlule. Amanani okubulala, ngombono omude, awehla ngokuphawulekayo. Ngakho-ke kukhona ukulwa nokushaya, ubudlova kwabashadile, ubudlova kubantwana (othisha nabazali), ubudlova ezibhekene nezilwane, nokwamukelwa komphakathi kuzo zonke izidlova. Njengoba ukhona owaziyo ukuthi ubani ozama ukufunda izingane zabo izincwadi zabo ezizithandayo kusukela ebuntwaneni, akuyona nje indaba yezinganekwane ezindala ezinobudlova. Ukulwa kwamaqhawe kufana nokufana nomoya ezincwadini zobusha bethu, singakhulumi ngama-movie asendulo. Lapho uMnumzane Smith eya eWashington, uJimmy Stewart uzama umshayeli wesikhashana emva kokushaya bonke abantu behluleka ukuxazulula izinkinga zakhe. Izikhangisi zeMagazini kanye nama-TV-sit-coms ku-1950s adlala ngodlame lwasekhaya. Ubudlova obunjalo abukho, kodwa ukwamukelwa kwalo komphakathi sekuphelile, futhi iqiniso lalo liyehla.

Lokhu kungaba kanjani? Ubudlova bethu obucatshangelwayo kufanele bube yizizathu zezinhlangano ezifana nempi. Uma ubudlova bethu (okungenani ngezinye izinhlobo) kungasala ngemuva kwethu, kanye nomzwelo mayelana nokuthi "imvelo yomuntu" kuthiwa kungani kufanele kube khona isikhungo esisekelwe enkolelweni yodlame?

Yini, emva kwakho konke, "engokwemvelo" mayelana nodlame lwempi? Iningi lomuntu noma i-primate noma i-mammalian conflts phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane kuhilela izinsongo kanye ne-bluffs nokuvimbela. Impi ihilela ukuhlaselwa okuphelele kubantu ongazibonanga ngaphambili. (Funda izincwadi zikaPaul Chappell ngenkulumo enhle kakhulu.) Labo abathokozela impi ibanga bangakwazi ukunciphisa indlela engokwemvelo ngayo. Kodwa abantu abaningi abahlangene nalokhu futhi abafuni lutho ngalokhu. Akuzona izinto ezingokwemvelo? Ingabe iningi labantu lihlala ngaphandle "kwemvelo"? Ingabe wena ungumuntu "ongokwemvelo" ngoba awulwi izimpi?

Akekho oye wabhekana nesifo sokucindezeleka ngemva kokucindezeleka okuvela empini. Ukubamba iqhaza empini kudinga, kubantu abaningi, ukuqeqeshwa okujulile kanye nesimo. Ukubulala abanye nokubhekene nabanye abazama ukukubulala kokubili kuyinkimbinkimbi imisebenzi enzima kakhulu evame ukushiyeka kakhulu. Eminyakeni yamuva, ibutho lase-US liye lalahlekelwa amasosha amaningi ukuba azibulale noma ngemuva kokubuya e-Afghanistan kunanoma iyiphi enye imbangela kule mpi. Amalungu e-20,000 acatshangelwayo aseMelika asele eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala "yempi yomhlaba wonke" (lokhu ngokusho kukaRobert Fantina, umbhali weDesperation kanye ne-American Soldier). Sitshela ukuthi amasosha "azinikela ngokuzithandela." Yenziwa "ngokuzinikela," hhayi ngoba abantu abaningi bafuna ukujoyina, kodwa ngoba abantu abaningi banzondayo lo mbhalo futhi bafuna ukugwema ukujoyina, futhi ngenxa yokuthi inkulumo-ze nezithembiso zemivuzo yezimali kungabangela abantu ukuba "bavolontiya." Amavolontiya awanamaphutha abantu ababenezinketho ezimbalwa ezitholakalayo. Futhi akukhovolontiya emkhosini wase-US uvunyelwe ukuyeka ukuzithandela.

Imibono Isikhathi Sikabani Esifikile

Ku-1977 umkhankaso okuthiwa i-Hunger Project yazama ukuqeda ukulamba emhlabeni. Ukuphumelela kusalokhu kungabikho. Kodwa abantu abaningi namuhla bayaqiniseka ukuthi indlala kanye nendlala zingasuswa. Ku-1977, iphrojekthi ye-Hunger yazizwa iphoqelekile ukuphikisana nenkolelo evamile yokuthi indlala yayingenakugwemeka. Lona kwakuyinkomba yeflaya eyayisebenzisayo:

Indlala ayinakugwemeka.
Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi abantu bazohlala belambile, indlela wonke umuntu ayekwazi ngayo ukuthi umuntu angeke avuke.
Ngesinye isikhathi emlandweni wesintu, wonke umuntu wayazi ukuthi ...
Izwe laliyicaba,
Ilanga lajikeleza umhlaba,
Ubugqila kwakuyimfuneko yomnotho,
Kwakungenakwenzeka ukuhamba ngamamayela amane amaminithi,
I-polio ne-ingulube bekuyohlala njalo nathi,
Futhi akekho owake wahamba ngezinyanga.
Kuze kube yilapho abantu abanesibindi bephikisana nezinkolelo zakudala futhi sekufike isikhathi somqondo omusha.
Wonke amandla emhlabeni awanamandla kakhulu njengombono ofika isikhathi.

Lelo gcina lokugcina libolekile kuVictor Hugo. Wacabanga iYurophu ehlangene, kodwa isikhathi sasingakafiki. Kamuva kwafika. Wacabanga ukuqeda impi, kodwa isikhathi sasingakafiki. Mhlawumbe manje sekukhona. Abaningi babengacabangi ukuthi izimayini zomhlaba zingasuswa, kodwa lokho kuqhubeka kahle. Abaningi babecabanga ukuthi impi yenuzi yayingenakugwema futhi ukubhujiswa kwezikhali zenuzi akunakwenzeka (okwesikhathi eside isidingo esikhulu kunawo wonke sasifuna ukukhishwa ekudalweni kwezikhali ezintsha, hhayi ekuqedeni kwabo). Manje ukuchithwa kwezikhali zenuzi kuyigugu elide, kodwa iningi labantu liyavuma ukuthi lingenziwa. Isinyathelo sokuqala ekuqedeni impi kuyoba ukuqaphela ukuthi, futhi, kungenzeka.

Impi Engenakuhlonipha Kunokuba Icatshangelwe

Impi kuthiwa "yendalo" (noma yikuphi okushoyo) ngoba ibilokhu ihlale ikhona. Inkathazo ukuthi ayikho. Eminyakeni ye-200,000 yomlando wesintu kanye nesikhishobhi sokuqala akukho bufakazi bempi ngaphezu kweminyaka engu-13,000 ubudala, futhi cishe akekho oneminyaka engu-10,000 ubudala. (Kwabo abakholelwa emhlabeni oneminyaka eyi-6,500 kuphela, ake ngitshele lokhu: Ngisanda kukhuluma noNkulunkulu futhi wasiyala sonke ukuba sisebenzele ukuqeda impi. ukuphumula kwalencwadi futhi ukuthenga amakhophi amaningi.)
Impi ayivamile phakathi kwabakwa-nomads noma abazingeli nabaqoqi. (Bheka "Ukuhlukunyezwa Kwezincwadi Ezintanjeni Zezintambo Zezintambo Nezimpendulo Zesiqalo Sempi," eSayensi, ngoJulayi 19, 2013.) Izinhlobo zethu azizange ziguquke ngempi. Impi ingokwemiphakathi eyinkimbinkimbi yokuhlala-kodwa kuphela kwezinye zazo, futhi nje kuphela isikhathi. Imiphakathi eyizinhlobonhlobo ikhula ngokuthula futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Ku-Beyond War: I-Human Potential for Peace, uDouglas Fry ubala izinhlangano ezingewona impi ezivela emhlabeni wonke. Australia isikhathi esithile ngaphambi kokuba abaseYurophu beze, i-Arctic, i-Northeast Mexico, iGreat Basin eNyakatho Melika-kulezi zindawo abantu babehlala ngaphandle kwempi.

E-1614 yaseJapane yaziqeda ukusuka eNtshonalanga, futhi yazi ukuthula, ukuchuma, nokukhula kobuciko namasiko aseJapane. Ku-1853 i-US Navy iphoqelelwe eJapane ivulekele abathengisi base-US, izithunywa zevangeli kanye nempi. IJapane lenze kahle ngoMthethosisekelo onokuthula kusukela ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II (nakuba iUnited States iphoqa ngokuqinile ukupheliswa kwayo), njengoba iJalimane-ngaphandle kokusiza i-NATO ngezimpi zayo. I-Iceland neSweden neSwitzerland azange zilwe izimpi zazo emakhulwini eminyaka, nakuba zisize i-NATO ekuthungeni i-Afghanistan. Futhi i-NATO isimatasa manje ehlasela enyakatho yeNorway, eSweden naseFinland. ICosta Rica yaqeda impi yayo e-1948 yayifaka emnyuziyamu. ICosta Rica iye yahlala ngaphandle kwempi noma ukukhishwa kwezempi, okungafani kakhulu nomakhelwane bayo, kusukela-nakuba eye yasiza impi yase-United States, futhi nakuba impi nezikhali zaseNicaragua ziye zaphela. I-Costa Rica, ekude ingaphelele, ivame ukubalwa njengendawo enhle kunazo zonke noma enye yezindawo ezijabulisayo kakhulu zokuhlala emhlabeni. Ku-2003 izizwe ezihlukahlukene kwakudingeka ziboshwe noma zisongelwe ukuba zijoyine "impi" yamazwe e-Iraq, futhi imizamo eminingi ayiphumelelanga.
Ekupheleni kweMpi, uJohn Horgan uchaza imizamo yokuqeda impi eyenziwe amalungu e-Amazonian ku-1950s. Abantu base-Waorani bebelokhu belwa iminyaka eminingi. Iqembu labesifazane base-Waorani nezithunywa zevangeli ezimbili banquma ukushayela indiza encane phezu kwamakamu anonya futhi bahambise imiyalezo yokuxoxisana evela kusikhulumi esikhulu. Kwabe sekukhona imihlangano ebusweni nobuso. Khona-ke izimpi zaphela, ekugculiseni okukhulu kwabo bonke abathintekayo. Abantu bendawo abazange babuyele empini.

Ubani Olwa Kakhulu

Njengoba ngiyazi, akekho ohlanganisa amazwe ngokusekela kwabo ukuqala noma ukuhlanganyela empini. Uhlu lwe-Fry lwe-70 noma i-80 izizwe ezinokuthula zihlanganisa izizwe ezithatha izimpi ezimpini ze-NATO. I-Global Peace Index (bheka i-VisionOfHumanity.org) ihlanganisa amazwe asekelwe kwizici ze-22 ezibandakanya ubugebengu obudlova phakathi kwesizwe, ukungazinzi kwezombusazwe, njll. I-United States iphetha ngokulinganisa phakathi, namazwe aseYurophu angena phezulu-okungukuthi, phakathi iningi "elinokuthula."

Kodwa i-Global Peace Index website ikuvumela ukuba ushintshe i-rankings ngokuchofoza kuphela kwisici esisodwa "sezingxabano ezilwa." Uma wenza lokhu i-United States iphetha eduze naphezulu-okungukuthi, phakathi kwezizwe ezisezinkambiswaneni eziningi. Kungani kungekho phezulu kakhulu, "umshushisi omkhulu kunabo bonke emhlabeni," njengoba uDkt. Martin Luther King Jr. abiza lokho? Ngenxa yokuthi i-United States ibhekwe ngokusekelwe emcabangweni wokuthi uye wabamba izingxabano ezintathu kuphela eminyakeni eyedlule ye-5-lokhu naphezu kwempi ye-drone emazweni amaningana, imisebenzi yezempi emikhulu, namasosha ase-175 nokukhuphuka. Ngakho-ke i-United States inikelwe yizizwe ezintathu ezinezingxabano ezine ngasinye: iNdiya, iMyanmar, neDemocratic Republic of the Congo. Ngisho nangalesi silinganiso esingenasici, noma kunjalo, lokho okushiwo yiwe ukuthi iningi lezizwe-cishe zonke izizwe emhlabeni-azibandakanyeki kakhulu ekwenzeni impi kune-United States, futhi izizwe eziningi aziwa impi eminyakeni emihlanu eyedlule , ngenkathi izingxabano zezizwe eziningi ziye zaba yimpi yokubambisana eholwa yi-United States futhi kwezinye izizwe zidlala noma zidlala izingxenye ezincane.

Landela Imali

I-Global Peace Index (i-GPI) ihlanganisa i-United States eduze nokuphela kokuthula kwesilinganiso esenzweni sokusetshenziswa kwempi. Ifeza lokhu ngezingqinamba ezimbili. Okokuqala, i-GPI igxuma iningi lezizwe zomhlaba wonke ekugcineni kokuthula okukhulu kombono kunokuba ubanike ngokulinganayo.

Okwesibili, i-GPI isebenzelana nokusetshenziswa kwempi njengephesenti yomkhiqizo owenziwe ekhaya (GDP) noma ubukhulu bomnotho. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi izwe elicebile elinompi omkhulu lingaba nokuthula okukhulu kunezwe elihluphekile elinempi encane. Mhlawumbe lokho kunjalo ngokwezinhloso, kodwa akunjalo ngokwemiphumela. Ingabe kunjalo ngisho nangokwezinhloso? Izwe elilodwa lifuna imishini ethile yokubulala futhi izimisele ukubeka phambili ngaphezulu ukuze ithole. Elinye izwe lifisa izinga elifanayo lezempi kanye nokunye okunye, nakuba umhlatshelo ungaphansi kancane. Uma izwe elicebile liba licebile kodwa libalekela ekwakheni amasosha amakhulu nakakhulu ngenxa yokuthi ingakwazi ukukwenza, ingabe iyancipha noma ihlale ingalingani? Lokhu akuyona nje umbuzo wezemfundo, njengoba amathangi okucabanga eWashington enxusa ukuba asebenzise amaphesenti aphezulu e-GDP empini, njengalokhu umuntu kufanele atshale kakhulu empi lapho kunokwenzeka khona, ngaphandle kokulindela isidingo sokuzivikela.

Ngokuphambene ne-GPI, i-Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (i-SIPRI) ibhala i-United States njengophezulu wezempi emhlabeni wonke, kulinganiswa ngamahora asetshenzisiwe. Eqinisweni, ngokusho kwe-SIPRI, i-United States isebenzisa okuningi empini nasekulungiseni impi njengoba iningi lezwe lonke lihlangene. Iqiniso lingase libe lihle kakhulu. I-SIPRI ithi ukusetshenziswa kwezempi zase-US ku-2011 kwakuyi-$ 711 billion. UChris Hellman wePhrojekthi kaZwelonke okuPhambili uthi kwakuyi $ 1,200 billion noma $ 1.2 trillion. Umehluko uvela ekufaka imali yokusetshenziswa kwempi etholakala kuyo yonke iminyango kahulumeni, hhayi nje "Ukuzivikela," kodwa futhi nokuphepha kwezwe, i-State, Energy, i-US Agency for International Development, i-Central Intelligence Agency, i-National Security Agency, i-Veterans Administration , inzalo emalimboti empi, njll. Ayikho indlela yokwenza i-apula-apula iqhathanise nezinye izizwe ngaphandle kolwazi olunokwethenjelwa olunembile ekusebenziseni kwempi yonke yesifundazwe, kodwa kuphephile kakhulu ukucabanga ukuthi akekho esinye isizwe esisebenzisa imali I-500 yezigidigidi ngaphezu kokubhaliwe kuyo kumazinga we-SIPRI. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye zezindleko ezinkulu zempi emva kwe-United States zingamalungu e-US namalungu e-NATO. Futhi abaningi abasebenzisa imali enkulu nabancane bayakhuthazwa ukuba basebenzise, ​​futhi basebenzise ngezikhali zase-US, uMnyango Wezezwe wase-US kanye nezempi zase-US.

Ngenkathi iNorth Korea ikhiphe cishe iphesenti ephakeme kakhulu yomkhiqizo wayo wangaphakathi emakethe amalungiselelo empi kunase-United States, cishe cishe ichitha ngaphansi kwezingu-1 lokho i-United States echitha. Ngakho-ke ubani ohlukumeza kakhulu umbuzo owodwa, mhlawumbe ongenakuguqulwa. Ubani obusongela obani okungengombuzo nhlobo. Njengoba kungekho sizwe esisongela i-United States, abaqondisi be-Intelligence kazwelonke eminyakeni yamuva baye bahluleka ukutshela iCongress ukuthi isitha sithole nokuthi isitha sezinkomba ezihlukahlukene nje "singabandlululo."

Iphuzu lokuqhathanisa amazinga okusetshenziswa kwempi akukhona ukuthi kufanele sibe nehloni ngokuthi ububi base-United States bububi kangakanani, noma baziqhenyayo ngendlela ehlukile. Kunalokho, iphuzu ukuthi ukunciphisa impi akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi kungenzeka; lenziwa manje yizizwe zonke emhlabeni, okungukuthi: izizwe ezinamaphesenti angu-96 wobuntu. I-United States isebenzisa kakhulu empini yayo, igcina amasosha amaningi asemaphandleni amaningi, ihlanganisa izingxabano eziningi, ithengisa ezinye izikhali kwabanye, futhi izithupha zibe nezindebe kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezinkantolo ukuze zivimbele ukulwa kwayo noma ngisho, nokunye, ukubeka umuntu ovivinywa ngubani ongakwazi ukushaywa kalula ngomlilo we-hellfire. Ukunciphisa impi yase-US ngeke kuphule umthetho othile "wemvelo yomuntu," kodwa ulethe i-United States ngokuvumelana kakhulu neningi labantu.

Umbono womphakathi v. Impi

I-Militarism ayithandeki kakhulu e-United States njengoba ukuziphatha kohulumeni wase-US kungasikisela umuntu okholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni ulandele intando yabantu. Ku-2011, abezindaba benza umsindo omkhulu mayelana nenkinga yesabelomali futhi benza okuningi kokuvota mayelana nendlela yokuxazulula ngayo. Cishe akekho (amaphesenti angamadijithi angama-polls) ayenesithakazelo ezisombululo uhulumeni ayenesithakazelo kulo: ukusika Social Security and Medicare. Kodwa isixazululo sesibili esithandwa kakhulu, ngemva kokukhokhisa abacebile, sasilokhu sisika impi. Ngokusho kukaGallup ukuvotela, iningi liye lakholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni wase-US uchitha okuningi empini kusukela ku-2003. Futhi, ngokusho kokuvotela, kuhlanganise noRasmussen, kanye nokusho kokuhlangenwe nakho kwami, cishe wonke umuntu uphawula ukuthi u-United States uchitha kangakanani kangakanani. Abambalwa abancane e-United States bakholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni wase-US kufanele asebenzise kathathu kunanoma yisiphi esinye isizwe empi yakhe. Kodwa i-United States isebenzise kahle ngaphezu kwaleyo nqanaba iminyaka, njengalokhu ilinganiswa yi-SIPRI. Uhlelo lwezokubonisana komphakathi (PPC), oluhambisana neSikole Senqubomgomo Yomphakathi eNyuvesi yaseMargan, luye lwazama ukulungisa ukungazi. I-PPC yokuqala ikhombisa abantu ukuthi isabelomali somphakathi esibheke kanjani. Bese kubuza ukuthi bangashintsha yini. Iningi lithanda ukusikeka okukhulu empini.

Ngisho nalapho kuziwa empini ethile, umphakathi wase-US awusekeli njengoba ngezinye izikhathi ucabanga abantu base-US ngokwabo noma izakhamuzi zakwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi amazwe anqotshwe yi-United States. IVietnam Syndrome yaxoshwa kakhulu eWashington amashumi eminyaka yayingeyona isifo esibangelwa i-Agent Orange kodwa esikhundleni segama lokuphikiswa okudumile kwezimpi-njengokungathi ukuphikiswa kwakuyisifo. Ku-2012, uMongameli u-Obama wamemezela uhlelo lwe-13, u-$ 65 million wezigidi ukukhumbula (nokuvuselela idumela) empini yaseVietnam. Umphakathi wase-US uphikisane nezimpi zase-US eSiriya noma e-Iran iminyaka eminingi. Yiqiniso lokho kungashintsha iminithi impi enjalo iqalisiwe. Kwakukhona ukusekelwa komphakathi okuphawulekayo ekuqaleni kokuhlasela kwe-Afghanistan ne-Iraq. Kodwa ngokushesha lo mbono washintsha. Sekuyiminyaka, iningi elinamandla linelungelo lokuqeda lezo zimpi futhi bakholelwa ukuthi kwakuyiphutha ukuliqala-kuyilapho izimpi zagxila "ngokuphumelelayo" kuleso sizathu sokuthi "ukusakaza intando yeningi." Impi ye-2011 eLibya yayiphikiswa yiZizwe Ezihlangene (isinqumo sakhe asizange sigunyaze impi ukudiliza uhulumeni), yi-US Congress (kodwa kungani ukhathazeka ngalokhu lobuchwepheshe!), futhi umphakathi wase-US (bheka i-PollingReport.com/libya.htm). NgoSeptemba 2013, umphakathi kanye neCongress banqatshelwe ukushaywa ngumengameli ngokuhlasela eSiriya.

Ukuzingela Abantu

Uma sithi impi ibuyela emuva kwe-10,000 iminyaka akucaci ukuthi sikhuluma ngento eyodwa, ngokuphambene nezinto ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ezihamba ngegama elifanayo. Bonisa isithombe emndenini waseYemen noma ePakistan ehlala ngaphansi kwe-buzz eqhutshwa yi-drone ngaphezulu. Ngelinye ilanga ikhaya labo nabo bonke abantu abahlala kulo lidilizwa yi-missile. Ingabe babempi? Kwakungaphi impi? Zaziphi izikhali zabo? Ngubani owamemezela impi? Yini eyayiphikisana empini? Kuzophela kanjani?

Ake sithathe icala lomunye umuntu empeleni owayebandakanye nobuphekula obulwa no-US. Ushaywe yi-missile evela endizeni engabonakali engabonakali futhi wabulawa. Ingabe wayenempi ngomqondo wokuthi umlusi ongumGreki noma ongumRoma wayeyoyibona? Kuthiwani ngeqhawe empini yangaphambili yanamuhla? Ingabe omunye umuntu ocabanga ngempi efuna impi futhi elwa phakathi kwamabutho amabili ahloniphe isosha se-drone ehlezi etafuleni lakhe ephethe i-computer yakhe injabulo njengomqaphi nhlobo?

Njengesiqhwaga, impi iye yacatshangwa ukuthi iyincintiswano evumelwaneni phakathi kwabadlali ababili abanengqondo. Amaqembu amabili avumelana, noma okungenani ababusi bawo bavumelana, ukuya empini. Manje impi ivame ukudayiswa njengendlela yokugcina yokugcina. Izimpi zihlale zilwa "ukuthula," kuyilapho kungekho muntu owenza ukuthula ngenxa yempi. Impi ihlinzekwa njengendlela engathandeki ekupheleni kwesikhathi esithile, umthwalo onzima odingekayo ngokungaqondakali kolunye uhlangothi. Manje lowo ohlangothini olungalwisana empini yangempela yempi; kunalokho uhlangothi oluhlomele ubuchwepheshe beSatellite luzingela abacatshangwa ukuthi kufanele balwe.

Ukushayela emuva kwalolu shintsho akuzange kube ubuchwepheshe ngokwayo noma amasu ezempi, kodwa ukuphikiswa komphakathi ukubeka amabutho ase-US empini. Ngokufanayo ukuhlaselwa ukulahlekelwa "abafana bethu" ikakhulukazi okwaholela eVietnam Syndrome. Ukuzikhukhumeza okunjalo kwabangela ukuphikiswa kwezimpi zase-Iraq nase-Afghanistan. Abaningi baseMelika babengenalo ulwazi mayelana nokufa nokuhlupheka okubangelwa abantu kwezinye izingxenye zezimpi. (Uhulumeni unqatshelwe ukwazisa abantu, abaye baziwa ukuthi baphendule ngokufanele kakhulu.) Kuyiqiniso ukuthi abantu base-US abazange bahlale bephikelela ukuthi uhulumeni wabo ubanikeze ngolwazi ngokuhlupheka okubangelwa izimpi zase-US. Abaningi, ngokwezinga ababaziyo, baye babekezela kakhulu ubuhlungu bezinye izizwe. Kodwa ukubulawa nokulimala kwamabutho ase-US sekuyekezeka kakhulu. Lokhu kulandisa kancane ukuthi i-US yakamuva ihambela izimpi zomoya kanye nempi ye-drone.
Umbuzo wukuthi impi ye-drone iyimpi nhlobo. Uma ilwa namarobhothi lapho omunye ohlangothini olungenalo ikhono lokuphendula, ukuthi kufana kangakanani nalokho esikubeka emlandweni wesintu njengokwenza impi? Akusiyo yini mhlawumbe ukuthi sesivele siphelile impi futhi manje kufanele sigcine enye into (igama layo lingase kube: ukuzingelwa kwabantu, noma ukukhetha ukubulawa, nakuba lokho kuvame ukuphakamisa ukubulawa komuntu obala )? Futhi-ke, ngeke yini umsebenzi wokuqeda ukuthi enye into isifaka esikhungweni esincane kakhulu sokuhlonipha?

Zombili izikhungo, ukulwa nokulwa kwabantu, kubandakanya ukubulawa kwabangaphandle. Lo omusha uhilela ukubulala ngamabomu izakhamizi zase-US, kepha lowo owayengumdala wahilela ukubulawa kwabathengisi base-United States noma ama-deserters. Noma kunjalo, uma singashintsha indlela yethu yokubulala abantu bezinye izizwe ukuze bayinikeze ngokungaqondakali, ngubani ongasho ukuthi asikwazi ukuqeda lo mkhuba ngokuphelele?

Asinakuzikhethela?

Nakuba singase sibe ngabanye ngabanye sikhululekile ukukhetha ukuqeda impi (umbuzo ohlukile kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhetha okwamanje okwamanje ukhetha) ingabe kukhona okungavumeleki okusivimbela ekwenzeni lokho kukhetha ndawonye ngokubambisana? Kwakungakaze kube lapho kuxoxwa khona ubugqila, ukuhlukunyezwa kwegazi, ama-duels, isijeziso esiyinhloko, umsebenzi wezingane, i-tar ne-feathering, amasheya kanye ne-pillory, abafazi njenge-chattel, isijeziso sobungqingili, noma ezinye izikhungo ezingapheli noma ezidlulayo-nakuba iminyaka eminingi kuleso simo ngasinye kwakubonakala kungenakwenzeka ukuqeda lo mkhuba. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi abantu bavame ukwenza ndawonye ngendlela ephikisana nendlela iningi labo abathi ngamunye bathi bangathanda ukwenza. (Ngibonile ngisho nokuvota lapho iningi labaphathi bama-CEO abathi bangathanda ukukhokhiswa intela ngaphezulu.) Kodwa abukho ubufakazi bokuthi ukwehluleka okuhlangene akugwemeki. Isiphakamiso sokuthi impi ihluke kwezinye izikhungo eziqedile ukusikisela okungenalutho ngaphandle kokuthi kwenziwe isimangalo esithile sokuthi sithinteka kanjani ekuqedeni.

I-John Horgan's The End of War kufanelekile ukufunda. Umlobi we-Scientific American, uHorgan uyasondela umbuzo wokuthi impi ingaqedwa njengososayensi. Ngemuva kokucwaninga okukhulu, uphetha ngokuthi impi ingaphelelwa emhlabeni jikelele futhi inezikhathi nezindawo ezihlukahlukene sekuphelile. Ngaphambi kokufinyelela leso siphetho, uHorgan uhlola izimangalo eziphikisanayo.

Ngenkathi izimpi zethu zikhangiswa njengezihambeli zokusiza noma ukuzivikela ezinsongweni ezimbi, hhayi njengomncintiswano wemithombo, njengamafutha asetshenziswayo, abanye ososayensi abaphikisana nokungaqiniseki kwempi bavame ukucabanga ukuthi impi empeleni imincintiswano yamafutha. Izakhamuzi eziningi ziyavumelana nalokhu kuhlaziywa nokusekela noma ukuphikisa izimpi ngaleyo ndlela. Incazelo enjalo yezimpi zethu ngokucacile ayiphelele, ngoba njalo inesisusa esiningi. Kodwa uma samukela isimangalo ngenxa yokuphikisa ukuthi izimpi zamanje zingenxa yamafutha negesi, yini esingayenza ngokuphikisana ukuthi ayinakugwemeka?

Iphikiswano ithi abantu baye baphikisana ngaso sonke isikhathi, nokuthi lapho izinsizakalo zinciphela impi imiphumela. Kodwa ngisho nabagqugquzeli bale mbono bayavuma ukuthi abafuni ngempela ukugwema. Ukube sasizolawula ukukhula komphakathi kanye / noma ukushintshela kwamandla aluhlaza kanye / noma ukushintsha imikhuba yethu yokusebenzisa, izinto ezidingekayo zokunakekelwa kwamafutha negesi namalahle ngeke zisakwazi ukutholakala, futhi ukuncintisana kwethu nobudlova ngeke kusaba khona ukugwema.

Ukubuka umlando sibona izibonelo zezimpi ezibonakala zifanelana nomfutho wezingcindezi zemithombo kanye nabanye abangenalo. Sibona imiphakathi iboshiwe yizinsizakalo ezithinta impi nezinye izinto ezingenzi. Siphinde sibone amacala empi njengesizathu sokuntuleka, kunokuba abuyele emuva. UHorgan usho izibonelo zabantu ababethe kakhulu lapho imithombo yayiningi kakhulu. U-Horgan uphinde wachaza umsebenzi wezintwezi ze-anthropologists uCarol noMelvin Ember ocwaningo lwazo mayelana nemiphakathi ye-360 kule minyaka engamakhulu amabili edlule alukho ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kokuntuleka kwemithombo noma ukuphakama kwabantu kanye nempi. Ukufundwa okukhulu okufanayo kukaLuke Fry Richardson futhi akutholakalanga ukuhlanganiswa okunjalo.

Ngamanye amazwi, indaba yokuthi ukukhula komphakathi noma ukusweleka kwemithombo kubangela impi yindaba efana neyodwa. Yenza umqondo othile onengqondo. Izindatshana zezindaba ziye empeleni ziyingxenye yendaba yezimpi eziningi. Kodwa ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi akukho lutho lapho endleleni edingekayo noma eyanele. Lezi zinto azikwenzelisi impi. Uma umphakathi othize uthatha isinqumo sokuthi uzolwela imithombo encane, ukuchithwa kwalezi zinsiza kwenza lowo mphakathi ukwazi ukuya empini. Ngempela lokho kuyingozi ngempela kithi. Kodwa akukho lutho olungenakugwenywa mayelana nomphakathi wokwenza isinqumo ukuthi uhlobo oluthile lomcimbi luzokwethula impi endaweni yokuqala, noma ukwenza leso sinqumo lapho kufika isikhathi.
Ama-Puppets of Sociopaths?

Kuthiwani ngomqondo wokuthi abanye abantu abazinikezele empini ngokuqinisekile bayodonsela thina sonke kulo? Ngikhulumé ngenhla ukuthi uhulumeni wethu uzimisele kakhulu impi kunabantu bethu. Ingabe labo abathanda impi baphathelene kakhulu nalabo abanezikhundla zamandla? Futhi ingabe lokhu kusilahla sonke ukulwa kwempi noma ngabe siyayifuna noma cha?

Ake sicacile, okokuqala, ukuthi akukho lutho olungenakugwemeka mayelana nesimangalo esinjalo. Labo bantu abakwazi ukulwa nempi bangaziwa futhi baguquke noma balawulwe. Uhlelo lwethu lukahulumeni, kuhlanganise nesistimu yethu yokweseka ukhetho kanye nesistimu yethu yokuxhumana, lungashintshwa. Uhlelo lwethu lukahulumeni, empeleni, luhlelwe ekuqaleni kwamabutho amile futhi lwanikeza amandla e-Congress amandla okwesaba ukuthi noma yimuphi umongameli uzobahlukumeza. Ku-1930s Congress cishe yanikeza amandla empi emphakathini ngokudinga ukuvakasha ngaphambi kwempi. I-Congress manje inike amandla empi kumengameli, kodwa lokho akudingeki kube njalo. Ngempela, ngoSeptemba 2013, iCongress yamisa kumongameli eSiriya.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, masihlale sikhumbula ukuthi impi ayiyona into eyingqayizivele lapho uhulumeni wethu ehlukana khona nombono omkhulu. Kwezinye izihloko eziningi ukuhlukahluka okungenani kunqunyiwe, uma kungenjalo: ukukhishwa kwamabhange, ukubhekwa komphakathi, ukuxhaswa kwezigidi zezigidi kanye nezinkampani, izivumelwano zokuhwebelana ezinkampani, imithetho yemfihlo, ukwehluleka ukuvikela imvelo. Azikho izinxushunxushunxushu ezingaphezu kwamandla okubambisana nomphakathi ngokubamba amandla kwamanotho. Esikhundleni salokho, kukhona ama-sociopaths kanye non-sociopaths awela ngaphansi kwethonya lobugebengu obudala.

Iphesenti le-2 labantu abathi, izifundo zikhomba ukuthi zijabulela ukubulala ngokugcwele empini futhi azihlupheki, ungasuki ekuzijabuliseni ukuzisola (bheka uDave Grossman's On Killing), mhlawumbe azikho okuningi kulabo abakwenza izinqumo silwe izimpi. Abaholi bethu bezombusazwe abahlanganyeli empini ngokwabo futhi ezimweni eziningi baqeda izimpi ebusheni babo. Ukuzikhandla kwabo amandla kungabenza bazame ukubusa okukhulu ngokusebenzisa impi abalwe ngabangaphansi, kodwa ngeke kwenzeke lapho isiko lapho ukuthula kukhulisa khona amandla kunokuba kwenziwe impi.

Encwadini yami, Lapho i-World Outlawed War, ngitshela indaba yokudalwa kwe-Kellogg-Briand Pact, eyavimbela impi ku-1928 (isesezincwadini!). UFrank Kellogg, uNobhala Wombuso wase-United States, wayesekela impi njengomunye umuntu kwaze kwacaca ukuthi ukuthula kwakuyisiqondiso sokuthuthuka komsebenzi. Waqala ukutshela umkakhe ukuthi angase anqobe iNobel Peace Prize, okwenzayo. Waqala ukucabanga ukuthi angaba yijaji eNkantolo Yobulungisa Yomhlaba Wonke, okwenzayo. Uqale ukuphendula ezitatimendeni zokuthi izishoshovu zokuthula ayeziphikisayo ngaphambili. Esizukulwaneni ngaphambili noma kamuva, uKellogg cishe wayephishekela ukulwa kwempi njengendlela yokuthola amandla. Esikhathini sesimo sokulwa nempi sosuku lwakhe wabona indlela ehlukile.

I-All-Powerful
I-Complex Industrial Complex

Lapho impi ibhekwa njengento eyenziwe ngabangewona baseMelika noma abangewona amaWestern, izinsolo zempi zibandakanya imibono mayelana nezakhi zofuzo, isibalo sabantu, ukusweleka kwemithombo, njll. UJohn Horgan unelungelo lokukhomba ukuthi lezi zimbangela ezingamanga azenzi impi engenakugwema futhi empeleni ayihambisani nemikhuba yempi.

Lapho impi iqondwa nokuthi nayo, uma kungenjalo, into eyenziwa yizizwe "ezithuthukile", ezinye izimbangela zivela ukuthi uHorgan akakaze abuke. Lezi zimbangela nazo aziletheki neze. Kodwa bangenza impi cishe emkhakheni owenze izinqumo ezithile. Kubalulekile ukuthi siqaphele futhi siyiqonde lezi zici, ngoba ukunyakaza ekuqedeni impi kuyodingeka kuzinze ekuqalisweni kwempi yi-United States kanye nabalingani bayo ngendlela ehlukile kunalokho okubonakala kubonakala kufanelekile uma impi yodwa umkhiqizo wezizwe ezihluphekile e-Afrika lapho i-International Criminal Court ikwazi ukuthola khona wonke amacala ayo.

Ngaphandle kokugxila emibonweni yezwe yamanga ngokungaqiniseki kwempi, abantu base-United States bayaphikisana nokhetho olukhohlakeleyo, abezindaba abathintekayo, imfundo emifushane, ukuzijabulisa okukhohlakeleyo, kanye nomshini wokulwa unomphela ongu-gargantu njengenhlangano edingekayo yezomnotho okungenakuqedwa. Kodwa akukho okunye okungenakuguqulwa. Sisebenza lapha ngamandla amakhulu enza impi esikhathini sethu nendawo, hhayi izithiyo ezingenakunqotshwa eziqinisekisa izimpi kuze kube phakade. Akekho okholelwa ukuthi izakhiwo zezimboni zamasosha sezilokhu zikhona nathi. Futhi ngokucabanga okuncane akekho ozokholelwa ukuthi, njengokufudumala kwembulunga yonke, kungadala i-feedback loop ngaphandle kokulawula komuntu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-MIC ikhona ngokusebenzisa ithonya layo kubantu. Kwakungekho njalo. Ikhula futhi ivumelane. Kuqhubeka uma nje siyivumela. Izakhiwo zezimboni zezimboni, ngokufushane, zikhethela, njengoba nje inkimbinkimbi yobugqila yayingakhetha.

Ezingxenyeni zakamuva zale ncwadi sizoxoxa ngalokho okungenziwa mayelana nokwamukelwa kwempi yempi okudonsa kancane ekukhuleni kwesibalo noma ekunakekeleni kwemithombo kunokwokuthanda izwe, ukucwaswa kwabantu, isimo esidabukisayo se-journalism, kanye nethonya lezombusazwe ezinkampani ezinjengeCheheheed Martin . Ukuqonda lokhu kuzosenza sikwazi ukulolonga ukunyakaza kwempi okungase kuphumelele. Impumelelo yayo ayiqinisekisiwe, kodwa akungabazeki ukuthi kungenzeka.

"Asikwazi ukuqeda impi
Uma Bingaqedi Impi "

Kukhona umehluko obalulekile phakathi kobugqila (nezinye izikhungo eziningi) ngakolunye uhlangothi, nempi kwenye. Uma iqembu elilodwa labantu lenza impi kwenye, khona-ke bobabili balwa empini. Uma iCanada yakha amasimu ezinceku, ama-United States ayengeke enze kanjalo. Uma iCanada ihlasela i-United States, lezi zizwe ezimbili ziyoba empini. Lokhu kubonakala kubonisa ukuthi impi kumele isuswe yonke indawo kanyekanye. Ngaphandle kwalokho, isidingo sokuzivikela kwabanye kumele sigcine impi iphila phakade.

Le mpikiswano ekugcineni ihluleka ngezizathu eziningana. Okokuqala, umehluko phakathi kwempi nobugqila akuyona elula njengoba kuphakanyisiwe. Uma iCanada beyisebenzisa ubugqila, qagela ukuthi iWal-Mart izoqala ukungenisa izinto zethu kusuka! Uma iCanada beyisebenzisa ubugqila, qagela ukuthi iCongress izobe ibeka amakhomishana ukutadisha izinzuzo zokuvuselela kabusha! Noma yisiphi isikhungo singasakazeka, ngisho noma mhlawumbe singaphansi kwempi.

Futhi, ingxabano engenhla akuyona impi ikakhulukazi yokuzivikela empini. Uma iCanada ihlasele i-United States, izwe lingayigunyaza uhulumeni waseCanada, libeke abaholi bayo icala, futhi lihlazeke isizwe sonke. Abantu baseCanada bangenqaba ukubamba iqhaza ekwenzeni impi kahulumeni. AmaMelika angenqaba ukuqaphela igunya lomsebenzi wangaphandle. Abanye bangase bahambe baye e-United States ukuze basize ukumelana nokungapheli. NjengamaDani ngaphansi kwamaNazi, singenqaba ukusebenzisana. Ngakho-ke, kukhona amathuluzi okuvikela ngaphandle kwezempi.

(Ngiyaxolisa eCanada ngalesi sibonelo esicatshangelwayo. Ngingu-eqinisweni, ngiyazi ukuthi yimaphi amazwe ethu amabili anomlando wokuhlasela omunye [Bheka uDavidSwanson.org/node/4125].)

Kodwa ake sithi ezinye izivikelo zempi zazikholelwa ukuthi kudingekile. Ingabe bekufanele kube ngu-$ 1 trillion ngonyaka ngamunye? Ingabe ukuvikeleka kwe-US akudingeki kufane nezidingo zokuvikela ezinye izizwe? Ake sithi isitha asiyona iCanada, kodwa i-band of terrorist international. Ingabe lokhu kuzoshintsha izidingo zokuzivikela ezempi? Mhlawumbe, kodwa hhayi ngendlela yokwehlisa u-$ 1 trillion ngonyaka. I-arsenal ye-nyukliya ye-United States ayenzanga lutho ukuvimbela amaphekula we-9 / 11. Ukumiswa okungapheli kwamasosha wezigidi kwezinye izizwe ze-175 akusizi ukuvimbela ubuphekula. Kunalokho, njengoba kuxoxwe ngezansi, kuyashukumisa. Kungasisiza ukuba sizibuze lo mbuzo: Kungani iCanada engeyona isisulu sobuphekula ukuthi i-United States ingukuthi?

Ukuqeda impi akudingeki kuthathe iminyaka eminingi, kodwa futhi akudingeki ukuba kube okusheshayo noma ukudidiyelwa emhlabeni wonke. I-United States ingumthengisi ohola phambili wezikhali kwezinye izizwe. Lokho angeke kube lula kakhulu ngokuvikela izwe. (Isisusa sangempela senza imali.) Ukuphela kokuthunyelwa kwezikhali ze-US kungafezwa ngaphandle kokuthinta ukuzivikela kwe-United States. Ukuthuthuka komthetho wamazwe omhlaba, ubulungiswa, nokubambisana kungahlanganisa nokuthuthukiswa kokungavinjiswanga nokusiza kwangaphandle, kanye nokuvukela kwamasiko omhlaba jikelele okukhuphuka empi. Ubuphekula bungaphathwa njengebugebengu, ukucasula kwalo kuncishisiwe, futhi ikhomishini yayo ishushiswa enkantolo ngokubambisana okukhulu kwamanye amazwe. Ukunciphisa ubuphekula kanye nempi (ubuphekula base-aka) kungaholela ekungabhubhisweni kwesibhamu, kanye nokuqedwa kokugcina kwenhloso yokuzuza empi. Ukubambisana okungaphephile kwezingxabano kungaholela ekuthembekeni okukhulu nokuhambisana nomthetho. Njengoba sizobona eSigabeni IV sale ncwadi, inqubo ingase iqalwe ezokwenza umhlaba ungabikho empini, izizwe zomhlaba zikude nezempi, kanye nabantu abathukuthele emhlabeni abakubuphekula. Akusilo nje ukuthi kufanele silungiselele impi ngenxa yokwesaba ukuthi omunye umuntu angasihlasela. Futhi akumelwe siqede wonke amathuluzi empi ngoLwesine olulandelayo ukuze sizibopheze singalokothi silwe nempi.

Ku-Heads Our

Lapha e-United States, impi isemakhanda ethu, nezincwadi zethu, ama-movie ethu, amathoyizi ethu, imidlalo yethu, izimpawu zethu zomlando, izikhumbuzo zethu, imicimbi yethu yezemidlalo, izigqoko zethu, izikhangiso zethu zethelevishini. Lapho efuna ukulungiswa phakathi kwempi nezinye izinto, uHorgan wathola isici esisodwa. Izimpi zenziwa ngamasiko agubhayo noma abekezelele impi. Impi ingumqondo owazilekela. Ngempela sithathelwana. Futhi isebenza ngezinhloso zayo, hhayi lezo zabasebenzi bayo (ngaphandle kwabathengi abathile).

Isazi-mbumbulu uMargaret Mead wabiza impi into eyakhiwe ngamasiko. Kuyinto yokwelapha kwamasiko. Izimpi zenzeka ngenxa yokwamukelwa kwamasiko, futhi zingagwenywa ngokulahlwa kwamasiko. U-Douglas Fry, onobuntu bendabuko, encwadini yakhe yokuqala ngale ndaba, ethi Human Potential for Peace, uchaza imiphakathi ephikisana nempi. Izimpi azidalwanga ngezakhi zofuzo noma zigwetshwe yi-eugenics noma i-oxytocin. Izimpi aziqhutshwa yilabo abancane abahlala emphakathini noma abagwema ngokuzilawula. Izimpi azenzelwe ukungenakugwema ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemithombo noma ukungalingani noma ukuvinjelwa ngokuchuma kanye nengcebo eyabiwe. Izimpi azitholakali izikhali ezikhona noma ithonya labathengi. Zonke izinto ezinjalo zidlala izingxenye ezimpini, kodwa akekho noyedwa ongenza izimpi zingenakugwema. Isici esiqakathekileko siyisiko lezempi, isiko elikhazimulisa impi namtjhana liyamkela nje (begodu ungamukela into nanyana ngitjela i-pollster uyayiphikisa; ukuphikiswa kwangempela kuthatha umsebenzi). Impi isakazeka njengoba amanye ama-memes asakazeka, ngokwemvelo. Ukuqeda impi kungenza okufanayo.

Umcwaningi waseSartrean ufika ngesiphetho esifanayo (hhayi ukuthi impi kufanele iqedwe kodwa ukuthi ingaba) ngaphandle kocwaningo lukaFry noma uHorgan. Ngicabanga ukuthi ucwaningo luwusizo kulabo abaludinga. Kodwa kukhona ubuthakathaka. Uma nje sithembele ocwaningweni olunjalo, kufanele sihlale sikhathazekile ngokuthi olunye ulwazi olusha lwesayensi noma lwe-anthropological lungase luze ukufakazela ukuthi empini impi yethu yilezi zakhi zofuzo. Akufanele sifane nomkhuba wokucabanga ukuthi kumelwe silinde iziphathimandla ukuba ziqinisekise ukuthi kukhona okwenziwe esikhathini esidlule ngaphambi kokuba sizame ukukwenza. Ezinye iziphathimandla zingeza futhi ziphikise.

Esikhundleni salokho, kufanele sifinyelele ekuqondeni okucacile ukuthi ngisho noma kungekho mphakatsi owake wakhona ngaphandle kwempi, yethu ingaba yowokuqala. Abantu batshale umzamo omkhulu ekudaleni izimpi. Bangakhetha ukungazi. Ukuguqula lo mbono obala ngokucacile ekucwaningweni kwesayensi ukuthi ngabe abantu abanele baye balahla impi esikhathini esidlule ukuze bayinqabe esikhathini esizayo kokubili kuyasiza futhi kuyingozi ekubambeni. Kubasiza labo abadinga ukubona ukuthi yini abafuna ukuyenza yenziwe ngaphambili. Kulimaza ukuthuthukiswa okuhlanganyelwe kokucabanga okusha.

Izinkolelo ezingalungile mayelana nezimbangela zempi zidala ukulindela okuzigcwalisayo ukuthi impi izohlale ikhona nathi. Ukubikezela ukuthi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuzokwenza ukuthi impi yezwe ingabikho ukugqugquzela abantu ukuba bafune inqubomgomo yombuso womphakathi, kubakhuthaza esikhundleni sabo ukusekela imali yokusetshenziswa kwempi kanye nokubeka imali emasimini kanye nezinto eziphuthumayo. Kuze kube yilapho impi iqaliswa khona akunakugwemeka, kodwa ukulungiselela izimpi kubenza kube lula. (Bheka i-Tropic of Chaos: Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu kanye ne-New Geography of Violence yi-Christian Parenti.)

Ucwaningo luye lwathola ukuthi uma abantu bevezwa emcimbini wokuthi abanakho "inkululeko yokuzikhethela" baziphatha kancane ngokuziphatha. (Bheka isihloko esithi "Ukubaluleka Kokukholelwa Ezenzweni Zokuzikhethela: Ukukhuthaza Ukukholelwa Ukuthi Ukutholwa Kwezenzo Kukhulisa Ukukhohlisa," ngoKathy Kathleen Vohs noJonathan W. Schooler eSikhumbuzweni Sosayensi, Umqulu 19, Inombolo 1.) Ubani ongabeka icala? "Abazange babe nenkululeko yokuzikhethela." Kodwa iqiniso lokuthi konke ukuziphatha ngokomzimba kungenziwa kushintshiwe ukuthi akungashintshi iqiniso lokuthi ngombono wami ngiyohlale ngizikhulula, futhi ukukhetha ukuziphatha kabi kuyohlala kungenasisekelo ngisho noma isazi sefilosofi noma isosayensi uyangihlukumeza ukuthi anginakho ukukhetha. Uma sidukiswa ukuba sikholelwe ukuthi impi ayinakugwemeka, sizocabangela ukuthi asinakubekwa icala ngokuqalisa izimpi. Kodwa sizobe siphutha. Ukukhetha ukuziphatha okubi ngaso sonke isikhathi kufanelwe icala.

Kodwa Kungani Kuyizihloko Zethu?

Uma imbangela yempi kuyamukelwa kwamasiko empi, yiziphi izimbangela zalokho ukwamukelwa? Kunezizathu ezinengqondo ezizwakalayo, ezifana nokungaqondisi kahle nokungazi okukhiqizwa yizikole kanye nezindaba zezindaba kanye nokuzijabulisa, kuhlanganise nokungazi kahle izimpi ezilimazayo nokungazi ngokuphathelene nokungabi nabuthakathi njengenye indlela yokungqubuzana. Kunezimbangela ezingekho ezingenangqondo, ezinjengokunakekelwa kahle kwezinsana nezingane ezincane, ukungavikeleki, ukucwasa ubandlululo, ukucwasa ubuhlanga, ukubekezela, imibono ngobuningi, ukuhaha, ukungahlali komphakathi, ukunganaki, njll. Ngakho-ke, kungaba yingxenye yabaxhasi (hhayi impi edingekayo noma eyanele) yempi ezobhekana nayo. Kungase kube nokuningi okumele kwenziwe ngaphandle kokwenza ingxabano enengqondo ngokumelene nempi. Kodwa lokho akusho ukuthi noma yikuphi okwenzayo ngokwayo kungenakugwemeka, noma ukuthi kuyisizathu esanele sokwenza impi.