IMPI AYIKULETHI UKUPHEPHA FUTHI AYIKUNJOKA

Izigameko zobuphekula zinyukile ngesikhathi futhi kuphendulwa "Impi Yobuphekula." Lokhu akufanele kusethuse. Impi inomlando wokudala impi, hhayi ukuthula. Emphakathini wethu wamanje, impi manje isiyinto evamile, futhi ukulungiselela impi yaphakade akubhekwa njengokwesabeka okusabalele okufanele.

Lapho i-push yomphakathi iqala ukwethula impi entsha, noma lapho sithola ukuthi impi iqhubeke ngokuthula ngaphandle kokushiya kwakho kuMthethosisekelo noma thina bantu, leso simo esisha sempi asibonakali njengoba ehluke kakhulu ekuphileni kwethu okujwayelekile. Akudingekile ukuthi sikhulise ibutho kusukela ekuqaleni. Sinebutho elimile. Eqinisweni, sinebutho elimi emagumbini amaningi omhlaba, iqiniso okungenzeka ukuthi lichaza isidingo sempi entsha. Akudingekile ukuthi siqoqe imali yempi. Sivamise ukulahla ngaphezu kwengxenye yokusetshenziswa kwemali komphakathi ngokubona kwethu kwezempi, futhi noma yiziphi izigidigidi ezengeziwe zizotholakala noma zibolekwe - akukho mibuzo ebuziwe.

Siphinde sibe nezimpi ezingqondweni zethu. Kusemadolobheni ethu, ekuzijabuliseni kwethu, ezindaweni zethu zokusebenza, nakuzo zonke izindawo ezisizungezile. Kunezisekelo yonke indawo, amasosha agqoke umfaniswano, imicimbi yoSuku lweSikhumbuzo, imicimbi yoSuku Lomakadebona, imicimbi yoSuku Lwabashisekeli, izaphulelo zamasosha, ukukhokhelwa kwezimali kwamasosha, ukwamukela amasosha esikhumulweni sezindiza, izikhangiso zokuqasha, amahhovisi okuqasha, izimoto zomjaho ezixhaswe amasosha, amakhonsathi eqembu lamasosha. Impi isemathoyizini ethu, amamuvi ethu, izinhlelo zethu zethelevishini. Futhi kuyingxenye enkulu yomnotho wethu kanye nezikhungo zemfundo ephakeme. Ngafunda indaba yephephandaba ngomkhaya owasuka eVirginia Beach ngenxa yomsindo ongapheli wamajethi ezempi. Bathenga ipulazi emaphandleni bathola ukuthi amasosha azovula isikhumulo sezindiza esisha eduze kwalapho. Uma ubufuna ngempela ukubalekela amasosha e-United States, ungaya kuphi? Vele uzame ukudlula usuku ngaphandle kokuxhumana namasosha. Ngeke kwenziwe. Futhi cishe yonke into engeyona eyezempi ongase uhlangane nayo ngokwayo ihileleke ngokujulile kwezempi.

Njengoba u-Nick Turse ebhale, ngaphandle uma uthenga indawo kanye nokungeyona eyenkampani, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthenga noma ukusebenzisa umkhiqizo wanoma yiluphi uhlobo e-United States ongakhiqizwa usonkontileka we-Pentagon. Eqinisweni, ngibhala lokhu kukhompyutha ye-Apple, futhi u-Apple ungusonkontileka omkhulu wePentagon. Kodwa-ke, i-IBM injalo. Kanjalo nezinkampani eziningi ezingabazali zezitolo eziningi zokudla okungenamsoco nezitolo zokudla nezitendi zekhofi engizibonayo. I-Starbucks ingumphakeli omkhulu wezempi, enesitolo ngisho naseGuantanamo. I-Starbucks ivikela ubukhona bayo e-Torture Island ngokuthi ukungabi khona kuyosho ukuthatha isikhundla sezombusazwe, kanti ukuba khona kumane kuwukuziphatha okujwayelekile kwaseMelika. Ngempela. Akuwona kuphela amahhovisi abakhiqizi bezikhali zendabuko manje atholakala eduze kwabathengisi bezimoto kanye namajoyinti ama-burger ezitolo ezinkulu ezithengisa izimoto zaseMelika, kodwa abathengisi bezimoto kanye namajoyinti ama-burger aphethwe yizinkampani eziqhutshwa ukusetshenziswa kwemali kwePentagon, njengoba kunjalo nemithombo yezindaba engasho lutho. ngawe ngalokhu.

Izimali zamasosha kanye nokuxoxisana ngamamuvi aseHollywood, zithumela ama-Hummers anesobho elinamamodeli ahehayo emibukisweni yezohwebo, zilenga amabhonasi okusayina ama-$150,000 nxazonke, futhi zihlela ukuhlonishwa ngaphambi nangesikhathi semicimbi emikhulu yezemidlalo. Izinkampani zezikhali, okuwukuphela kwekhasimende elingase libe khona kuleli zwe okuwuhulumeni ongasilaleli thina bantu, ezikhangisa kakhulu njengezinkampani zomshwalense kabhiya noma wezimoto. Ngalokhu kungena kuwo wonke amagumbi ezwe lethu, impi yenziwa ibonakale ijwayelekile, iphilile, iphephile, futhi izinzile. Sicabanga ukuthi impi iyasivikela, ukuthi ingaqhubeka unomphela ngaphandle kokwenza iplanethi indawo yokuhlala engathandeki, nokuthi ingumnikezeli onomusa wemisebenzi nezinzuzo zezomnotho. Sicabanga ukuthi impi, nombuso, kuyadingeka ukuze kulondolozwe indlela yethu yokuphila ewubukhazikhazi, noma ngisho nendlela yethu yokuphila edonsa kanzima. Akunjalo neze: impi isibiza ngazo zonke izindlela, futhi imbuyiselo ayinikezi lutho oluzuzisayo. Ngeke iqhubeke unomphela ngaphandle kwenhlekelele yenuzi, ukuwa kwemvelo, noma ukuwohloka komnotho.

Isigaba: I-NUCLEAR CATASTROPHE

U-Tad Daley uphikisa ku-Apocalypse Never: Forging the Path to the Nuclear Weapon-Free World esingakhetha ukunciphisa nokuqeda izikhali zenuzi noma ukuqothula yonke into ephilayo emhlabeni. Ayikho indlela yesithathu. Nasi isizathu.

Uma nje izikhali zenuzi zisekhona, cishe zizokwanda. Futhi inqobo nje uma zanda izinga lokwanda kungenzeka likhule. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inqobo nje uma ezinye izifundazwe zinezikhali zenuzi, ezinye zizozifuna. Isibalo sezifunda zenuzi senyuke sisuka kweziyisithupha siya kweziyisishiyagalolunye kusukela ekupheleni kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Lelo nani lingase likhuphuke, ngoba manje sekunezindawo okungenani eziyisishiyagalolunye izwe elingeyona i-nuclear elingaya kuzo ukuze uthole ubuchwepheshe nezinto zokwakha, futhi izifunda eziningi manje sezinomakhelwane benuzi. Ezinye izifundazwe zizokhetha ukuthuthukisa amandla enuzi, naphezu kwezithiyo eziningi, ngoba kuzozisondeza ekuthuthukiseni izikhali zenuzi uma zinquma ukwenza kanjalo.

Uma nje izikhali zenuzi zisekhona, inhlekelele yenuzi ingase yenzeke ngokushesha noma kamuva, futhi lapho izikhali zanda, inhlekelele izofika ngokushesha. Kube khona inqwaba uma kungenjalo amakhulu okugeja eduze, izehlakalo lapho ingozi, ukudideka, ukungaqondi kahle, kanye/noma i-machismo engenangqondo icishe yabhubhisa umhlaba. Ngo-1980, uZbigniew Brzezinski wayesendleleni eyovusa uMongameli uJimmy Carter ukuze amtshele ukuthi iSoviet Union isiqhumise imicibisholo engu-220 lapho ezwa ukuthi othile ufake umdlalo wempi ohlelweni lwekhompyutha. Ngo-1983 uLieutenant Colonel waseSoviet wabuka ikhompuyutha yakhe imtshela ukuthi i-United States iqhumise imicibisholo. Wangabaza ukuphendula isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuze athole ukuthi kwakuyiphutha. Ngo-1995, uMongameli waseRussia u-Boris Yeltsin wachitha imizuzu eyisishiyagalombili eqinisekisa ukuthi i-United States iqale ukuhlasela kwenyukliya. Emizuzwini emithathu ngaphambi kokuthi abuyele emuva futhi acekele phansi umhlaba, uthole ukuthi ukwethulwa bekungokwesathelayithi yesimo sezulu. Izingozi zihlala zingenzeka kunezenzo ezinobutha. Eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu nesithupha ngaphambi kokuba amaphekula afike aphahlaze izindiza e-World Trade Center, amasosha aseMelika andiza ngengozi indiza yawo angena e-Empire State Building. Ngo-2007, imicibisholo yenuzi ehlomile eyisithupha yase-US yamenyezelwa ngephutha noma ngamabomu ukuthi ilahlekile, yafakwa endizeni lapho yethulwa khona, yase indizela ezweni lonke. Lapho umhlaba ubona ukuphuthelwa okuseduze kakhulu, maningi amathuba okuba sibone ukwethulwa kwangempela kwesikhali senuzi lapho ezinye izizwe zizosabela khona ngendlela efanayo. Futhi zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni zizobe zingasekho.

Lokhu akulona icala lokuthi "Ukube izibhamu bezingekho emthethweni, abephula umthetho kuphela abebezoba nezibhamu." Lapho izizwe eziningi ezinama-nukes, futhi ziba nama-nukes engeziwe, maningi amathuba okuba amaphekula athole umphakeli. Iqiniso lokuthi amazwe anama-nukes okufanele aziphindiselele ngawo alivimbi nakancane kumaphekula afisa ukuwathola futhi awasebenzise. Eqinisweni, umuntu kuphela ozimisele ukuzibulala futhi ehlise umhlaba wonke ngesikhathi esifanayo ongasebenzisa nhlobo izikhali zenuzi.

Inqubomgomo yase-US yokungase kube nesiteleka sokuqala inqubomgomo yokuzibulala, inqubomgomo ekhuthaza ezinye izizwe ukuba zithole ama-nukes ekuzivikeleni; futhi kuwukwephulwa kweSivumelwano Sokungabhebhetheki KweNuclear, njengokwehluleka kwethu ukusebenzela ukuncishiswa kwezikhali kanye nokuqedwa (hhayi nje ukuncishiswa) kwezikhali zenuzi kwamazwe amaningi (hhayi nje ama-bi-lateral).

Akukho ukuhwebelana okufanele kwenziwe ekuqedeni izikhali zenuzi, ngoba azifaki isandla ekuphepheni kwethu. Azikuvimbeli ukuhlasela kwamaphekula ngabalingisi abangewona ohulumeni nganoma iyiphi indlela. Futhi abengezi iota emandleni ethu ezempi ukuze avimbe izizwe ekusihlaseleni, uma kubhekwa ikhono le-United States lokucekela phansi noma yikuphi noma kuphi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ngezikhali ezingezona ezenuzi. Ama-Nukes nawo awanqobi izimpi, njengoba kubonakala eqinisweni lokuthi i-United States, i-Soviet Union, i-United Kingdom, i-France ne-China alahlekelwe izimpi ngokumelene namandla angewona enyukliya ngenkathi ephethe ama-nukes. Futhi, uma kwenzeka kuba nempi yenuzi yomhlaba wonke, ingabe izikhali eziningi ezimbi zingavikela i-United States nganoma iyiphi indlela ku-apocalypse.

Nokho, ukubala kungabukeka kuhluke kakhulu ezizweni ezincane. INorth Korea isithole izikhali zenuzi futhi ngaleyo ndlela yehlise kakhulu i-bellicosity lapho isuka e-United States. I-Iran, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ayikawatholi ama-nukes, futhi ingaphansi kosongo oluqhubekayo. I-Nukes isho ukuvikelwa esizweni esincane. Kodwa isinqumo esibonakala sinengqondo sokuba izwe lenuzi sandisa kuphela amathuba okuketula umbuso, noma impi yombango, noma ukwanda kwempi, noma iphutha lemishini, noma ukufutheka kolaka endaweni ethile emhlabeni okuqeda sonke.

Ukuhlolwa kwezikhali kube yimpumelelo enkulu, kuhlanganise nase-Iraq ngaphambi kokuhlasela kuka-2003. Inkinga, kuleso simo, kwaba ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwakunganakwa. Noma ngabe i-CIA isebenzisa lokho kuhlola njengethuba lokuhlola nokuzama ukugqugquzela ukuketula umbuso, futhi njengoba uhulumeni wase-Iraq eqiniseka ukuthi ukubambisana ngeke kuzuze lutho ngokumelene nesizwe esizimisele ukusiketula, ukuhlola kusasebenza. Ukuhlolwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kwawo wonke amazwe, kuhlanganise nawethu, kungasebenza nakho. Yiqiniso, i-United States isetshenziselwa izindinganiso eziphindwe kabili. Kulungile ukuhlola wonke amanye amazwe, hhayi awethu. Kodwa nathi sesikujwayele ukuphila. U-Daley ubeka ukukhetha esinakho:

“Yebo, ukuhlolwa kwamazwe ngamazwe lapha kuzophazamisa ubukhosi bethu. Kodwa ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu e-athomu lapha nakho kuzophazamisa ubukhosi bethu. Umbuzo nje uwukuthi, yikuphi kulokhu kugxambukela okubili esikuthola kungathandeki kangako.”

Impendulo ayicacile, kodwa kufanele kube.

Uma sifuna ukuphepha ekuqhumeni kwezikhali zenuzi, kufanele silahle izimboni zamandla enuzi kanjalo nemicibisholo yenuzi kanye nemikhumbi-ngwenya. Selokhu uMongameli u-Eisenhower akhuluma “ngama-athomu okuthula” sizwile ngezinzuzo okuthiwa zinhle ngemisebe yenuzi. Akekho kubo oqhudelana nokungalungi. Isizinda samandla enuzi singaqhunyiswa kalula amaphekula ngesenzo esingenza ukundiza indiza ingene esakhiweni kubonakale sengathi kuyinto encane. Amandla enuzi, ngokungafani nelanga noma umoya nanoma yimuphi omunye umthombo, adinga uhlelo lokuphuma, adala izinhloso zamaphekula kanye nemfucumfucu enobuthi ehlala phakade naphakade, ayikwazi ukuthola umshwalense wangasese noma abatshalizimali abazimele abazimisele ngokuzifaka engozini, futhi kumele baxhaswe yi- umgcinimafa womphakathi. I-Iran, i-Israel, ne-United States zonke ziqhumise izikhungo zenuzi e-Iraq. Iyiphi inqubomgomo enengqondo engadala izikhungo ezinezinye izinkinga eziningi nazo eziyizinjongo zokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu? Asiwadingi amandla enuzi.

Singase singakwazi ukuphila emhlabeni onamandla enuzi atholakala noma kuphi kuwo. Inkinga ngokuvumela izizwe ukuba zithole amandla enuzi kodwa hhayi izikhali zenuzi ukuthi eyokuqala ibeka isizwe eduze kwakamuva. Isizwe esizizwa sisongelwa singase sikholelwe ukuthi izikhali zenuzi ziwukuphela kwesivikelo saso, futhi singase sithole amandla enuzi ukuze sibe isinyathelo esiseduze nebhomu. Kodwa isiqhwaga somhlaba wonke sizobona uhlelo lwamandla enuzi njengengozi, ngisho noma lusemthethweni, futhi lusongela kakhulu. Lona umjikelezo osiza ukwanda kwezikhali zenuzi. Futhi siyazi ukuthi lokho kuholela kuphi.

Isibhamu esikhulu sezikhali zenuzi asivikeli ebuphekula, kodwa umbulali oyedwa onebhomu lenuzi angaqala i-Armagedoni. Ngo-May 2010, indoda ethile yazama ukuqhumisa ibhomu e-Times Square, eNew York City. Kwakungelona ibhomu lenuzi, kodwa kucatshangwa ukuthi kwakungenzeka ngoba uyise wale ndoda wayephethe ukuqapha izikhali zenuzi ePakistan. NgoNovemba 2001, u-Osama bin Laden wathi

“Uma i-United States izama ukusihlasela ngezikhali zenuzi noma zamakhemikhali, simemezela ukuthi sizoziphindiselela ngokusebenzisa uhlobo olufanayo lwezikhali. EJapane nakwamanye amazwe lapho i-United States ibulale amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu, i-US ayizibheki izenzo zabo njengobugebengu.”

Uma amaqembu angewona wombuso eqala ukujoyina uhlu lwamabhizinisi aqoqa ama-nukes, ngisho noma wonke umuntu ngaphandle kwase-United States efunga ukuthi ngeke ashaye kuqala, amathuba engozi anda kakhulu. Futhi isiteleka noma ingozi ingaqala kalula ukwanda. Ngo-October 17, 2007, ngemva kokuba uMongameli Vladimir Putin waseRussia enqabe izimangalo zase-US zokuthi i-Iran yakha izikhali zenuzi, uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush waphakamisa ithemba “leMpi Yezwe Yesithathu.” Ngaso sonke isikhathi uma kunesiphepho noma ukuchitheka kukawoyela, kuningi engikutshelile. Lapho kuba nokuqothulwa kwezikhali zenuzi, ngeke kusale muntu ozothi “ngikuxwayisile,” noma akuzwe.

Isigaba: UKUGOQA KWENDAWO

Imvelo njengoba siyazi ngeke isinde impi yenuzi. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi ngeke kusinde "impi" evamile, okuqondwa ukuthi kusho izinhlobo zezimpi esizihola manje. Ukulimala okukhulu sekuvele kwenziwa yizimpi kanye nocwaningo, ukuhlolwa, nokukhiqizwa okwenziwe ukulungiselela izimpi. Okungenani kusukela amaRoma ehlwanyela usawoti emasimini aseCarthage ngesikhathi seMpi YeThathu YesiPhuphu, izimpi ziye zonakalisa umhlaba, kokubili ngenhloso futhi - ngokuphindaphindiwe - njengomphumela ongathandabuzeki.

U-General Philip Sheridan, ebhubhise epulazini eVirginia ngesikhathi seMpi Yombango, wabhubhisa izinkomo ze-bison zaseMelika njengendlela yokuvimbela amaMelika aseMelika ukubhuka. Impi Yezwe I yabona izwe laseYurophu libhujiswa ngamagxolo kanye negesi enobuthi. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, abaseNorway baqala ukuzamazama komhlaba ezigodini zabo, kuyilapho amaDutch egcwele ingxenye yesithathu yepulazi lawo, amaJalimane achitha amahlathi aseCzech, kanti abaseBrithani bashisa amahlathi eJalimane naseFrance.

Izimpi eminyakeni yamuva nje zenze izindawo ezinkulu zingahlali abantu futhi zaveza amashumi ezigidi zababaleki. Impi “imbangi yezifo ezithathelwanayo njengembangela yokugula nokufa emhlabeni wonke,” ngokusho kukaJennifer Leaning weHarvard Medical School. Ukuncika kuhlukanisa umthelela wempi kwezemvelo ezindaweni ezine: “ukukhiqizwa nokuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi, ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu asemoyeni nawasolwandle, ukusatshalaliswa nokuphikelela kwezimayini zomhlaba kanye nomyalo wokungcwatshwa, nokusetshenziswa noma ukugcinwa kwabaphathi bamasosha, ubuthi nodoti.”

Ukuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi okwenziwa yi-United States neSoviet Union kwabandakanya okungenani izivivinyo zasemkhathini ezingama-423 phakathi kuka-1945 no-1957 kanye no-1,400 ukuhlolwa komhlaba phakathi kuka-1957 no-1989. Umonakalo ovela kuleyo radiation awukaziwa ngokugcwele, kepha usabhebhetheka njengamanje ulwazi lwesikhathi esedlule. Ucwaningo olusha ngo-2009 lwaphakamisa ukuthi izivivinyo zenuzi zaseChina phakathi kuka-1964 no-1996 zabulala abantu abaningi ngqo kunokuhlolwa kwenuzi kwanoma yisiphi esinye isizwe. UJun Takada, isazi se-physics saseJapan, ubala ukuthi abantu abangafika ezigidini eziyi-1.48 badalulwe ukuwa futhi abayi-190,000 babo kungenzeka ukuthi babulawa yizifo ezixhumene nemisebe evela kulezo zivivinyo zaseChina. E-United States, ukuhlolwa ngawo-1950 kwaholela ezinkulungwaneni ezingenakubalwa zabantu ababulawa ngumdlavuza eNevada, e-Utah, nase-Arizona, okuyizindawo ezinomoya ophansi kakhulu kusukela ekuhlolweni.

Ngo-1955, isihlabani sebhayisikobho uJohn Wayne, owayegwema ukubamba iqhaza eMpini Yesibili Yomhlaba ngokukhetha ukwenza ama-movie adumisa impi, wanquma ukuthi kufanele adlale uGenghis Khan. UMnqobi waqoshwa e-Utah, futhi umnqobi wanqotshwa. Kubantu abangu-220 abebesebenza kule filimu, ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1980 abayi-91 kubo babengenwe ngumdlavuza kanti abangu-46 babulawa yiwo, kubalwa uJohn Wayne, Susan Hayward, Agnes Moorehead, nomqondisi uDick Powell. Izibalo zikhomba ukuthi abangu-30 kwabangu-220 kungenzeka ukuthi bathole umdlavuza, hhayi abangama-91. Ngo-1953 amasosha ayevivinye amabhomu e-athomu ayi-11 aseduze naseNevada, kwathi ngawo-1980 isigamu sabantu baseSt. George, Utah, lapho ifilimu yadutshulwa khona, base umdlavuza. Ungabalekela impi, kepha awukwazi ukufihla.

Amasosha awazi ukuthi ukukhishwa kwenukliya kuzoba nethonya labo labo, futhi bahlolisise imiphumela, bahlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ekuhlolweni kwabantu. Kwezinye izifundo eziningi phakathi namashumi eminyaka emva kweMpi Yezwe II, ngokuphula umthetho we-Nuremberg we-1947, amasosha kanye ne-CIA baye bafaka izigameko zezilwane, iziboshwa, abampofu, abakhubazekile ngengqondo, kanye nabanye abantu ukuzama ukuhlolwa kwabantu inhloso yokuhlola izikhali zenuzi, amakhemikhali, kanye nezidakamizwa, kanye nezidakamizwa ezifana ne-LSD, i-United States eyayihamba nayo ukuze ibeke emoyeni kanye nokudla kuwo wonke umzana waseFrance e-1951, ngemiphumela eyingozi futhi ebulalayo.

Umbiko olungiselelwe ku-1994 weKomidi leSenate lase-United States le-Veterans Affairs uqala:

"Phakathi neminyaka yokugcina ye-50, amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabasebenzi bezempi baye bahileleka ekuhlolweni kwabantu nokunye ukuvezwa okuhloswe okwenziwa nguMnyango Wezokuvikela (DOD), kaningi ngaphandle kolwazi lwe-servicemember noma imvume. Kwezinye izimo, amasosha ayevuma ukukhonza njengezifundo zabantu azithola ehlanganyela ekuvivinyeni ahluke kakhulu kulabo abachazwe ngesikhathi abazinikele. Isibonelo, izinkulungwane zezilwane zeMpi Yezwe II ezazitholela ukuhlola 'izingubo zasehlobo' ukuze zithole isikhathi esengeziwe sokuphumula, zazitholela emagumbini egesi ahlola imiphumela yegesi lwesardard ne-lewisite. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngezinye izikhathi amasosha ayeyalwe ngokuyala izikhulu ukuba 'zivolontiya' ukuba zihlanganyele ocwaningweni noma zibhekane nemiphumela emibi. Isibonelo, izimbangi eziningana zamaPersian Gulf War ezikhulunywe ngabasebenzi beKomidi zibike ukuthi zatshelwa ukuthi zithathe imithi yokuhlola ngesikhathi se-Operation Desert Shield noma ebhekene nejele. "

Umbiko ogcwele uqukethe izikhalazo eziningi mayelana nokufihlwa kwezempi futhi uphakamisa ukuthi ukutholakala kwawo kungase kuvele kuvele ukuthi kukhona okufihlekile.

Ku-1993, uNobhala WezeMelika wase-United States wadedela amarekhodi e-US ukuhlolwa kwe-plutonium kwabangenayo abahlukunyezwa base-US ngokushesha ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II. I-Newsweek isho ngokuqinisekisayo, ngomhla kaDisemba 27, i-1993:

"Ososayensi abaye baqhuba lezo zivivinyo esikhathini eside esidlule babe nezizathu ezizwakalayo: umzabalazo weSoviet Union, ukwesaba impi yenukliya esiseduze, isidingo esiphuthumayo sokuvula zonke izimfihlo ze-athomu, ngezinjongo zombili ezempi nezokudokotela."

O, kuhle lokho-ke.

Izingosi zokukhiqiza izikhali zenuzi eWashington, eTennessee, Colorado, Georgia, nakwezinye izindawo ziye zonakalisa imvelo ezungezile kanye nabasebenzi babo, abangaphezu kuka-3,000 abanikezwa isinxephezelo ku-2000. Lapho uhambo lwami lwe-2009-2010 lwangithatha emadolobheni angaphezu kwe-50 ezweni lonke, ngamangala ukuthi amaqembu amaningi okuthula edolobheni ngemuva kwedolobha ayegxile ekuvimbeleni umonakalo okwenziwa yizimboni zendawo zezimboni kanye nezisebenzi zabo izinsizakalo ezivela ohulumeni basekhaya, ngisho nangaphezulu kokugxila kwezimpi e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan.

E-Kansas City, izakhamuzi ezisebenzayo zase zilibalekile futhi zafuna ukuvimbela ukuthutha nokukhuliswa kwemboni enkulu yezikhali. Kubonakala sengathi uMengameli uHarry Truman, owakhiphe igama lakhe ngokuphikisa imfucuza ngezikhali, wahlwanyela umshini ekhaya okwakungcolisa izwe namanzi iminyaka engaphezulu kwe-60 ngenkathi kwenziwa izinto zokukhiqiza zokufa okusetshenziswa manje yiTruman kuphela. Ifayili eyimfihlo, kodwa intela ephulwa intela izoqhubeka nokukhiqiza, kodwa ngezinga elikhulu, amaphesenti angu-XNUM wezingxenye zezikhali zenuzi.

Ngajoyina izishoshovu eziningana zendawo endaweni yokumemezela ngaphandle kwamasango efektri, afana nemibhikisho engangingxenye yezindawo eziseNebraska naseTennessee, futhi ukusekelwa kwabantu abaqhubayo kwakuyinkimbinkimbi: ukusabela okuningi okunamandla kunokuba kungalungile. Omunye umuntu owayeka imoto yakhe ekukhanyeni wasitshela ukuthi ugogo wakhe ushonele umdlavuza ngemuva kokushaya amabhomu ku-1960s. UMaurice Copeland, owayeyingxenye yombhikisho wethu, wangitshela ukuthi uzosebenza kule ndawo iminyaka engu-32. Ngesikhathi imoto iphuma emasangweni aqukethe intombazane enomfana nentombazane ehlaba umxhwele, uCopeland wathi izinto ezinobuthi zisezindwangu zendoda nokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi wambamba intombazanyana futhi mhlawumbe wambulala. Angikwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi yini, uma ngabe kukhona, ezingubo zendoda, kodwa uCopeland wathi lezi zenzakalo zabe seziyingxenye yesitshalo seKansas City amashumi eminyaka, kungekho uhulumeni, noma umnikazi wangasese (u-Honeywell), noma i-union union (i-International Association of Machinists) ekwazisa kahle abasebenzi noma umphakathi.

Ngokushintshwa kukaMongameli Bush noMongameli Obama ku-2010, abaphikisana nomsebenzi wokukhulisa izitshalo bathemba ushintsho, kodwa ukuphathwa kuka-Obama kwanikeza lo msebenzi usizo olugcwele. Uhulumeni wedolobha ukhuthaze umzamo njengomthombo wemisebenzi kanye nezimali zentela. Njengoba sizobona esigabeni esilandelayo saleli sahluko, kwakungekho.

Ukukhiqizwa kwezikhali kuncane kakhulu. Amabhomu angekho enuzi eMpini Yezwe II aqothula amadolobha, amapulazi nezinhlelo zokunisela, akhiqiza ababaleki abayizigidi ezingama-50 nabantu abadingisiwe. Ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu e-US eVietnam, eLaos, naseCambodia kukhiqize ababaleki abayizigidi eziyi-17, kwathi ngasekupheleni kuka-2008 kwase kunezigidi ezingama-13.5 zababaleki nabafuna ukukhoseliswa emhlabeni jikelele. Impi yombango ende eSudan yaholela endlaleni lapho ngo-1988. Impi yombango yaseRwanda yaphoqelela abantu ezindaweni ezihlala izilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa, kuhlanganise nama-gorilla. Ukufuduka kwabantu emhlabeni wonke baye ezindaweni ezingakheki kangako kulimaze kakhulu imvelo.

Izimpi zishiya okuningi ngemuva. Phakathi kwe-1944 ne-1970 isosha lase-US lalahla izikhali eziningi zamakhemikhali emanzini ase-Atlantic nasePacific. E-1943 amabhomu aseJalimane ayesebenze umkhumbi wase-US e-Bari, e-Italy, okwakwenza ngasese amakhilogremu ayisishiyagalombili kagesi lwesinaphi. Abaningi basolwandle base-United States bafa ngenxa yobuthi, okwakuthiwa yi-United States ngokungathembeki ukuthi beyisebenzisa "njengesivimbela," naphezu kokuyigcina imfihlo. Umkhumbi kulindeleke ukuthi uqhubeke ususa igesi olwandle amakhulu eminyaka. Phakathi naleso sikhathi i-United States neJapane bashiya imikhumbi ye-1,000 phansi ePacific, kuhlanganise namanqamu aphethiloli. Ku-2001, omunye umkhumbi onjalo, i-USS Mississinewa itholakala njengamafutha avuzayo. Ku-2003 amasosha asuswe ukuthi yikuphi amafutha angawashiya.

Mhlawumbe izikhali ezibulalayo kakhulu ezishiywe ngemuva kwezimpi zingamabhomu omhlaba kanye namabhomu eqoqo. Amashumi ezinkulungwane zazo kulinganiselwa ukuthi alele emhlabeni wonke, engazi ukuthi yiziphi izimemezelo zokuthi ukuthula kuye kwabikwa. Iningi lalabo abahlukunyezwa yizizwe, ingxenye enkulu yabantwana. I-1993 US State State Report ibike ngokuthi izimayini zomhlaba "ukuhlambalaza okunobuthi kakhulu nokusabalalisa okubhekene nesintu." Izimayini zomhlaba zilimaza imvelo ngezindlela ezine, kubhala uJennifer Leaning:

"Ukwesaba kwezimayini kunqabe ukutholakala kwemithombo eningi yemvelo kanye nomhlaba ovulekile; abantu bayaphoqeleka ukuba bathathe izindawo ezihamba phambili ezindaweni zangasese nezibuthakathaka ukuze bagweme amabhomu emigodi; lokhu ukusheshisa ukuhamba kwezinto eziphilayo; kanye nokuqhuma kwamabhomu e-land ukuphazamisa izinqubo ezibalulekile zenhlabathi namanzi. "

Isilinganiso sombuso womhlaba sithintekile akuyona into encane. Izigidi zamahektha eYurophu, eNyakatho ye-Afrika nase-Asia zingaphansi kokuvinjelwa. Ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zezwe eLibiya ifihla imayini yezemayini kanye nemikhawulo yezwe yeMpi Yezwe II engakaziwa. Izizwe eziningi zezwe ziye zavuma ukuvimbela amabhomu omhlaba namabhomu eqoqo. I-United States ayikho.

Kusukela ngo-1965 kuya ku-1971, i-United States yathuthukisa izindlela ezintsha zokucekela phansi impilo yezitshalo nezilwane (kubandakanya neyabantu); ifafaze ama-14% amahlathi aseNingizimu ye-Vietnam ngemithi yokubulala ukhula, yashisa umhlaba wasepulazini, yadubula nemfuyo. Esinye sezibulala-khemikhali ezibulala amakhemikhali ezimbi kakhulu, i-Agent Orange, sisasongela impilo yabantu baseVietnam futhi sibangele ukukhubazeka okuzalwa okuyingxenye yesigidi. Ngesikhathi seGulf War, i-Iraq yakhipha amalitha ayizigidi eziyi-10 kawoyela ePersian Gulf yashisa nemithombo ka-732 yomlilo, yadala umonakalo omkhulu ezilwaneni zasendle futhi yafaka ushevu emanzini aphansi ngokuchitheka kukawoyela. Ezimpini zayo eYugoslavia nase-Iraq, i-United States ishiye i-uranium eseyinciphile. Ucwaningo loMnyango Wezilwane ZaseMelika olwenziwa ngo-1994 ngamagagasi aseGulf War eMississippi lathola amaphesenti angama-67 ezingane zabo ezikhulelwe kusukela impi inezifo ezinzima noma ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa. Izimpi e-Angola zaqeda amaphesenti angama-90 ezilwane zasendle phakathi kuka-1975 no-1991. Impi yombango eSri Lanka yawisa izihlahla eziyizigidi ezinhlanu.

Umsebenzi waseSoviet nase-US we-Afghanistan usuqede noma wabhidliza izinkulungwane zamadolobhana nemithombo yamanzi. I-Taliban idayise ngamatshe ngokungemthetho ePakistan, okuholela ekukhungweni kwemithi ebalulekile. Amabhomu ase-US kanye nababaleki abadinga izinkuni bangeze emonakalweni. Amahlathi ase-Afghanistan aseduze. Eziningi zezinyoni ezifudukayo ezazivame ukudlula e-Afghanistan azikwenzi njalo. Umoya wakhe namanzi baye babuthiwa yiziqhumane nama-rocket propellants.

Kulezi zibonelo zezinhlobo zokulimala kwemvelo ezenziwe yimpi kumele zeneze amaqiniso amabili abalulekile mayelana nokuthi izimpi zethu zilwa kanjani nokuthi kungani. Njengoba sibonile esahlukweni sesithupha, izimpi zivame ukulwa nezinsiza, ikakhulukazi amafutha. Amafutha angafakwa noma ashunwe, njengaseGulf War, kodwa ikakhulukazi asetshenziselwa ukungcola umkhathi womhlaba, asibeka sonke engozini. Amafutha kanye nabathandi bempi bahlobanisa ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha ngenkazimulo kanye nobuqhawe bempi, ngakho amandla angaphinda avuseleleke engabhubhisani nengozi yomhlaba ibhekwa njengendlela yokwesaba nokungahambisani nemimoya yokushisa imishini yethu.

I-interplay yempi ngamafutha ihamba ngaphezu kwalokho, noma kunjalo. Izimpi ngokwazo, noma zilwelwa ngamafutha, zidla kakhulu. Umthengi wezwe ophezulu wamafutha, eqinisweni, uyisosha laseMelika. Hhayi nje kuphela ukuthi silwa nezimpi ezindaweni zomhlaba ezenzeka zicebile ngamafutha; sishisa amafutha amaningi ukulwa nalezo zimpi kunokuba senze noma yimuphi omunye umsebenzi. Umbhali nomdwebi wezithombe uTed Rall uyabhala:

"UMnyango Wezempi wase-United States ungumngcolisi womhlaba ongcono kunawo wonke, ukugcoba, ukulahlwa, nokuchitha ezinye izibulala-zinambuzane, ama-defoliants, ama-solvents, i-petroleum, i-lead, i-mercury, kanye ne-uranium esebenzile kunamakhomikhali ayisihlanu amakhulu aseMelika ahlangene. Ngokusho kukaSteve Kretzmann, umqondisi we-Oil Change International, amaphesenti angu-60 we-carbon dioxide emhlabeni aphuma phakathi kwe-2003 ne-2007 avela e-Iraq ehlala e-Iraq, ngenxa yezinga elikhulu lamafutha negesi okudingeka ligcine amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamabutho aseMelika kanye izonkontileka ezizimele, ingasaphathwa ngama-toxins akhishwe yi-fighter jets, izindiza ze-drone, nemicibisholo kanye nezinye izidakamizwa ezishaya e-Iraq. "

Singcolisa umoya ngenqubo yokufaka ushevu emhlabeni ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezikhali. Amasosha aseMelika asha cishe imiphongolo ka-oyela engama-340,000 usuku ngalunye. Ukube iPentagon bekuyizwe, belizobekwa endaweni yama-38 ekusetshenzisweni kukawoyela. Uma ususe iPentagon ekusetshenzisweni kukawoyela okuphelele yi-United States, i-United States ibizolokhu ibeka isikhundla sokuqala kungekho omunye umuntu oseduze. Kepha ngabe uvikele umkhathi ekushisweni kukawoyela omningi kunamazwe amaningi awudlayo, futhi ngabe usindise iplanethi konke okubi okwenziwa amasosha ethu ukuphemba ngawo. Asikho esinye isikhungo e-United States esisebenzisa cishe uwoyela omningi njengowezempi.

Ngomhla ka-Okthoba 2010, i-Pentagon yamemezela izinhlelo zokuzama ukuhamba kancane ekuqondeni kwamandla avuselelekayo. Ukukhathazeka kwezempi kwakungabonakali ukuqhubeka nokuphila emhlabeni noma izindleko zezimali, kodwa kunalokho ukuthi abantu baqhubeka beqhuma amathangi abo ePakistan nase-Afghanistan ngaphambi kokuba bakwazi ukufinyelela ezindaweni zabo.

Kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi abahlali bezemvelo bangabaluleki izimpi zokuphela? Ingabe bayakholelwa ukuthi impi ikhona, noma ingabe bayesaba ukubhekana nabo? Unyaka ngamunye, i-US Environmental Protection Agency isebenzisa u-$ 622 million ukuzama ukuthola ukuthi singayikhiqiza kanjani amandla ngaphandle kwamafutha, kuyilapho amasosha echitha amakhulu ezinkulungwane ezivutha amafutha empi alwe ukulawula imishini. Amadola ayizigidi ezilondolozwe ukugcina isosha ngalinye kwelinye izwe ngonyaka lingenza imisebenzi ye-20 green energy ku-$ 50,000 ngayinye. Ingabe lokhu kuyinkinga enzima?

Isigaba: I-ECONOMIC IMPLOSION

Ekupheleni kwe-1980s, iSoviet Union yathola ukuthi ibhubhise umnotho wayo ngokusebenzisa imali eningi emasotini. Ngesikhathi sokuvakasha kwe-1987 e-United States noMengameli uMikhail Gorbachev, uValentin Falin, oyinhloko yeMososti Press Agency, eMoscow uthi okuthile okwembule le nkinga yezomnotho ngenkathi kubeka phambili isimo se-post-911 lapho kuzobonakala khona kuzo zonke izikhali ezingabizi kungangena enhliziyweni yombuso olwabanjwe yizigidi zamaRandi ayizigidigidi ngonyaka. Uthe:

"Ngeke siphinde sikopishe i- [i-United States], senze amaplanethi ukuthi ahlangane nezindiza zakho, imicibisholo yokubamba imicibisholo yakho. Sizothatha izindlela ezingekho emthethweni ngezimiso ezintsha zesayensi ezitholakalayo kithi. Ubunikazi bezakhi zofuzo kungaba yisibonelo sokucabanga. Izinto zingenziwa lapho uhlangothi olungaluthola khona ukuvikeleka noma izinyathelo zokuvimbela, nemiphumela eyingozi kakhulu. Uma uhlakulela okuthile endaweni, singathuthukisa into emhlabeni. Lawa akuzona nje amagama. Ngiyazi ukuthi ngithini. "

Kodwa kwakungasekho isikhathi sezomnotho waseSoviet. Futhi into engavamile yukuthi wonke umuntu eWashington, DC, uyaziqonda futhi aziqokomise nakakhulu, ahlaziye noma yiziphi ezinye izici ekuqothulweni kweSoviet Union. Sasibaphoqa ukuba bakhe izikhali eziningi, futhi lokho kwababhubhisa. Lokhu kuwukuqonda okujwayelekile kuhulumeni uqobo manje oqhubekayo ukwakha izikhali eziningi kakhulu, kanti ngesikhathi esifanayo uyasusa eceleni zonke izibonakaliso zezimpendulo ezizayo.

Impi, nokulungiselela impi, yindleko yethu enkulu kakhulu futhi eyonakalisa imali. Kudla umnotho wethu ngaphakathi ngaphakathi. Kodwa njengoba umnotho ongasiwo wezempi wehlela, umnotho osele osekelwe emisebenzini yempi ikhulu kakhulu. Sicabanga ukuthi impi yindawo eyodwa ekhanyayo futhi okudingeka siyigxile ekulungiseni konke okunye.

"Amadolobha Ampi Ajabulele Ama-Big Booms," funda isihloko se-USA Today ngo-Agasti 17, i-2010. "Khokha futhi Uzuze Ukukhula Kwezindawo ZaseDrayivu." Nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwemali yomphakathi kunoma yini enye ngaphandle kokubulala abantu ngokuvamile kuvunyelwe njengobuntu bezenhlalakahle, kulokhu le nkcazelo ayikwazanga ukusetshenziswa ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwemali kwenziwa ngezempi. Ngakho lokhu kwakubonakala sengathi kwakunjengesiliva sesiliva ngaphandle kokuthinta okumpunga:

"Ukukhuphuka ngokushesha kwezinkokhelo kanye nezinzuzo emabuthweni ahlomile kuye kwaphakamisa amadolobha amaningi empi emikhawulweni yemiphakathi ethandekayo kakhulu, i-USA TODAY analysis analysis.

"Idolobha laseMarines 'Camp Lejeune - Jacksonville, NC - liye lafinyelela ku-32nd-engenayo ephezulu kunomuntu ngamunye ku-2009 phakathi kwezindawo zezindawo ze-366 zase-US, ngokusho kwedatha ye-Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). Ku-2000, bekubekwe eceleni kwe-287th.

"Idolobha elikhulu lase-Jacksonville, elinabantu abangu-173,064, linomholo ophezulu kunomuntu ngamunye kunoma yimuphi umphakathi waseNorth Carolina ku-2009. Ku-2000, ithola i-13th yezindawo ze-14 emadolobheni esifundazweni.

"Ukuhlaziywa kwe-USA TODAY kuthola ukuthi i-16 yamasethingi e-20 ekhuphuka kakhulu kunayo yonke indawo yokuthola imali kusukela ku-2000 inezisekelo zempi noma enye esiseduze. . . .

". . . Ukukhokha kanye nezinzuzo ezempi sekukhule ngokushesha kunezo zonke izingxenye zomnotho. Amasosha, olosolwandle nama-Marines bathola isinxephezelo sesilinganiso se- $ 122,263 ngomuntu ku-2009, kusuka ku-$ 58,545 ku-2000. . . .

". . . Ngemuva kokulungiswa kwemali yokukhuphuka kwemali, isinxephezelo sezempi sakhuphuka amaphesenti angu-84 kusuka ku-2000 nge-2009. Ukubuyiswa kwemali kwakha amaphesenti angu-37 kwabasebenzi basezombusazwe kanye nama-9 amaphesenti kwabasebenzi abasebenza ngasese, imibiko ye-BEA. . . . "

Kulungile, ngakho-ke abanye bethu bangathanda ukuthi imali yokukhokhela okuhle kanye nezinzuzo zihamba emabhizinisini athile, okuthula, kodwa okungenani uya endaweni ethile, kwesokudla? Kungcono kunalutho, kunjalo?

Empeleni, kubi nakakhulu. Ukuhluleka ukusebenzisa leyo mali esikhundleni sokusika intela kuzokwenza imisebenzi eminingi kunokuyifaka empini. Ukutshala izimali ezimbonini eziwusizo ezifana nokuhamba okuningi noma imfundo kuzoba negalelo elinamandla futhi lenze imisebenzi eminingi. Kodwa ngisho noma yikuphi, ngisho nokusika izintela, bekungeke kube nomonakalo ongaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwempi.

Yebo, yingozi. Wonke umsebenzi wezempi, wonke umsebenzi wembonini yezikhali, yonke imisebenzi yokuvuselela impi, yonke imisebenzi yokubonisana ne-mercenary noma yokuhlukunyezwa imanga kakhulu njengamaphi impi. Kubonakala kuwumsebenzi, kodwa akuwona umsebenzi. Kungabikho kwemisebenzi engcono nangcono. Imali yomphakathi ishiywe kunento engcono kakhulu ekudalweni kwamathuba kunoma yini nhlobo nakakhulu kakhulu kunezinye izinketho ezikhona.

URobert Pollin noHeidi Garrett-Peltier, we-Political Economy Research Institute, baye baqoqa idatha. Imali ngayinye yezigidigidi zamaRandi emali kahulumeni etshalwa empini idala imisebenzi ye-12,000. Ukutshala imali esikhundleni sokukhipha intela ekusetshenzisweni komuntu siqu kudala imisebenzi engaba ngu-15,000. Kodwa ukuyibeka ekunakekelweni kwezempilo kusinikeza imisebenzi ye-18,000, ukukhishwa kwekhaya ekhaya kanye nengqalasizinda nemisebenzi ye-18,000, emisebenzini yemfundo ye-25,000, nasemisebenzini yokuthutha kwe-27,700. Emfundweni isilinganiso semali kanye nezinzuzo zemisebenzi ye-25,000 eyakhiwe iphezulu kakhulu kunemisebenzi ye-12,000 yempi. Kweminye imikhakha, inkokhelo ejwayelekile kanye nezinzuzo ezidalwe ziphansi kunezempi (okungenani uma nje kuphela izinzuzo zezimali zibhekwa), kodwa umthelela omkhulu emnothweni mkhulu ngenxa yenani elikhulu lemisebenzi. Inketho yokusika intela ayinawo umthelela omkhulu kunetha, kodwa yenza imisebenzi engu-3,000 ngaphezulu ngamadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane.

Kukhona inkolelo evamile yokuthi ukusetshenziswa kweMpi Yezwe II kwaphela ukuCindezeleka okukhulu. Lokho kubonakala kude kakhulu nokucacile, futhi abomnotho abavumelani kuso. Lokho engicabanga ukuthi singakusho ngokuqiniseka, okokuqala, ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwempi kweMpi Yezwe II okungenani akuvimbeli ukululama ekudleni okukhulu, futhi okwesibili, ukuthi amazinga afanayo okuchitha kwezinye izimboni cishe ayephuthukisiwe lokho kululama.

Singaba nemisebenzi engaphezulu futhi babezokhokha ngaphezulu, futhi siyoba nokuhlakanipha nokuthula uma sitshala izimali kunempi. Kodwa ingabe lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwempi kubhubhisa umnotho wethu? Cabanga ngalesi sifundo emlandweni we-post-war. Uma ngabe unomsebenzi ophakeme kakhulu wezemfundo kunokukhokhela umsebenzi wezempi ophansi noma awukho umsebenzi nhlobo, izingane zakho zingaba nemfundo yekhwalithi yamahhala eyenziwa umsebenzi wakho kanye nemisebenzi yabalingani bakho. Uma singazange silahle ngaphezu kwesigamu sezimali zethu zokuqashelwa kukahulumeni empi, singaba nemfundo yekhwalithi yamahhala kusukela ezikoleni zasenkulisa nasekolishi. Singaba nezinsiza eziningana ezishintsha impilo, kuhlanganise nokuthatha umhlalaphansi okhokhelwayo, izikhathi zokuphumula, ukuhamba kwabazali, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kanye nokuthutha. Singaba nokuqinisekisa umsebenzi. Uzobe wenza imali eyengeziwe, ukusebenza amahora ambalwa, nezindleko ezinciphise kakhulu. Ngingaqiniseka kanjani ukuthi lokhu kungenzeka? Ngoba ngiyazi imfihlo evame ukugcinwa kithi yizindaba zaseMelika: kunezinye izizwe kule planethi.

Incwadi ka-Steven Hill ethi Europe's Promise: Kungani iNetherlands Way Ithemba Elihle Kunawo wonke Emlandweni Ongaphephile unomyalezo okufanele siwuthole kakhulu. I-European Union (EU) iyona umnotho omkhulu kunawo wonke futhi onokuncintisana kakhulu emhlabeni, futhi abaningi balabo abahlala kuyo banempilo, banempilo futhi banenjabulo kunabaningi baseMelika. Abantu baseYurophu basebenze amahora ambalwa, banokusho okukhulu ukuthi abaqashi babo baziphathe kanjani, bathole ukuphumula isikhathi eside futhi bekhokhelwa abazali, bangathembela ezimpesheni ezikhokhelwayo ezikhokhelwayo, banokunakekelwa kwezempilo okukhululekile noma okungabizi kahle kakhulu, bajabulele imfundo yamahhala noma engabizi kakhulu kusukela kusenkulisa ngokusebenzisa ekolishi, ukubeka isigamu somonakalo wezemvelo wabantu baseMelika kuphela, ukubekezela ingxenye encane yobundlova obutholakala e-United States, ukubopha ingxenye encane yeziboshwa ezivalelwe lapha, futhi uzuze ekumelelweni kwentando yeningi, ukubandakanyeka, kanye nokukhululeka komphakathi okungacatshangwa kulo izwe lapho sikhoxiswa khona ukuthi izwe liyasizonda ngenxa yezinkululeko zethu ezingavamile. IYurophu inikeza ngisho nomgomo ongaphandle wezwe, ukuletha izizwe ezizakhelene nombuso wentando yeningi ngokubheka ubulungu be-EU, kuyilapho siqhuba ezinye izizwe kude nokubusa okuhle ngezindleko ezinkulu zegazi nomcebo.

Yiqiniso, lokhu kuzoba yizindaba ezinhle, uma kungengenxa yengozi enkulu futhi eyingozi yezintela eziphakeme! Ukusebenza kancane nokuphila isikhathi eside ngokugula okuncane, imvelo ehlanzekile, imfundo engcono, izinjabulo ezengeziwe zemikhakha, ukuphumula okukhokhelwayo kanye nohulumeni abaphendula kangcono emphakathini - ukuthi yonke imisindo iyinto enhle, kodwa iqiniso lihilela ububi obubi kakhulu bezintela eziphakeme! Noma kunjalo?

Njengoba i-Hill iveza, abantu baseYurophu bakhokha izintela eziphezulu, kepha ngokuvamile bakhokha intela ephansi, indawo, impahla, kanye nezentela zokuphepha komphakathi. Baphinde bakhokhe intela ephezulu engenayo ngaphandle kwekhakheji elikhulu. Futhi yiziphi izinyathelo zaseYurophu ezizothola imali engenayo okumele zisebenzise ekunakekelweni kwezempilo noma ekolishi noma ekuqeqesheni umsebenzi noma ezinye izindleko eziningi ezingenakuzikhethela kodwa ukuthi sibonakala sihlose ukugubha ilungelo lethu lokukhokha ngabanye.

Uma sikhokha ngokulingana nabaseYurophu intela, kungani ngaphezu kwalokho kufanele sikhokhele konke esikudingayo ngokwethu? Kungani izintela zethu zingakhokheli izidingo zethu? Isizathu esiyinhloko ukuthi imali enkulu yentela yethu iya empini nasemasosha.

Siphinde siyibophelele kwabacebile kakhulu phakathi kwethu ngokusebenzisa izinkampani zokukhokha intela nezinkampani zokubambisana. Futhi izixazululo zethu ezidinga izidingo zabantu ezifana nokunakekelwa kwezempilo ziyizinga eliphezulu kakhulu. Ngonyaka owenziwe, uhulumeni wethu unikeza cishe u-$ 300 billion ezinkampanini zentela emabhizinisini ngezinzuzo zezempilo zomsebenzi. Kwanele ukukhokha empeleni wonke umuntu kuleli zwe ukuze abe nokunakekelwa kwezempilo, kodwa kungumgqa walokho esikulahla ohlelweni lokunakekelwa kwezempilo olwenzela inzuzo, njengoba nje negama layo lisikisela, likhona ngokuyinhloko ukukhiqiza inzuzo. Iningi lalokho esikuchithayo kulobu buhlanya aluhambanga nohulumeni, iqiniso esiliqhenya kakhulu.

Kodwa futhi siziqhenyayo ngokukhipha imali enkulu yokukhwabanisa ngohulumeni nasenkingeni yezimboni zezempi. Futhi yilona umehluko omkhulu kakhulu phakathi kwethu neYurophu. Kodwa lokhu kubonisa umehluko omkhulu phakathi kohulumeni bethu kunezizwe zethu. AmaMelika, emiphenyweni nasezinhlolokweni, angathanda ukuhambisa imali eningi emasosheni kuya ezidingo zabantu. Inkinga ngokuyinhloko ukuthi imibono yethu ayimelwe uhulumeni wethu, njengoba lokhu kulandelwa kwe-Promise yaseYurophu kusikisela:

"Eminyakeni embalwa eyedlule, umngane wami waseMelika ohlala eSweden wangitshela ukuthi yena nomkakhe waseSweden baseNew York City futhi, ngokungathi ngengozi, baqeda ukuhlanganyela i-limousine esifundeni sezemidlalo ngeSanator yase-US uJohn Breaux waseLouisana nomkakhe. U-Breaux, ohloniphekile, ongekho intela we-Democrat, wabuza umngane wami ngeSweden futhi waphendula ngokuphazamiseka ngokuthi 'zonke lezo zindleko abaseSweden bakhokha,' kulokhu leli phephandaba laseMelika lathi, 'Inkinga yabantu baseMelika kanye nezintela zabo ukuthi asitholi lutho kubo. ' Wabe eseqhubeka etshela uBreaux ngezinga eliphelele lezinsizakalo nezinzuzo ezenziwa abaseSweden ngokubuyisela intela yabo. 'Uma amaMelika ayazi ukuthi yini abaseSweden abazoyithola ngenkokhelo yabo, mhlawumbe singase siphenduke,' etshela inqununu. Ukuphela kokugibela endaweni yesiteyimu kwakungenasimanga. "

Manje, uma ucabanga ukuthi isikweletu asinalutho futhi ungakhathazeki ngezigidigidi zamaRandi, ke ukusika imfundo yezempi nokukhulisa nezinye izinhlelo eziwusizo izihloko ezimbili ezihlukene. Ungase uthonywe kwenye kodwa hhayi enye. Kodwa-ke, impikiswano esetshenziselwa eWashington, DC, ekubhekaneni nokusetshenziswa okukhulu kwezidingo zabantu ngokuvamile igxila ekubhekeni kwemali kanye nesidingo sesabelomali esilinganiselwe. Njengoba unikezwe lokhu okunamandla kwezombusazwe, noma ngabe ucabanga ukuthi isabelomali esilinganiselwe siwusizo ngokwayo, izimpi kanye nezinkinga zasemakhaya azihlukaniswanga. Imali ivela ebhodweni elifanayo, futhi kufanele sikhethe ukuthi siyisebenzise lapha noma lapho.

Ngo-2010, iRethink Afghanistan yakha ithuluzi kuwebhusayithi yeFaceBook elakuvumela ukuthi uphinde usebenzise imali, njengoba ubona kufanelekile, amadola ayizigidigidi (trillion dollars) emalini yentela, ngaleso sikhathi eyayisetshenziswe ezimpini zase-Iraq nase-Afghanistan. Ngichofoze ukufaka izinto ezahlukahlukene “enqoleni” yami bese ngibheka ukuthi ngithole ini. Ngikwazile ukuqasha wonke umuntu osebenza e-Afghanistan unyaka ku- $ 12 billion, ngakha izindlu ezi-3 million ezingabizi e-United States ngama- $ 387 billion, nginikeze ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kwabaseMelika abaphakathi kwesigidi ngama- $ 3.4 billion nangesigidi sabantwana ngo- $ 2.3 billion.

Ngisengaphansi kwemali engu-$ 1 trillion, ngakwazi futhi ukuqasha othisha abayizigidi / abafundisi bezobuciko ngonyaka ngonyaka we $ 58.5 billion, kanye nabafundisi besikole esiyisisekelo esiyinhloko ngonyaka we $ 61.1 billion. Ngiphinde ngibeke izingane eziyinkulungwane ku-Head Start unyaka nge $ 7.3 billion. Ngabe nginikeza abafundi abayizigidi ezingu-10 unyaka owodwa we-university scholarship for $ 79 billion. Ekugcineni, nginqume ukuhlinzeka ngezindawo ezingu-5 zokuhlala ngamandla avuselelwe ama $ 4.8 billion. Ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi ngidlula umkhawulo wami wokuchitha, ngaya enqoleni yokuthenga, kuphela ukuthi ngilulekwe:

"Usenayo i-$ 384.5 billion ukuze ususe." Geez. Sizokwenzani ngalokhu?

Ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane aqinisekisiwe ahamba ngendlela ende uma ungadingeki ukubulala noma ubani. Noma kunjalo amadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane zamadola yayiyizindleko eziqondile zalezi zimpi ezimbili kuze kufike kulelo phuzu. NgoSeptemba 5, 2010, osomnotho uJoseph Stiglitz noLinda Bilmes bashicilela ikholomu eWashington Post, isakhiwo sencwadi yabo yangaphambili yesihloko esifanayo, "I-Cost True ye-Iraq War: $ 3 Trillion ne-Beyond." Abalobi bathi ukulinganiselwa kwabo kwe $ 3 trillion kuphela iMpi e-Iraq, eyaqala ukushicilelwa ku-2008, cishe yayiphansi. Ukubalwa kwabo izindleko eziphelele zaleyo mpi kwakuhlanganisa izindleko zokuxilongwa, ukuphatha nokukhokhela izimbangi ezikhutshaziwe, ezenziwa yi-2010 ngaphezu kwalokho ababekulindele. Futhi lokho kwakuyinto encane kunazo:

"Sekuyiminyaka emibili, sesicacile ukuthi ukulinganisa kwethu akuzange kuthathe okungenzeka ukuthi bekuyizindleko ezikhathazayo kunazo zonke: labo abasesigabeni 'bangase babe nezinyosi,' noma yiziphi izindleko zezezimali ezibiza amathuba. Ngokwesibonelo, abaningi baye bazibuza ngokuzwakalayo ukuthi, lapho engekho khona ukuhlasela kwe-Iraq, sasizohlala sise-Afghanistan. Futhi akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi 'kuthiwani uma' kufanele uzindle. Singase futhi sibuze: Uma kungenjalo empini e-Iraq, ingabe amanani kawoyela ayekhuphuka ngokushesha? Ingabe isikweletu sombuso sasizophakama kakhulu? Ingabe ingcindezi yezomnotho yayizoba nzima kangaka?

"Impendulo yazo yonke emine yale mibuzo mhlawumbe ayikho. Isifundo esiyinhloko sezomnotho yilokho izinsiza - kuhlanganise kokubili imali nokunakekelwa - kuncane. "

Lesi sifundo asizange sifinyelele eKapitol Hill, lapho iCongress ikhetha ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuxhasa izimpi ngenkathi yenza sengathi ayikho into engayikhetha.

NgoJuni 22, i-2010, iNdlu enkulu yamaHhovisi uSteny Hoyer wakhuluma egumbini elikhulu elizimele e-Union Station eWashington, DC futhi wathatha imibuzo. Wayengekho izimpendulo zemibuzo engiyibeke kuye.

Isihloko sikaHoyer sasiwumthwalo wemali, futhi wathi iziphakamiso zakhe - okuyizona zonke izinto ezihlanzekile - kuzodingeka ukuthi zenze "ngokushesha nje lapho umnotho usuphelile ngokuphelele." Angiqiniseki ukuthi lokho kulindeleke.

I-Hoyer, njengokwezifiso, ziqhayisa ngokusika futhi zizama ukusika izinhlelo ezithile zezikhali. Ngakho ngambuza ukuthi ngabe wayengakunaki ukukhuluma ngamaphuzu amabili ahlobene kakhulu. Okokuqala, yena nozakwabo babelokhu bekhulisa isabelomali sempi minyaka yonke. Okwesibili, wayezama ukukhokhela ukukhula kwezempi e-Afghanistan nge-bill "eyengeziwe" eyayibeka izindleko ezincwadini, ngaphandle kwesabelomali.

UHoyer waphendula ukuthi zonke izinto ezinjalo kufanele zibe "etafuleni." Kodwa akazange achaze ukwehluleka kwakhe ukubeka khona noma ukukhombisa ukuthi uzokwenza kanjani kubo. Akukho okunye okushiwo isidumbu se-Washington esidlwenguliwe (sic) esilandelayo.

Abanye abantu ababili babuze imibuzo emihle ngokuthi kungani emhlabeni uHoyer uzofuna ukulandela i-Social Security noma i-Medicare. Omunye umfana wabuza ukuthi kungani asikwazi ukulandela i-Wall Street esikhundleni. U-Hoyer waxoshwa ngokushintsha izinguquko zokulawula, wabe esethi uBush.

I-Hoyer iphindaphindiwe ngokuphindaphindiwe kuMongameli Obama. Eqinisweni, wathi uma ngabe ikhomishana ikhomishana ngokweqile (ikhomishana ehlelwe ukuthi iphakanyiswe ukusikwa kwezokuThuthukiswa koMphakathi, ikhomishana ebizwa ngokuthi "ikhomishana yezinhlanzi" ngalokho okunganciphisa izakhamuzi zakithi ukuba zidle ukudla) nanoma yiziphi izincomo, kanti uma iSenate idlulisela kubo, khona-ke yena kanye nendlu uSomlomo uNancy Pelosi uzobabeka phansi ukuze bavote - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangaba yini.

Eqinisweni, kungekudala emva kwalesi senzakalo, iNdlu yadlulisa umthetho obeka imfuneko yokuvota kunoma yiziphi izinyathelo zokuthunyelwa kwezinkomishi ezidutshulwa yiSenate.

Kamuva uHoyer wasitshela ukuthi umengameli kuphela ongakuyeka ukuchitha. Ngakhuluma futhi ngimbuza: "Uma ungadlulisi, uMongameli uyayibonakalisa kanjani?" Umholi Omkhulu wangibukela emuva njengezinyamazane ezikhanyeni. Akasho lutho.

Isigaba: ENYE INDLELA

Indlela yokuncishiswa kwezikhali, amandla ahlanzekile, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali emnothweni onokuthula ivuleke kakhulu phambi kwethu. Ngawo-1920, uHenry Ford noThomas Edison bahlongoza ukuthi sakhe umnotho osekelwe kuma-carbohydrate esikhundleni sama-hydrocarbon. Lelo thuba silizibe kuze kube manje. Ngo-1952, Ikhomishana Yenqubomgomo Yezinto Zokusebenza kaMongameli uTruman yancoma ukushintshwa kwamandla elanga, ibikezela ukuthi izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zezindlu zizobe zisebenza ngogesi welanga ngo-1975. Lelo thuba belihlezi lapho lisilindile kuze kube manje.

Ngo-1963, uSenator uGeorge McGovern (D., SD) wethula umthethosivivinywa, oxhaswe ngamasenenja angama-31, ukuze kusungulwe Ikhomishana Kazwelonke Yokuguqulwa Kwezomnotho, njengoba kwenza uCongressmen F. Bradford Morse (R., Mass.) kanye noWilliam Fitts Ryan (D. , NY) endlini. Umthethosivivinywa, owakhiwe noSeymour Melman, umbhali wezincwadi ezimbalwa ezikhuluma ngokuguqulwa kusuka emnothweni wezempi ukuya emnothweni wokuthula, ngabe udale ikhomishana yokuqala leyo nqubo. Izwe lingazi, amasosha ethu ngaleso sikhathi ayehlasela ngokuyimfihlo futhi ehlukumeza iNyakatho yeVietnam, futhi ehlela amasu okuthi uKhongolose uphasise isinqumo esingathathwa njengokugunyazwa kwempi. Ngemva kwenyanga uMongameli Kennedy washona. Izigcawu zabanjelwa kulo mthethosivivinywa, kodwa awuzange uphasiswe. Ilele lapho isilinde kuze kube yilolu suku. Izincwadi zikaMelman, nazo, zisatholakala kabanzi futhi zinconywa kakhulu.

UBenito Mussolini uthe "Impi kuphela eletha ukushuba okukhulu kwamandla omuntu futhi ibeka uphawu lokuhlonishwa kulabo abanamandla okubhekana nayo." Khona-ke wachitha izwe lakhe wabulawa futhi walengiswa esigcawini sedolobha. Njengoba sibonile esahlukweni sesihlanu, impi ayiwona kuphela umthombo wobukhulu noma amaqhawe. Impi yenziwe yaba ngcwele, kodwa akudingekile. Ukuthula akufanele kube yisicefe. Umuzwa womphakathi ungadalwa ngamaphrojekthi ngaphandle kokubulawa kwabantu abaningi.

UWilliam James ngo-1906 washicilela i-Moral Equivalent of War, ephakamisa ukuthi sithole izici ezinhle, ezinesibindi, nezijabulisayo zempi kokuthile okungacekeleki phansi. Akekho ophilayo, wabhala, ongakhetha ukuthi iMpi Yombango yase-US ixazululwe ngokuthula. Leyo mpi yase ingcwele. Futhi nokho, akekho ongathanda ukuqala impi entsha. Sasinemiqondo emibili, futhi munye kuphela kubo owayefanele ukulandelwa.

“Impi yanamuhla ibiza kakhulu kangangokuthi sinomuzwa wokuthi ukuhweba kube indlela engcono yokuphanga; kodwa umuntu wanamuhla uzuza ifa lakho konke ukufutheka azalwa nakho nalo lonke uthando lwenkazimulo yokhokho bakhe. Ukukhombisa ukungabi nangqondo kwempi nokwethuka akunamthelela kuye. Izinto ezesabekayo zenza ukuthakazelisa. Impi iyimpilo eqinile; kuwukuphila emajukujukwini; izintela zempi ukuphela kwabantu abangabaze ukuzikhokha, njengoba isabelomali sazo zonke izizwe sisibonisa.”

UJakobe wasikisela ukuthi sidinga umcabango kanye nokuzimisela “okokuqala, ukucabanga ngekusasa lapho impilo yebutho, nezinto eziningi ezihehayo, iyoba yinto engenakwenzeka phakade, futhi lapho iziphetho zabantu zingeke zisanqunywa ngokushesha, ngokujabulisayo, futhi. ngokudabukisayo ngamandla, kodwa kancane kancane nangokucasulayo 'ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo,'“ futhi ngaphezu kwalokho “ukubona inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini ephakeme kakhulu yokukhandleka komuntu ivaliwe, kanye nekhono elihle lezempi lamadoda ahloselwe ukuhlala esesimweni sokungabambeki futhi angalokothi azibonise isenzo.” Asikwazanga ukumelana nezifiso ezinjalo, weluleka uJakobe,

“. . . ngokuphikisa nje ukubiza kwempi nokwesabeka. Ukwesaba kwenza amadlingozi; futhi lapho umbuzo ungowokukhipha okwedlulele nokuphakeme kunawo wonke emvelweni yomuntu, ukukhuluma ngezindleko kuzwakala kuyichilo. Ubuthakathaka bokugxekwa okungalungile buyabonakala - i-pacifism ayenzi abaguquki abavela eqenjini lezempi. Iqembu lezempi alikuphiki ukulala nesilwane noma ukwesaba, noma izindleko; limane lithi lezi zinto azisho ingxenye yendaba. Limane lithi impi ibafanele; ukuthi, uma sibheka isimo somuntu sisonke, izimpi zaso ziyisivikelo saso esingcono kunazo zonke kubantu ababuthakathaka nobugwala ngokwengeziwe, nokuthi isintu asinakukwazi ukwamukela umnotho wokuthula.”

UJames wayekholelwa ukuthi singakwazi futhi kufanele sibe nomnotho wokuthula kodwa sasingeke sikwazi ukwenza kanjalo ngaphandle kokulondoloza “ezinye izici zakudala zokuqondisa amasosha.” Asikwazanga ukwakha “umnotho wenjabulo” olula. Kuzodingeka “senze amandla amasha nobunzima buqhubeke nobudoda ingqondo yezempi ebambelele kubo ngokwethembeka. Amandla okulwa kufanele kube usimende ohlala njalo; ubudlwembe, ukudelela ukuthamba, ukuzinikela ezithakazelweni zangasese . . . .”

UJakobe uphakamise ukuthi izinsizwa zibuthelwe ebuthweni emhlabeni wonke - futhi namuhla sizofaka izintombi - hhayi ngenxa yempi, kodwa ibhizinisi elinokuthula, ukuze kwakhiwe umhlaba ongcono ukuze kuzuze wonke umuntu. UJakobe wabala imisebenzi efana ‘nezimayini zamalahle nezensimbi,’ “izitimela,” “imikhumbi yokudoba,” “ukugeza izitsha, ukuwashwa kwezingubo, nokuwashwa kwamafasitela,” “ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo nokwenza imihubhe,” “izisekelo nemigodi yezitoko,” kanye "amafreyimu e-skyscrapers." Wahlongoza “impi emelene nemvelo.”

Namuhla sizophakamisa ukwakhiwa kwezitimela nama-windmill, ama-solar arrays namaphrojekthi ukuze kusetshenziswe amandla amagagasi nokushisa komhlaba, ukubuyiselwa kwezolimo kanye nezomnotho wendawo, "impi" uma uphikelela ngokumelene nokuhaha nokubhujiswa kwenkampani, umsizi wobuntu. "impi" uma uthanda egameni lemvelo.

UJakobe wacabanga ukuthi abantu abasha ababuya enkonzweni enokuthula “babeyonyathela umhlaba ngokuzidla” futhi benze abazali nabafundisi abangcono besizukulwane esilandelayo. Nami ngicabanga kanjalo.