NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, May 18, 2022
Ngivame ukushicilela isibuyekezo sencwadi yakamuva futhi ngifake a uhlu zezincwadi zakamuva ezikhuthaza ukuqedwa kwempi. Nginamathisele incwadi eyodwa kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1990 kulolo hlu, okungeyona yonke ikhulu lama-21. Isizathu sokuthi ngingafaki izincwadi zeminyaka yawo-1920s kanye nama-1930s wubukhulu bomsebenzi obungaba ngawo.
Enye yezincwadi ezazizoba kulolo hlu ingeyawo-1935 Kungani Izimpi Kumelwe Ziphele nguCarrie Chapman Catt, uNkk. Franklin D. Roosevelt (Ngicabanga ukuthi ukubeka kucace ukuthi wayeshade noMongameli kunesisindo esidlula ukusho igama lakhe), uJane Addams, kanye nezinye izishoshovu besifazane eziyisikhombisa ezihamba phambili ngezizathu ezihlukahlukene.
Ngokungazi kumfundi ongenacala, uCatt wayekhulume ngokukhululekile ngokuthula ngaphambi kweWWI wabe esesekela iWWI, kanti u-Eleanor Roosevelt wayengenzanga okuncane ukuphikisa iWWI. Akekho noyedwa kubabhali be-10, ngaphandle kwalokho okungenzeka ukuthi uFlorence Allen, naphezu kokugqugquzela izinyathelo kule ncwadi ukuvimbela iWWII, naphezu kokuyibikezela nokuphikisana nayo ngokunemba okukhulu nokuphuthuma ngo-1935, ozoyiphikisa lapho ifika. Omunye wabo, u-Emily Newell Blair, uzohamba ayosebenza ngenkulumo-ze yoMnyango Wezempi phakathi neMpi Yezwe II ngemuva kokubeka icala elinamandla kule ncwadi ngokumelene nenkolelo engamanga yokuthi noma iyiphi impi ingaba ukuzivikela noma ukulunga.
Ngakho, sibathatha kanjani ngokungathi sína ababhali abanjalo? Yile ndlela kanye izintaba zokuhlakanipha ezaphuma ngayo eminyakeni enokuthula kakhulu yesiko lase-US zingcwatshwe. Lesi ngesinye sezizathu okudingeka sifunde ukuzenza shiya iMpi Yezwe II ngemuva. Impendulo enkulu ukuthi lezi zingxabano sizithatha ngokungathi sína, hhayi ngokubeka abantu abazenzile phezu kwesisekelo kodwa ngokufunda izincwadi futhi sizicabangele ngokufaneleka kwazo.
Abagqugquzeli bokuthula bama-1930s bavame ukuthathwa njengabangenangqondo abangenalwazi ngomhlaba wangempela ononya, abantu ababecabanga ukuthi i-Kellogg-Briand Pact izoqeda yonke impi. Nokho laba bantu, ababebeke amahora angapheli ukuze benze i-Kellogg-Briand Pact abakaze bacabange nangesekhondi ukuthi sebeqedile. Baphikisana kule ncwadi ngesidingo sokumisa umjaho wezikhali futhi kuhlakazwe i-War System. Babekholelwa ukuthi ukuqedwa kwezempi kuphela okwakungavimbela izimpi.
Laba futhi abantu okwathi ngaphambi nangemva kweMpi Yezwe II bacindezela ohulumeni base-US nabaseBrithani, ngaphandle kwempumelelo, ukuba bamukele inani elikhulu lababaleki abangamaJuda kunokuba bavumele ukuba babulawe. Isizathu ezinye zalezi zishoshovu ezazabalazela kuso phakathi nempi empeleni saba, eminyakeni ethile ngemva kokuphela kwempi, imbangela yokuthi inkulumo-ze yangemva kwempi yenza sengathi impi yayimayelana nayo.
Laba futhi ngabantu abamasha futhi babonisa iminyaka bephikisana nomncintiswano wezikhali kanye nokwakhiwa kancane kancane ukulwa neJapane, into yonke umfundi omuhle wase-US azokutshela ukuthi ayizange yenzeke, njengoba i-United States empofu engenacala yamangala ngokuhlaselwa okuvela ngaphandle. isibhakabhaka esiluhlaza esicacile. Ngakho-ke, ngithatha imibhalo yezishoshovu zokuthula zama-1930s ngokungathi sína. Benza ukuzuza kwempi kwaba yihlazo nokuthula kwanda. I-WWII yaqeda konke lokho, kodwa yini engazange iphele?
Kule ncwadi sifunda ngokushaqisayo okusha kweWWI: imikhumbi-ngwenya, amathangi, izindiza, noshevu. Sibona ukuqonda ukuthi ukukhuluma ngezimpi ezedlule kanye nale mpi yakamuva njengezibonelo zezinhlobo ezifanayo bekudukisa. Manje sesingabheka izinto ezesabekayo ezintsha ze-WWII kanye namakhulu ezimpi eziye zayilandela: ama-nukes, imicibisholo, ama-drones, nomthelela omkhulu manje kubantu abavamile kanye nemvelo yemvelo, futhi sibuze ukuthi izimpi zomhlaba ezimbili zimbili. izibonelo zento efanayo nhlobo, noma ngabe kufanele kubhekwe esigabeni esifanayo njengempi namuhla, nokuthi umkhuba wokucabanga ngempi ngemibandela yangaphambi kweWWI ukhuthazelela ngenxa yokungazi noma ukukhohliswa ngamabomu.
Laba babhali benza icala ngokumelene nesikhungo sempi ngalokho esikwenzayo ukudala inzondo nenkulumo-ze, ngomthelela wayo ekuziphatheni. Babeka icala lokuthi izimpi zizala izimpi eziningi, okuhlanganisa impi yaseFranco-Prussian ka-1870 ezalela iSivumelwano esiyinhlekelele saseVersailles ngemva kweWWI. Baphinde benze icala lokuthi i-WWI iholele ekuwohlokeni Okukhulu Kwezomnotho - umbono omangazayo kubafundi abaningi base-US, wonke umuntu ozokutshela ukuthi i-WWII yaqeda Ukuwohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho.
Ngokwakhe, u-Eleanor Roosevelt, kule ncwadi, ubeka icala lokuthi impi kufanele iqedwe njengokukholelwa kubathakathi nasekusetshenzisweni kokuphikisana kwase kuphelile. Ungacabanga nje ngesehlukaniso esibi nesisheshayo esingalandela uzakwethu wanoma yimuphi usopolitiki wase-US owenza isitatimende esinjalo namuhla? Ekugcineni, lesi yisizathu sokuqala sokufunda imibhalo yenkathi ehlukile: ukufunda lokho obekuvunyelwe ngokushaqisayo ukukusho.
