Ufuna Ukulwa Nokungasebenzi? Yehlisa Ukuchitha Amasosha

NguNia Harris, uCassandra Stimpson noBen Freeman, Agasti 8, 2019

Kusukela The Nation

A UMarilyn usephinde wadukisa umongameli. Okwamanje, kepha, akusona inkanyezi ye-movie; nguMarillyn Hewson, inhloko kaL Lockheed Martin, usonkontileka ophambili wezokuvikela kanye nomakhiqizi wezikhali omkhulu emhlabeni. Ngenyanga edlule, uDonald Trump noHewson kubukeka sengathi abahlukani. “igcinwe”Imisebenzi esikhungweni sezindiza enophephela emhlane. Bathathe isigaba Ndawonye esikhungweni esixhaswe iL Lockheed eMilwaukee. Umongameli veto izikweletu ezintathu ezazingavimba ukuthengiswa kwezingalo zeLokheed (nezinye izinkampani) eziya eSaudi Arabia. Muva nje, indodakazi kamongameli u-Ivanka ngisho thintekile indawo yokukhiya neHewson.

NgoJulayi 15, i-akhawunti esemthethweni ye-White House ye-Twitter tweeted I-video ye-Lockheed CEO idumisa ubuhle bohlelo lokuvikela imicibisholo yenkampani i-THAAD, ithi "iyabeseka abasebenzi base-25,000 baseMelika." U-Hewson wayengagcini nje ngokuqhakambisa umkhiqizo wenkampani yakhe, kepha wayezenzela - isikhali ngemuva. on the White House utshani. I-Twitter yavele yaqhuma ngokushesha ngolaka phezu kweWhite House ukuthumela isikhangiso senkampani ezimele, nge abanye ukuyibiza ngokuthi “akunangqondo” nokuthi “akukho emthethweni.”

Akukho kulokhu, nokho, ebekuphume kokujwayelekile njengoba abaphathi beTrump beme bengasho lutho ukugcizelela impikiswano yokuthi ukudalwa kwamathuba emisebenzi kufanele kube nokusekelwa ngokwanele kokuxhasa abakhiqizi bezikhali kule ndawo. Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba uDonald Trump afungiswa njengoMongameli, wayevele ekhona egcizelela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezempi kwakungamenzi omkhulu wemisebenzi. Uphindeke kabili kuphela kulokhu kugomela ngesikhathi sobumongameli. Muva nje, obhala kakhulu ukuphikisana kwenhlangano, yena limenyezelwe "oluphuthumayo" lukazwelonke lokuphoqa ngengxenye yokuthengisa izingalo eSaudi Arabia ayekade enayo bathi kungadala imisebenzi engaphezu kwesigidi. Ngenkathi lesi simangalo sikhona kahle debunked, ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yengxoxo yakhe — ukuthi imali eningi egelezela osonkontileka bezokuvikela izokwakha amathuba amaningi emisebenzi emisha — ibhekwa njengeqiniso njengamuntu abaningi embonini yezokuvikela, ikakhulukazi uMarillyn Hewson.

Amaqiniso asho enye indaba.

IZIMALI ZOKUGCINA ZAMAHLATHI ZAMAHLATHI ZAMAHHALA, ZASENZA IMISEBENZI EMERICA

Ukuhlola ukuxabana kukaTrump noHewwson, sibuze umbuzo olula: Lapho osonkontileka bethola imali ethe xaxa yabakhokhi bentela, ingabe bavame ukudala imisebenzi eminingi? Ukuyiphendula, sihlaziye imibiko yosonkontileka abakhulu bezokuvikela abafakwa minyaka yonke ne-US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Phakathi kokunye, lokhu kuveza isibalo sabantu abaqashwe yinkampani ethile kanye nomholo wesikhulu sayo esikhulu. Sibe sesiziqhathanisa lezo zibalo namadola entela kahulumeni inkampani ngayinye ethola, ngokusho ku-Federal Procurement Data System, elinganisa “ama-dollar abophezelekile,” noma imali, inkampani yemiklomelo kahulumeni yinkampani.

Sigxile kosonkontileka abahlanu abaphambili bezokuvikela iPentagon, okuyindawo ebaluleke kakhulu yezempi-yezimboni zeminyaka, iminyaka engu-2012 kuya ku-2018. Njengoba kwenzeka, i-2012 ibingunyaka obalulekile ngoba iBudget Control Act (BCA) yaqala ukusebenza ngaleso sikhathi, isungula izigaxa zokuthi ingakanani imali engasetshenziswa yiCongress futhi inikeze ukusikeka kokusetshenziswa kwemali yokuvikela nge-2021. Lawo ma-cap awazange anamathelwe ngokuphelele. Ekugcineni, eqinisweni, iPentagon izothola okukhulu Okuningi imali ngeminyaka eyi-BCA eyishumi ukwedlula eyokuqala, isikhathi lapho izimpi zaseMelika e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq zazisezingeni eliphakeme.

Ku-2012, bekhathazekile ukuthi lezo zingxenye zokusebenzisa imali yokuzivikela zingangena emgqeni ophansi, osonkontileka abahlanu abaphezulu baqhubekele phambili ekuhlaseleni kwezepolitiki, benza imisebenzi yakusasa isikhali sabo. Ngemuva kokudlula komthetho wokulawulwa kwesabelomali, i-Aerospace Industries Association-iqembu elihola phambili labenzi bezikhali—waxwayiswa ukuthi imisebenzi engaphezu kwesigidi eyodwa ingaba sengozini uma ukusetshenziswa kwePentagon kuncishiswe kakhulu. Ukuze ugcizelele iphuzu, u-Lockheed uthumele i-layoff izaziso kwizisebenzi ze123,000 ngaphambi nje kokuba i-BCA iqale ukusebenza futhi kusasele izinsuku ezimbalwa nje ngaphambi kokhetho lwe-2012. Lawo maqhubu awakaze enzeke empeleni, kepha ukwesaba imisebenzi elahlekile kuzoba ngokoqobo ngempela futhi kuzohlala.

Cabanga ukuthi kufezeke, ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwePentagon empeleni ephakeme ku-2018 kune-2012 kwathi uLokheed wathola i-chunk enkulu yalokho kufakwa kwemali. Ukusuka ku-2012 kuya ku-2018, phakathi kosonkontileka bakahulumeni, leyo nkampani iyoba ngumtholi ophakeme kumadola akhokha intela njalo ngonyaka, lezo zimali zifinyelela kwi-zenith yazo kwi-2017, njengoba iqala ngaphezulu $ 50.6 billion amadola ombuso. Ngokuphikisana, ku-2012, lapho uLokheed esongela abasebenzi bakhe ngobuningi ukuchithwa, ifemu ithole cishe $ 37 billion.

Ngakho-ke u-Lockheed wenzeni ngalawo madola we-XXUMX wentela awengeziwe wama- $ 13? Kungaba nengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi isebenzise okunye kwalolo moya (njengalelo lwangaphambili) ukutshala imali ekukhuleni kwabasebenzi bayo. Kodwa-ke, uma ungafinyelela kuleso siphetho, ubuyobe unephutha elikhulu. Kusuka ku-2012 kuya ku-2018, ukuqashwa ngokuphelele e-Lockheed empeleni kwehle ukusuka 120,000 kuya 105,000, ngokokuhlunga kwale nkampani ne-SEC futhi nenkampani uqobo ibike ukuncipha okuthe xaxa kwemisebenzi ye-16,350 e-United States. Ngamanye amagama, eminyakeni eyisithupha edlule uLokheed wehlise kakhulu abasebenzi baseMelika, njengoba nje eqasha abasebenzi abaningi phesheya futhi ethola amanye amadola abakhokha intela.

Ngakho-ke iyaphi yonke leyo mali eyengeziwe yomkhokhi wentela, uma kungenjalo ukudala amathuba emisebenzi? Okungenani ingxenye yempendulo inzuzo yokuthola usonkontileka kanye nemholo ephezulu ye-CEO ekhuphukayo. Kuleyo minyaka eyisithupha, intengo yesitoko kaLokheed pink kusuka ku- $ 82 ekuqaleni kwe-2012 kuya ku- $ 305 ekugcineni kwe-2018, ukukhuphuka okuphindwe kane. In 2018, inkampani iphinde yabika ukukhuphuka ngamaphesenti ayi-9 ($ 590 million) enzuzweni yayo, okungcono kakhulu embonini. Futhi kuleyo minyaka efanayo, iholo le-CEO yalo lenyuka ngama- $ 1.4 million, futhi ngokusho kwalo SEC ukuhlunga.

Ngamafuphi, kusukela ngo-2012 inani labakhokhi bentela abaya kwaLokheed selikhule ngezigidigidi, inani lesitoko salo selicishe laphindeka kane, kanti umholo we-CEO yawo ukhuphuke ngamaphesenti angama-32, yize wehlise amaphesenti ayi-14 abasebenzi baseMelika. Yize kunjalo uLokheed uyaqhubeka nokusebenzisa ukudala amathuba emisebenzi, kanye nemisebenzi yamanje yabasebenzi bayo, njengezinkokhelo zezombusazwe zokuthola enye imali yabakhokhi bentela. Umongameli uqobo uthenge ubuqili emjahweni wakhe wokufaka imali ethe xaxa ePentagon futhi athuthukise ukuthengiselana ngezikhali emazweni afana neSaudi Arabia, phezu ukuphikisana okucishe kube nobunye kweCongress ehlukaniswe ngenye indlela.

KUFANELEKELWE YONA UMBULEKO, Hhayi UKUTHENGA

Naphezu kokuba leli lizwe kanye wezwe umenzi wezikhali eziphezulu, u-Lockheed akayona into eyehlukile kodwa okwejwayelekile. Ukusuka ku-2012 kuya ku-2018, izinga lokungasebenzi eMelika wehla kusuka kumaphesenti angama-8 acishe abe amaphesenti angu-4, kunemisebenzi emisha engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-13 engezwe emnothweni. Kodwa, kuleyo minyaka efanayo, abathathu kwabayisihlanu osonkontileka abaphezulu abavimbela imisebenzi. Ku-2018, iPentagon izibophezele cishe ku- $ 118 billion imali yenhlangano kuleyo mafemu, kufaka phakathi iLoveheed — cishe ingxenye yayo yonke imali eyisebenzisile kosonkontileka. Lokhu bekucishe kube yi- $ 12 billion ngaphezulu kwalokho ababekutholile 2012. Kodwa-ke, ngokweqile, lezo zinkampani zalahlekelwa yimisebenzi futhi manje ziqasha ingqikithi yabasebenzi abambalwa be-6,900 ukwedlula abakwenza ku2012, ngokusho kwe-SEC yabo ukuhlunga.

Ngaphezu kokunciphiswa eLokheeded, iBoeing yehlise imisebenzi ye-21,400 kwathi uRaytheon wasika abasebenzi be-800 ekungeneni kwayo. I-General Dynamics neNorthrop Grumman kuphela ezingeze imisebenzi-abasebenzi be-13,400 kanye nabasebenzi be-16,900, ngokulandelana-okwenza lelo nani libukeka lingcono. Kodwa-ke, ngisho nalezo "zinzuzo" ngeke zikulungele ukwakhiwa kwamathuba emisebenzi ngomqondo ojwayelekile, ngoba zivele zivela ekutheni inkampani ngayinye ithenge enye inkontileka yePentagon futhi yengeza abasebenzi bayo ekuyikhokheleni kwayo. I-CSRA, etholwe yiGeneral Dynamics ku2018 18,500abasebenzi ngaphambi kokuhlangana, ngenkathi i-Orbital ATK, eyatholwa yiGeneral Dynamics ngonyaka ophelile 13,900abasebenzi. Susa le misebenzi ye-32,400 kwizamba ezihlanganisiwe kanye nokulahleka kwemisebenzi kwizimboni ziba yisimanga.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezo zibalo zokuqashwa zibandakanya bonke abasebenzi benkampani, ngisho nalabo abasebenza ngaphandle kwase-United States. ILokheeded ingukuphela kosonkontileka abahlanu abaphambili bePentagon abanikeza imininingwane ngamaphesenti abasebenzi bayo e-United States, ngakho-ke uma amanye amafemu athumela imisebenzi phesheya kwezilwandle, njengoba uL Lockheed enzile futhi njengoRaytheon ukuhlela ukwenza, okungaphezulu kakhulu kwe-6,900 imisebenzi yesikhathi esigcwele yase-US elahlekile eminyakeni eyisithupha edlule.

Ngakho-ke iyaphi ngempela yonke leyo mali yokwenza umsebenzi? Njengase-Lockheed, okungenani ingxenye yezimpendulo ukuthi imali iya kulayini ongaphansi nakwabaphathi abaphezulu. Ngokusho a umbiko kwa-PricewaterhouseCoopers, inkampani yabeluleki ehlinzeka ngokuhlaziywa minyaka yonke komkhakha wezokuvikela, "umkhakha we-aerospace kanye nowezokuvikela (A&D) uthole imali engenayo kanye nenzuzo ngonyaka ka-2018" "ngenzuzo yokusebenza engu- $ 81 billion, edlula irekhodi langaphambilini elabekwa ngo-2017." Ngokwalo mbiko, osonkontileka bePentagon babehamba phambili kulezi zinzuzo. Isibonelo, ukuthuthukiswa kwenzuzo kaLokheed kwakungu- $ 590 million, kulandelwa eduze yiGeneral Dynamics ngo- $ 562 million. Lapho kuncipha ukuqashwa, amaholo e-CEO kwamanye ala mafemu akhula kuphela. Ngaphezu kokunxeshezelwa kwe-CEO kaLokheed ukweqa kusuka $ 4.2 million ku-2012 kuya $ 5.6 million ku-2018, isinxephezelo se-CEO ye-General Dynamics sikhuphuke kusuka $ 6.9 million ku-2012 kuya ku-topping $ 20.7 million e 2018.

UKUHLELWA INDABA EFANELE KAKHULU

Akusikho okokuqala ukuthi lezi zinkampani zithuthukise ikhono lazo lokwakha amathuba omsebenzi ngenkathi bezisika. NjengoBen Freeman phambilini ibhalwe phansi ye-Project On Government Oversight, wona la mafemu anciphisa cishe amaphesenti ayi-10 wabasebenzi babo eminyakeni eyisithupha ngaphambi kokuba i-BCA iqale ukusebenza, noma amadola abakhokhi bentela abebesiza kuwo minyaka yonke eqa cishe amaphesenti angama-25 asuka ku- $ 91 billion aya ku- $ 113 billion.

Njengoba nje ngaleso sikhathi, osonkontileka nabameli babo — futhi baningi babo, uma nje izingubo ezisebenzisa izikhali zisebenzisa ngaphezulu kwe- $ 100 million ku- ukubamba iqhaza ngonyaka, nikela ngamashumi ezigidi zamaRandi emikhankasweni yamalungu Congress sonke isikhathi sokhetho, bese sinika izigidi cabanga ngamathangi njalo ngonyaka — uzoshesha ukuvikela ukulahleka kwemisebenzi okunjalo. Bazokwazi, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezokuvikela kuholela ekukhuleni kwamathuba wemisebenzi phakathi kwabasebenzisana nabasebenza izimboni ezinkulu zezikhali. Noma kunjalo ucwaningo lukhona kukhonjiswa kaninginingi ukuthi, noma ngabe kunalokhu okuthiwa "umphumela wokuphindaphinda," ukusetshenziswa kwezokuvikela kuveza imisebenzi embalwa kunanoma yini enye uhulumeni afaka imali yethu kuyo. Eqinisweni, kungamaphesenti angama-50 Ngaphansiesebenza ngempumelelo ekwakhiweni kwemisebenzi kunokuthi uma abakhokha intela bevunyelwe nje ukugcina imali yabo bese beyisebenzisa ngendlela abafuna ngayo.

Njengoba izindleko zeMpi yaseBrown University ziye kubika, "$ 1 billion imali esetshenziselwe ezempi idala amathuba emisebenzi cishe ye-11,200, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-26,700 kwezemfundo, i-16,800 emandleni ahlanzekile, kanye ne-17,200 ekunakekelweni kwezempilo." Ukusetshenziswa kwezempi empeleni kube ngumenzi wemisebenzi emibi kakhulu kunanoma iyiphi inhlanganisela yokusebenzisa imali kahulumeni yenhlangano labo bacwaningi abayihlaziya . Ngokufanayo, ngokusho a umbiko nguHeidi Garrett-Peltier weSikhungo Sokucwaninga Umnotho Wezepolitiki eNyuvesi yaseMassachusetts, e-Amherst, ngemali ngayinye eyi- $ 1 yezigidi zezimali ekusetshenzisweni kwezokuvikela, imisebenzi ye-6.9 idalwa ngokuqondile ezimbonini zezokuvikela nakwezokuhlinzeka ngempahla. Ukuchitha inani elifanayo emikhakheni yomoya noma yamandla elanga, uyaphawula, kuholela emisebenzini ye-8.4 noma ye-9.5, ngokulandelana. Ngokuqondene nomkhakha wezemfundo, imali efanayo yakhiqiza imisebenzi ye-19.2 emfundweni yamabanga aphansi nasesekondari kanye nemisebenzi ye-11.2 emfundweni ephakeme. Ngamanye amagama, hhayi kuphela ukuthi izindawo eziluhlaza namandla kanye nezemfundo ezibalulekile ekusaseni lezwe, futhi ziyimishini yangempela yokwakha amathuba emisebenzi. Kodwa-ke, uhulumeni unikeza amadola abakhokhintela ngaphezulu embonini yezokuvikela kunayo yonke eminye imisebenzi kahulumeni kuhlangene.

Akudingeki, noma kunjalo, uphendukele kubagxeki bokusebenzisa imali yokuvikela ukwenza leli cala. Imibiko evela kwinhlangano yezokuhwebelana eyeyayo imboni ikhombisa ukuthi ibisichitha imisebenzi. Ngokusho kwe-Aerospace Industries Association ukuhlaziywa, ixhase cishe imisebenzi emincane eyi-300,000 kwi-2018 kunayo kubika ukusekela eminyakeni emithathu edlule.

Uma usonkontileka ophambili wezokuvikela kuzwelonke kanye nemboni yonke bebelokhu bechitha imisebenzi, bakwazile kanjani ukuqhubekisela phambili nenganekwane inganekwane inganekwane yokuthi bayizinjini zokudala amathuba emisebenzi? Ukucacisa lokhu, engeza ebuthweni labo labasizi bezokuvakasha, umkhondo wabo wokugcina weminikelo yomkhankaso, kanye nalawo amathangi acabanga ukuthatha, umnyango ovamile odlulayo othumela izisebenzi zikahulumeni esethathe umhlalaphansi emhlabeni wabenzi bezikhali nalabo abasebenzela eWashington.

Ngenkathi bekulokhu kukhona ubudlelwano obuhle phakathi kwePentagon nemboni yezokuvikela, imigqa phakathi kosonkontileka nohulumeni iye yafiphalaza kakhulu kakhulu eminyakeni yeTrump. UMark Esper, unobhala wezokuvikela osanda kwenziwa, ngokwesibonelo, wake wasebenza njengoba KaRaytheon indawo ephezulu yokuhlala eWashington. Ibuye ngakolunye uhlangothi, inhloko yamanje ye-Aerospace Industries Association, U-Eric Fanning, wayekade engunobhala Wezempi futhi ebambela unobhala we-Air Force. Eqinisweni, kusukela ku-2008, njengePhrojekthi kuHulumeni Oversight kaMandy Smithberger okutholiwe, "Okungenani izikhulu eziphezulu ze-380 ezikhundleni eziphezulu kanye nezikhulu zamasosha ziye zangena emkhakheni ozimele zaba ngabasizi bezokuvakasha, amalungu ebhodi, abaphathi, noma abeluleki kosonkontileka bezokuvikela."

Noma ngabe kuyini spin, noma ngabe yilowomnyango oguqukayo noma wabasebenza emkhakheni wezokuvikela, okusemqoka akunakubeka kucace: Uma ukudala amathuba emisebenzi kuyisisekelo sakho sokukhetha, osonkontileka bakwaPentagon bangotshalomali olubi. Ngakho-ke noma nini lapho uMarillyn Hewson noma omunye umphathi kwi-wezempi-yezimboni ethi ukusebenzisa imali ethe xaxa kubakhokhi bentela kwezokuvikela izonikeza abantu baseMelika ikhefu lomsebenzi, vele ukhumbule irekhodi labo kuze kube manje: Amarandi athe xaxa abatshalizimali asho ukuthi bambalwa abantu baseMelika abaqashiwe.

Nia Harris UyiNhlangano Yokucwaninga ku Isikhungo senqubomgomo yamazwe omhlaba.

UCassandra Stimpson UyiNhlangano Yokucwaninga ku Isikhungo senqubomgomo yamazwe omhlaba.

Ben Freeman ungumqondisi we-Foreign Influence Transparency Initiative eCentre for International Policy (CIP)