NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Januwari 26, 2023
Ilungiselelwe i- Ingqungquthela Yesihlanu Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yebhalansi Yomhlaba
Ngithathela encwadini esanda kushicilelwa, I-Monroe Doctrine at 200 nokuthi Yini Ongayishintsha Ngayo
Ividiyo lapha.
I-Monroe Doctrine yayiyisenzo futhi iyisisusa sezenzo, ezinye zizinhle, ezinye azinandaba, kodwa inqwaba eningi iyasoleka. I-Monroe Doctrine isalokhu ikhona, kokubili ngokucacile futhi kugqokiswe ngolimi olusha. Izimfundiso ezengeziwe zakhiwe phezu kwezisekelo zayo. Nanka amazwi e-Monroe Doctrine, akhethwe ngokucophelela enkulumweni kaMongameli uJames Monroe yeSimo seNhlangano eminyakeni engama-200 edlule mhla zi-2 kuZibandlela, 1823:
"Umcimbi wahlulelwe ngokufanelekile ukugomela, njengesimiso lapho amalungelo nezithakazelo zase-United States zihilelekile, ukuthi amazwekazi aseMelika, ngesimo esikhululekile nesizimele abesicabangele futhi basigcina, kusukela manje akufanele kucatshangelwe. njengezihloko zokubuyiswa kwamakholoni esikhathini esizayo yinoma yimaphi amandla aseYurophu. . . .
Ngakho-ke, kufanele sikhulume ngokungagwegwesi kanye nasebudlelwaneni obunokuthula obukhona phakathi kwe-United States nalawo mandla ukumemezela ukuthi kufanele sicabangele noma yimuphi umzamo wabo wokwandisa uhlelo lwabo kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yalesi sizinda njengeyingozi ekuthuleni nasekuphepheni kwethu. . Ngamakoloni akhona noma ukuncika kwanoma yimaphi amandla aseYurophu, asizange siphazamise futhi ngeke siphazamise. Kodwa ngoHulumeni abaye bamemezela ukuzimela kwabo futhi bakulondoloza, futhi ukuzimela kwabo esiye savuma, ngokucabangela okukhulu nangezimiso ezilungile, sasingeke sikwazi ukubuka noma yikuphi ukukhulumela ngenjongo yokubacindezela, noma ukulawula nganoma iyiphi enye indlela isiphetho sabo. , nganoma imuphi umbuso waseYurophu nganoma iyiphi enye indlela ngaphandle kokubonisa isimo sengqondo esingenabungane nge-United States.”
Lawa kwakungamagama kamuva abizwa ngokuthi “i-Monroe Doctrine.” Baphakanyiswa enkulumweni eyayisho lukhulu evuna izingxoxo ezinokuthula nohulumeni baseYurophu, kuyilapho begubha njengokungangabazeki ukunqotshwa nokuhlala ngobudlova kulokho inkulumo eyayikubiza ngokuthi amazwe “angenamuntu” aseNyakatho Melika. Asikho kulezi zihloko esasisesisha. Okwakusha kwakuwumqondo wokumelana nokuqhubeka nokuqhutshwa kwamakoloni emazweni aseMelika ngabaseYurophu ngesisekelo somehluko phakathi kokubusa okubi kwezizwe zaseYurophu kanye nokuphatha okuhle kwamazwekazi aseMelika. Le nkulumo, nakuba isebenzisa ngokuphindaphindiwe inkulumo ethi “umhlaba ophucuzekile” ukubhekisela eYurophu nalezo zinto ezidalwe yiYurophu, iphinde iveze umehluko phakathi kohlobo lohulumeni bamazwe aseMelika kanye nohlobo olungafiseki kangako okungenani emazweni athile aseYurophu. Umuntu angathola lapha ukhokho wempi esanda kukhangiswa yentando yeningi emelene nohulumeni wentando yeningi.
I-Doctrine of Discovery - umqondo wokuthi isizwe saseYurophu singathatha noma yimuphi umhlaba ongakafunwa ezinye izizwe zaseYurophu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abantu vele bahlala kuphi - kusukela ekhulwini leshumi nanhlanu kanye nesonto lamaKhatholika. Kodwa yafakwa emthethweni wase-US ngo-1823, unyaka ofanayo nenkulumo ebuhlungu kaMonroe. Yabekwa lapho umngane kaMonroe wesikhathi eside, iJaji Elikhulu LeNkantolo Ephakeme YaseMelika uJohn Marshall. I-United States yayizibheka, mhlawumbe iyodwa ngaphandle kweYurophu, njengamalungelo okutholwa afana namazwe aseYurophu. (Mhlawumbe kwaqondana, ngoDisemba 2022 cishe zonke izizwe eziseMhlabeni zasayina isivumelwano sokubekela eceleni ama-30% omhlaba nolwandle lwezilwane zasendle ngonyaka ka-2030. Okuhlukile: i-United States ne-Vatican.)
Emihlanganweni yeKhabhinethi eyaholela ku-Monroe's State of the Union ngo-1823, kwaba nezingxoxo eziningi zokwengeza iCuba neTexas e-United States. Ngokuvamile kwakukholelwa ukuthi lezi zindawo zizofuna ukujoyina. Lokhu bekuhambisana nomkhuba ojwayelekile walawa malungu ekhabhinethi wokuxoxa ngokwanda, hhayi njengobukoloniyali noma i-imperialism, kodwa njengokuzibusa okumelene nobukoloni. Ngokuphikisa ubukoloni baseYurophu, nangokukholelwa ukuthi noma ubani okhululekile ukukhetha angakhetha ukuba yingxenye ye-United States, la madoda akwazi ukuqonda i-imperialism njengokumelene ne-imperialism.
Enkulumweni ka-Monroe sinokwenza kube semthethweni komqondo wokuthi “ukuvikela” kwe-United States kubandakanya ukuvikela izinto ezikude ne-United States uhulumeni wase-US amemezela “intshisekelo” ebalulekile kuyo. Lo mkhuba uyaqhubeka ngokusobala, ngokujwayelekile, nangenhlonipho kulokhu. usuku. I-“2022 National Defence Strategy of the United States,” ukuthatha isibonelo esisodwa sezinkulungwane, ibhekisela ngokungaguquki ekuvikeleni “izithakazelo” kanye “namagugu” ase-US, achazwa ngokuthi akhona phesheya futhi ahlanganisa amazwe ahlangene, futhi ahlukile e-United States. Izizwe noma "izwe lakubo." Lokhu bekungekusha nge-Monroe Doctrine. Ukube bekunjalo, uMongameli uMonroe ubengeke asho enkulumweni efanayo ukuthi, “amandla ajwayelekile agcinwe oLwandle iMedithera, oLwandle iPacific, kanye nasogwini lwe-Atlantic, futhi anikeze ukuvikeleka okudingekayo kwezentengiselwano zethu kulezo zilwandle. .” UMonroe, owayethengele uMongameli uThomas Jefferson iLouisiana Purchase kuNapoleon, wabe esenweba izimangalo zase-US ngasentshonalanga ePacific futhi emshweni wokuqala weMonroe Doctrine wayephikisana nokubuyiswa kwamakoloni eRussia engxenyeni yaseNyakatho Melika eqhelile emngceleni osentshonalanga. Missouri noma Illinois. Umkhuba wokuphatha noma yini ebekwe ngaphansi kwesihloko esingacacile esithi “izithakazelo” njengethethelela impi waqiniswa yi-Monroe Doctrine futhi kamuva nezimfundiso nemikhuba eyakhiwe phezu kwesisekelo sayo.
Futhi, ngolimi oluzungeze iMfundiso, sinencazelo njengosongo “kuzithakazelo” zase-US zokuthi “amandla ahlangene kufanele andise uhlelo lwawo lwezombangazwe kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yanoma yiliphi izwekazi [laseMelika].” Imibuso ehlangene, i-Holy Alliance, noma i-Grand Alliance, yayiwumfelandawonye wohulumeni bama-monarchism ePrussia, e-Austria, naseRussia, eyayimelela ilungelo laphezulu lamakhosi, futhi imelene nentando yeningi nokungabi nankolo. Ukuthunyelwa kwezikhali eziya e-Ukraine kanye nezijeziso ezimelene neRussia ngo-2022, egameni lokuvikela intando yeningi embusweni wentando yeningi waseRussia, kuyingxenye yesiko elide futhi elinganqamuki elisukela emuva ku-Monroe Doctrine. Ukuthi i-Ukraine ingabi kakhulu yentando yeningi, nokuthi uhulumeni wase-US uhlome ngezikhali, uqeqeshe, futhi uxhase amasosha ohulumeni abaningi abacindezela kakhulu eMhlabeni kuyahambisana nobuzenzisi bangaphambilini benkulumo nesenzo. I-United States eyayiphethe izigqila yosuku lukaMonroe yayingaphansi kwentando yeningi kune-United States yanamuhla. Ohulumeni boMdabu baseMelika abangabalulwa emazwini kaMonroe, kodwa ababengabheka phambili ekubhujisweni ukwanda kwaseNtshonalanga (abanye babo ohulumeni ababebe ugqozi olukhulu ekudalweni kukahulumeni wase-US njengoba babenakho konke eYurophu), babevame kakhulu. ngokwentando yeningi ukwedlula amazwe aseLatin America uMonroe ayethi uyawavikela kodwa uhulumeni wase-US ayevame ukwenza okuphambene nokuvikela.
Lezo zikhali ezithunyelwa e-Ukraine, unswinyo olubhekiswe eRussia, kanye namasosha ase-US azinze kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ngasikhathi sinye, kuwukwephula isiko elisekelwe enkulumweni kaMonroe yokungangeni ezimpini zaseYurophu noma ngabe, njengoba uMonroe esho, iSpain “yayingasoze yanqoba. ” amandla aphikisana nentando yeningi angaleso sikhathi. Lesi siko lokuzihlukanisa, esinethonya eside futhi esiphumelelayo, futhi esingakaqedwa, sahlehliswa kakhulu ukungena kwe-US ezimpini zomhlaba ezimbili zokuqala, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi izisekelo zamasosha ase-US, kanye nokuqonda kukahulumeni wase-US "izithakazelo" zayo, azikaze zihambe. EYurophu. Kodwa ngo-2000, uPatrick Buchanan wagijimela umongameli wase-US endaweni yokweseka isidingo seMonroe Doctrine sokuzihlukanisa nokugwema izimpi zangaphandle.
I-Monroe Doctrine iphinde yathuthukisa umbono, osaphila kakhulu nanamuhla, wokuthi umongameli wase-US, esikhundleni seCongress yase-US, anganquma ukuthi i-United States izoya kuphi impi - hhayi nje impi ethile esheshayo, kodwa noma iyiphi inombolo. ngezimpi ezizayo. I-Monroe Doctrine, eqinisweni, iyisibonelo sokuqala senhloso yonke "yokugunyazwa ukusetshenziswa kwebutho lezempi" ngaphambi kokugunyaza noma yiziphi izimpi, kanye nento ethandwa kakhulu yimithombo yezindaba yase-US namuhla "yokudweba umugqa obomvu. .” Njengoba ukungezwani kukhula phakathi kwe-United States nanoma yiliphi elinye izwe, sekuyiminyaka eminingi ukuthi abezindaba base-US bagcizelele ukuthi umongameli wase-US "udwebe umugqa obomvu" ebophezela i-United States empini, ngokuphula hhayi kuphela izivumelwano ezivinjelwa. ukufudumala, futhi hhayi nje ngombono ovezwe kahle enkulumweni efanayo equkethe i-Monroe Doctrine ukuthi abantu kufanele banqume inkambo kahulumeni, kodwa futhi nokunikezwa koMthethosisekelo kwamandla empi kuCongress. Izibonelo zezimfuno kanye nokuphikelela ekulandeleni "olayini ababomvu" kwabezindaba zase-US kufaka phakathi imibono ethi:
- UMongameli Barack Obama uzokwethula impi enkulu eSyria uma iSyria isebenzisa izikhali zamakhemikhali,
- UMongameli uDonald Trump uzohlasela i-Iran uma ama-proxies ase-Iranian ehlasela izintshisekelo zaseMelika,
- UMengameli uBiden uzohlasela iRussia ngqo ngamasosha ase-US uma iRussia ihlasela ilungu le-NATO.
Elinye isiko elinganakekelwa kahle elaqala nge-Monroe Doctrine kwaba elokusekela intando yeningi yaseLatin America. Leli kwakuyisiko elidumile elafafaza indawo yase-US ngamatshe esikhumbuzo kaSimón Bolívar, indoda eyake yaphathwa e-United States njengeqhawe loguquko ngemodeli kaGeorge Washington naphezu kobandlululo olwalusakazekile kubantu bakwamanye amazwe namaKatolika. Ukuthi leli siko alinakekelwa kahle likubeka kancane. Akuzange kube khona ophikisana nentando yeningi yaseLatin America ukudlula uhulumeni wase-US, nezinkampani zase-US ezihlangene nabanqobi abaziwa ngokuthi ama-filibusterers. Akekho futhi umsekeli omkhulu noma umsekeli wohulumeni abacindezelayo emhlabeni wonke namuhla kunohulumeni wase-US nabathengisi bezikhali base-US. Isici esikhulu ekukhiqizeni lesi simo kube yi-Monroe Doctrine. Nakuba isiko lokweseka ngenhlonipho kanye nokugubha izinyathelo eziya kuhulumeni wentando yeningi eLatin America lingakaze lifeze ngokuphelele eNyakatho Melika, ngokuvamile liye lahilela ukuphikisana ngokuqinile nezenzo zikahulumeni wase-US. ILatin America, eyake yaba ikoloni yiYurophu, yaphinde yabuyiselwa embusweni ohlukile yi-United States.
Ngo-2019, uMongameli uDonald Trump wamemezela i-Monroe Doctrine iyaphila futhi iphilile, ethi "Bekuyinqubomgomo esemthethweni yezwe lethu kusukela uMongameli uMonroe ukuthi siyakwenqaba ukugxambukela kwezizwe zakwamanye amazwe kulo mhlaba." Ngenkathi uTrump engumongameli, onobhala ababili bombuso, unobhala oyedwa walokho okubizwa ngezokuvikela, kanye nomeluleki wezokuphepha kazwelonke oyedwa bakhulume esidlangalaleni besekela i-Monroe Doctrine. Umeluleki Wezokuphepha Kuzwelonke uJohn Bolton uthe i-United States ingangenelela eVenezuela, eCuba naseNicaragua ngoba iseWestern Hemisphere: “Kulolu hlelo lokuphatha, asesabi ukusebenzisa inkulumo ethi Monroe Doctrine.” Kuyamangaza ukuthi i-CNN yayibuze uBolton ngobuzenzisi bokweseka omashiqela emhlabeni wonke bese befuna ukuketula uhulumeni ngoba kuthiwa ungondlovukayiphikiswa. NgoJulayi 14, 2021, iFox News yaphikisana nokuvuselela iMfundiso kaMonroe ukuze “kulethe inkululeko kubantu baseCuba” ngokuketula uhulumeni waseCuba ngaphandle kokuthi iRussia noma iChina ikwazi ukunikeza iCuba noma yiluphi usizo.
Izinkomba zeSpanishi ezindabeni zakamuva ze-"Doctrina Monroe" ziphambene kakhulu, ziphikisana nokubeka kwe-US izivumelwano zohwebo lwezinkampani, imizamo yase-US yokukhipha amazwe athile eNgqungqutheleni Yamazwe aseMelika, kanye nokusekelwa kwe-US kwemizamo yokuketula umbuso, kuyilapho isekela ukwehla okungenzeka e-US. amandla phezu kweLatin America, nokugubha, ngokungafani neMfundiso kaMonroe, “imfundiso bolivariana.”
Ibinzana lesiPutukezi elithi "Doutrina Monroe" lisetshenziswa njalo, ukwahlulela ngezindatshana zezindaba ze-Google. Isihloko esikhulumayo sithi: “‘Doutrina Monroe’, Basta!”
Kodwa icala lokuthi i-Monroe Doctrine ayifile lidlulela ngalé kokusetshenziswa okucacile kwegama layo. Ngo-2020, uMongameli waseBolivia u-Evo Morales wathi i-United States ihlele umzamo wokuvukela umbuso eBolivia ukuze i-oligarch yase-US u-Elon Musk athole i-lithium. UMusk ubhale kuTwitter ngokushesha: “Sizoketula noma ngubani esimfunayo! Lungisana nayo.” Leyo yi-Monroe Doctrine ehunyushelwe olimini lwangaleso sikhathi, njengenqubomgomo ye-New International Bible yase-US, eyabhalwa onkulunkulu bomlando kodwa yahunyushwa ngu-Elon Musk kumfundi wesimanje.
I-US inamasosha nezisekelo emazweni amaningana aseLatin America futhi isakaza imbulunga yonke. Uhulumeni wase-US usaphishekela ukuketula umbuso eLatin America, kodwa futhi umile ngenkathi kukhethwa ohulumeni bangakwesokunxele. Kodwa-ke, kuye kwaphikiswana ngokuthi i-US ayisadingi omongameli emazweni aseLatin America ukufeza "izithakazelo" zayo lapho isiqoqe futhi ihlomile futhi iqeqeshe abantu abakhethekile, inezivumelwano zokuhweba zezinkampani ezifana ne-CAFTA (Isivumelwano Sokuhweba Samahhala SaseMelika) indawo, inikeze izinkampani zase-US amandla angokomthetho okudala imithetho yazo ezindaweni zazo ngaphakathi kwezizwe ezinjengeHonduras, inezikweletu ezinkulu ezikweletwa izikhungo zayo, ihlinzeka ngosizo oludingeka kakhulu ngokukhetha kwayo izintambo ezinamathiselwe, futhi ibe namasosha endaweni enezizathu ezizwakalayo. njengokuhweba ngezidakamizwa isikhathi eside kangangokuthi ngezinye izikhathi zamukelwa njengezingenakugwenywa. Konke lokhu kuyi-Monroe Doctrine, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siyayeka ukusho lawo mazwi amabili noma cha.
Sivame ukufundiswa ukuthi i-Monroe Doctrine ayizange isetshenzwe kwaze kwaba ngamashumi eminyaka ngemva kokuchazwa kwayo, noma ukuthi ayizange isetshenziswe njengelayisensi ye-imperialism kwaze kwaba yilapho ishintshwa noma yahunyushwa kabusha yizizukulwane zakamuva. Lokhu akuwona amanga, kodwa kweqile. Esinye sezizathu zokuthi iqiniswe yisizathu esifanayo esenza sifundiswe ngezinye izikhathi ukuthi impiriyali yase-US ayizange iqale kuze kube yi-1898, futhi isizathu esifanayo sokuthi impi yaseVietnam, futhi kamuva impi yase-Afghanistan, yabizwa ngokuthi " impi ehlala isikhathi eside yase-US.” Isizathu siwukuthi aboMdabu baseMelika abakaphathwa njengabantu bangempela, abanezizwe zangempela, izimpi ezilwa nabo ziyizimpi zangempela. Ingxenye yeNyakatho Melika eyagcina e-United States ithathwa njengezuzwe ngokunwetshwa okungezona ezombuso, noma ngisho njengokungabandakanyi ukwanda nhlobo, nakuba ukunqoba kwangempela kwakubulala kakhulu, futhi nakuba abanye balabo ababengemuva. lokhu kwanda okukhulu kombuso kwakuhloswe ukuthi kufake yonke iCanada, iMexico, iCaribbean, kanye neMelika Ephakathi. Ukunqotshwa okuningi (kodwa hhayi konke) kweNyakatho Melika kwaba ukuqaliswa okumangalisayo kwe-Monroe Doctrine, noma ngabe kwakungavamile ukucatshangwa ukuthi ihlobene nayo nhlobo. Umusho wokuqala weMfundiso ngokwawo wawuphikisana nobukoloniyali baseRussia eNyakatho Melika. Ukunqoba kwe-US (okuningi) kweNyakatho Melika, ngenkathi kwenziwa, kwakuvame ukuthethelelwa njengokuphikisa ubukoloni baseYurophu.
Iningi lesikweletu noma icala lokubhala i-Monroe Doctrine linikezwa uNobhala Wezwe kaMongameli uJames Monroe uJohn Quincy Adams. Kodwa abukho nhlobo ubuciko bomuntu siqu emshwaneni. Umbuzo wokuthi iyiphi inqubomgomo okufanele ikhulume waphikiswana ngayo ngu-Adams, uMonroe, nabanye, ngesinqumo esiphezulu, kanye nokukhethwa kuka-Adams ukuba abe unobhala wezwe, okuwela kuMonroe. Yena kanye “nobaba abasungulayo” akanye nabo babedale ubumongameli obubodwa ngokunembile ukuze bakwazi ukubeka umthwalo wemfanelo kothile.
UJames Monroe wayengumongameli wesihlanu wase-US, futhi engumongameli wokugcina ongumsunguli, elandela indlela kaThomas Jefferson kanye noJames Madison, abangani bakhe nomakhelwane endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi iCentral Virginia, futhi elandela okuwukuphela komuntu owangenela ukhetho ngaphandle kokuphikiswa. okwesibili, umlingani waseVirginia ovela engxenyeni yaseVirginia lapho uMonroe akhulela khona, uGeorge Washington. UMonroe naye uvame ukuwela kulawo mathunzi abanye. Lapha eCharlottesville, eVirginia, lapho ngihlala khona, nalapho kwakuhlala khona uMonroe noJefferson, isithombe sikaMonroe, esake satholakala maphakathi nenkundla yeNyuvesi yaseVirginia, sathathelwa indawo isifanekiso sembongi engumGreki uHomer. Indawo enkulu eheha izivakashi lapha yindlu kaJefferson, nendlu kaMonroe ithola ingxenye encane yokunakwa. Emculweni odumile we-Broadway othi “Hamilton,” u-James Monroe akaguqulwanga waba umphikisi wase-Afrika-waseMelika wobugqila kanye nomthandi wenkululeko namashuni wokubonisa ngoba akafakwanga nhlobo.
Kodwa uMonroe ungumuntu obalulekile ekudalweni kwe-United States njengoba siyazi namuhla, noma okungenani kufanele abe. UMonroe wayekholelwa kakhulu ezimpini nasezimpini, futhi mhlawumbe wayengummeli omkhulu kunabo bonke ekuqaleni kwamashumi eminyaka e-United States ekusetshenzisweni kwezempi kwezempi kanye nokusungulwa kwebutho elikude elimile - into eyayiphikiswa abeluleki bakaMonroe uJefferson noMadison. Ngeke kube lula ukubiza uMonroe ubaba ongumsunguli wesakhiwo sezimboni zamasosha (ukusebenzisa ibinzana elithi Eisenhower alihlele phansi lisuka "kwinkimbinkimbi yezimboni zezempi" noma, njengoba izishoshovu zokuthula seziqalile ukukuhlanganisa kulandela ukuhluka - eyodwa phakathi kwabaningi - isetshenziswe umngane wami u-Ray McGovern, i-Military-Industrial-Congressional-Intelligence-Media-Academia-Think Tank complex, noma i-MICIMATT).
Amakhulu amabili eminyaka okwanda kwezempi kanye nezimfihlo kuyisihloko esikhulu. Ngisho nokukhawulela isihloko eNtshonalanga Nenkabazwe, nginikeza encwadini yami yakamuva kuphela amaphuzu avelele, kanye nezindikimba ezithile, ezinye izibonelo, ezinye izinhlu nezinombolo, ukuze ngibonise isithombe esigcwele ngendlela engingakwazi ngayo. Isaga sezenzo zempi, okuhlanganisa ukuketulwa umbuso, nezinsongo zakho, kodwa nezinyathelo zomnotho.
Ngo-1829 uSimón Bolívar wabhala ukuthi i-United States “kubonakala sengathi imiselwe ukuhlupha iMelika osizini egameni lenkululeko.” Noma imuphi umbono owandile we-United States njengomvikeli ongase ube khona eLatin America wawungokwesikhashana. Ngokomlobi wokuphila kwabantu baseBolívar, “Kwakunomuzwa emhlabeni wonke eNingizimu Melika wokuthi leriphabhuliki eyizibulo, okufanele ngabe isize abancane, ngokuphambene, yayizama nje ukukhuthaza ukungezwani futhi ibangele ubunzima ukuze ngenelela ngesikhathi esifanele.”
Okungishayayo uma ngibheka amashumi eminyaka okuqala e-Monroe Doctrine, futhi ngisho nakamuva kakhulu, ukuthi ohulumeni baseLatin America bacela kangaki i-United States ukuthi ihloniphe iMfundiso kaMonroe futhi ingenele, futhi i-United States yenqaba. Lapho uhulumeni wase-US ethatha isinqumo sokuthatha isinyathelo nge-Monroe Doctrine ngaphandle kwaseNyakatho Melika, futhi wawungaphandle kweNtshonalanga Yenkabazwe. Ngo-1842, uNobhala Wezwe uDaniel Webster waxwayisa iBrithani neFrance kude neHawaii. Ngamanye amazwi, i-Monroe Doctrine ayizange isekelwe ngokuvikela izizwe zaseLatin America, kodwa yayizosetshenziswa kaningi ukuyicekela phansi.
I-Monroe Doctrine kwaxoxwa ngayo okokuqala ngaphansi kwalelo gama njengesizathu sempi yase-US e-Mexico eyasusa umngcele wase-US osentshonalanga eningizimu, yagwinya izifunda zanamuhla zaseCalifornia, Nevada, ne-Utah, iningi laseNew Mexico, e-Arizona naseColorado, izingxenye zeTexas, Oklahoma, Kansas, neWyoming. Kwakungekona neze ukuthi kude le eningizimu njengoba abanye babengathanda ukususa umngcele.
Impi eyinhlekelele ePhilippines nayo yavela empini enesizathu seMonroe-Doctrine ngokumelene neSpain (kanye neCuba nePuerto Rico) eCaribbean. Futhi i-imperialism yomhlaba wonke yayiwukwandiswa okushelelayo kwe-Monroe Doctrine.
Kepha kubhekiselwa eLatin America lapho i-Monroe Doctrine ivame ukucashunwa khona namuhla, kanti i-Monroe Doctrine ibilokhu imaphakathi nokuhlasela kwe-US komakhelwane bayo abaseningizimu iminyaka engama-200. Phakathi nalawa makhulu eminyaka, amaqembu kanye nabantu ngabanye, kuhlanganise nezihlakaniphi zaseLatin America, bobabili baye baphikisana nokuthethelela kweMonroe Doctrine of imperialism futhi bafuna ukuphikisa ngokuthi i-Monroe Doctrine kufanele ihunyushwe ngokuthi ikhuthaza ukuzihlukanisa kanye ne-multilateralism. Zombili lezi zindlela ziye zaba nempumelelo elinganiselwe. Ukungenelela kwe-US kuye kwancipha futhi kwageleza kodwa akuzange kume.
Ukuduma kwe-Monroe Doctrine njengendawo eyinkomba enkulumweni yase-US, eyakhuphuka yafinyelela ukuphakama okumangazayo phakathi nekhulu le-19, yafinyelela cishe isimo seSimemezelo Sokuzimela noma Somthethosisekelo, ngokwengxenye kungase kube ngenxa yokungacaci kwayo kanye nokugwema kwayo. yokubophezela uhulumeni wase-US kunoma yini ethile, kuyilapho kuzwakala sengathi uyindoda. Njengoba izinkathi ezihlukahlukene zengeza “okuhambisanayo” nezincazelo zazo, abahlaziyi bangavikela inguqulo yabo abayithandayo kwabanye. Kepha itimu evelele, ngaphambi nangaphezulu nangemuva kukaTheodore Roosevelt, ibilokhu ingumbuso wama-imperialism ohlukile.
Iningi lama-filibustering fiasco eCuba kudala landulela i-Bay of Pigs SNAFU. Kepha uma kukhulunywa ngokuphunyuka kwama-gringos akhukhumele, azikho isampula zezinganekwane ezingaqedwa ngaphandle kwendaba ethize eyingqayizivele kodwa evezayo kaWilliam Walker, umdidiyeli wefilibuster owazenza umongameli waseNicaragua, wathwala eningizimu ukwanda okwakwenziwa abanduleli abanjengoDaniel Boone entshonalanga. . I-Walker ayiwona umlando we-CIA oyimfihlo. I-CIA bekufanele ibe khona. Phakathi neminyaka yawo-1850 u-Walker kungenzeka ukuthi uthole ukunakwa okuningi emaphephandabeni ase-US kunanoma yimuphi umongameli wase-US. Ezinsukwini ezine ezahlukene, i New York Times wanikela lonke ikhasi layo lokuqala emigilweni yakhe. Ukuthi abantu abaningi eMelika Ephakathi bayalazi igama lakhe futhi cishe akekho umuntu e-United States olaziyo ukukhetha okwenziwa izimiso zemfundo ezifanele.
Akekho e-United States onombono wokuthi uWilliam Walker wayengubani akalingani namuntu e-United States owayazi ukuthi kwakukhona ukuketula umbuso e-Ukraine ngo-2014. Futhi akufani neminyaka engu-20 kusukela manje wonke umuntu wehlulekile ukufunda ukuthi iRussiagate yayingumkhonyovu. . Ngingalinganisa ngokuseduze neminyaka engu-20 kusukela manje akekho owaziyo ukuthi kwakukhona impi ye-2003 e-Iraq lapho uGeorge W. Bush akhuluma noma yimaphi amanga ngayo. U-Walker ube yizindaba ezinkulu ezisulwe kamuva.
U-Walker wazitholela umyalo webutho laseNyakatho Melika okuthiwa lisiza elinye lamaqembu amabili alwayo eNicaragua, kodwa empeleni wenza lokho u-Walker akukhetha, okuhlanganisa nokuthumba idolobha laseGranada, ephethe izwe ngempumelelo, futhi ekugcineni ebambe ukhetho oluyinkohliso lwakhe. . U-Walker waqala ukusebenza edlulisela ubunikazi bomhlaba kuma-gringos, esungula ubugqila, nokwenza isiNgisi ulimi olusemthethweni. Amaphephandaba aseningizimu ye-US abhala ngeNicaragua njengezwe lase-US elizayo. Kodwa u-Walker wakwazi ukwenza isitha sikaCornelius Vanderbilt, futhi wahlanganisa i-Central America kunanini ngaphambili, ukweqa ukuhlukana kwezombusazwe kanye nemingcele yezwe, ngokumelene naye. Uhulumeni wase-US kuphela owathi “ukungathathi hlangothi.” Ehluliwe, u-Walker wamukelwa emuva e-United States njengeqhawe elinqobayo. Wazama futhi eHonduras ngo-1860 futhi wagcina ebanjwe amaBrithani, waphendukela eHonduras, futhi wadutshulwa yiqembu labadubuli. Amasosha akhe abuyiselwa e-United States lapho ajoyina kakhulu i-Confederate Army.
UWalker wayeshumayele ivangeli lempi. “Bangabashayeli nje,” esho, “abakhuluma ngokusungula ubuhlobo obuqinile phakathi kohlanga lwaseMelika olumhlophe olumsulwa, njengoba lukhona e-United States, nohlanga oluxubile, lwamaHispano-Indian, njengoba lukhona eMexico naseMelika Ephakathi, ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwamandla.” Umbono ka-Walker wawuthakaselwa futhi wagujwa abezindaba base-US, ingasaphathwa eye-Broadway show.
Abafundi base-US abavamile ukufundiswa ukuthi i-US imperialism eya eNingizimu kuze kube yiminyaka yo-1860 yayimayelana nokwandisa ubugqila, noma ukuthi yayivinjwe kangakanani ubandlululo lwase-US olwalungafuni abantu abangaba “mhlophe,” abangakhulumi isiNgisi abajoyine i-United. Amazwe.
UJosé Martí wabhala ephephandabeni laseBuenos Aires egxeka i-Monroe Doctrine ngokuthi ubuzenzisi futhi esola i-United States ngokusebenzisa “inkululeko . . . ngenhloso yokuphuca ezinye izizwe kuwo.”
Nakuba kubalulekile ukungakholelwa ukuthi impiriyali yase-US yaqala ngo-1898, indlela abantu base-United States ababecabanga ngayo nge-imperialism yase-US yashintsha ngo-1898 neminyaka elandelayo. Manje kwase kunamanzi amaningi phakathi kwezwekazi namakoloni kanye nempahla yalo. Kube nenani elikhulu labantu abangathathwa ngokuthi "abamhlophe" abahlala ngaphansi kwamafulegi ase-US. Futhi ngokusobala sasingasekho isidingo sokuhlonipha yonke inkabazwe ngokuqonda igama elithi “America” ukuze lisetshenziswe ezizweni ezingaphezu kwesisodwa. Kuze kube manje, i-United States of America yayivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-United States noma iNyunyana. Manje kwaba yiMelika. Ngakho-ke, uma ubucabanga ukuthi izwe lakho elincane liseMelika, kungcono uqaphele!
Lapho kuqala ikhulu lama-20, i-United States yalwa izimpi ezimbalwa eNyakatho Melika, kodwa yalwa kakhulu eNingizimu neMelika Ephakathi. Umbono oyinganekwane wokuthi amasosha amakhulu avimbe izimpi, kunokuba azishoshozele, uvame ukubheka emuva kuTheodore Roosevelt ethi iMelika izokhulumela phansi kodwa iphathe induku enkulu - into iPhini likaMongameli uRoosevelt ayicaphuna njengesaga sase-Afrika enkulumweni yakhe ngo-1901. , ezinsukwini ezine ngaphambi kokuba uMongameli uWilliam McKinley abulawe, okwenza uRoosevelt abe umongameli.
Nakuba kungase kube mnandi ukucabanga uRoosevelt evimbela izimpi ngokusongela ngenduku yakhe, iqiniso liwukuthi wasebenzisa amasosha ase-US ngaphezu kokubukisa ePanama ngo-1901, eColombia ngo-1902, eHonduras ngo-1903, eDominican Republic ngo-1903, eSiriya. ngo-1903, e-Abyssinia ngo-1903, ePanama ngo-1903, eDominican Republic ngo-1904, eMorocco ngo-1904, ePanama ngo-1904, eKorea ngo-1904, eCuba ngo-1906, eHonduras ngo-1907, nasePhilippines ngesikhathi sakhe sobumongameli.
Iminyaka yama-1920 kanye neyo-1930 ikhunjulwa emlandweni wase-US njengesikhathi sokuthula, noma njengesikhathi esiyisicefe ukuba singasikhumbula nhlobo. Kodwa uhulumeni wase-US kanye nezinkampani zase-US zazidla i-Central America. I-United Fruit nezinye izinkampani zase-US zazizitholele owazo umhlaba, izitimela zazo, izinsiza zeposi nefoni kanye nezingcingo, kanye nosopolitiki bazo. U-Eduardo Galeano waphawula: “EHonduras, umnyuzi ubiza ngaphezu kwesekela, futhi kulo lonke elaseMelika Ephakathi amanxusa ase-US enza ukwengamela okwengeziwe kunomongameli.” I-United Fruit Company yakha amachweba ayo, amasiko ayo, namaphoyisa ayo. Idola laba yimali yendawo. Lapho kuqubuka isiteleka eColombia, amaphoyisa abulala izisebenzi zikabhanana, njengoba nje izigebengu zikahulumeni zazizokwenza ezinkampanini zase-US eColombia emashumini eminyaka ezayo.
Ngesikhathi uHoover engumongameli, uma kungenjalo ngaphambili, uhulumeni wase-US wayebambe ukuthi abantu baseLatin America baqonda amagama athi "Monroe Doctrine" asho i-Yankee imperialism. UHoover umemezele ukuthi i-Monroe Doctrine ayizange ithethelele ukungenelela kwezempi. Hoover kwase kuthi uFranklin Roosevelt bahoxise amasosha ase-US eMelika Ephakathi baze bahlala eCanal Zone kuphela. I-FDR ithe izoba nenqubomgomo "yomakhelwane omuhle".
Ngawo-1950 i-United States yayingasho ukuthi ingumakhelwane omuhle, njengoba nje nomphathi wenkonzo yokuvikela ngokumelene nobukhomanisi. Ngemuva kokwenza ngempumelelo ukuketulwa umbuso e-Iran ngo-1953, i-US yaphendukela eLatin America. Engqungqutheleni yeshumi yePan-America eCaracas ngo-1954, uNobhala Wezwe uJohn Foster Dulles wasekela iMfundiso kaMonroe futhi waqamba amanga ngokuthi ubukhomanisi baseSoviet babuwusongo eGuatemala. Kwalandela ukuketula umbuso. Kwalandela ukuketula umbuso okwengeziwe.
Imfundiso eyodwa eyathuthukiswa kakhulu ngabaphathi bakaBill Clinton ngeminyaka yawo-1990 kwakuwukuthi "uhwebo lwamahhala" - mahhala kuphela uma ungacabangi ukulimala kwemvelo, amalungelo abasebenzi, noma ukuzimela ezinkampanini ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe. I-United States yayifuna, futhi mhlawumbe isafuna, isivumelwano esikhulu sohwebo samahhala sazo zonke izizwe emazweni aseMelika ngaphandle kwaseCuba futhi mhlawumbe ezinye ezihlonzwe ukuba zingafakwa. Eyakuthola ngo-1994 kwakuyi-NAFTA, Isivumelwano Sokuhweba Ngokukhululekile saseNyakatho Melika, esibophezela i-United States, i-Canada, ne-Mexico kumigomo yaso. Lokhu kuzolandelwa ngo-2004 yi-CAFTA-DR, i-Central America - Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement phakathi kwe-United States, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, neNicaragua, eyayizolandelwa ezinye izivumelwano eziningi. kanye nemizamo yezivumelwano, okuhlanganisa i-TPP, i-Trans-Pacific Partnership yamazwe asemngceleni we-Pacific, okuhlanganisa ne-Latin America; kuze kube manje i-TPP isihlulwe ukungathandwa kwayo phakathi kwe-United States. UGeorge W. Bush wenza isiphakamiso se-Free Trade Area of the Americas eNgqungqutheleni yamazwe aseMelika ngo-2005, futhi wabona ihlulwa yiVenezuela, i-Argentina, neBrazil.
I-NAFTA kanye nezingane zayo ilethe izinzuzo ezinkulu ezinkampanini ezinkulu, okuhlanganisa nezinkampani zase-US ezithuthela ukukhiqizwa eMexico nase-Central America ekuzingeleni amaholo aphansi, amalungelo ambalwa wendawo yokusebenza, kanye nezindinganiso zemvelo ezibuthakathaka. Bakhe ubuhlobo bezentengiselwano, kodwa hhayi ubuhlobo bomphakathi noma bamasiko.
EHonduras namuhla, “izindawo zokuqashwa nokuthuthukiswa komnotho” ezingathandwa kakhulu zigcinwa ingcindezi yase-US kodwa nayizinkampani ezizinze e-US ezimangalela uhulumeni waseHonduran ngaphansi kwe-CAFTA. Umphumela uwuhlobo olusha lwe-filibustering noma i-banana republic, lapho amandla okugcina elele kulabo abenza inzuzo, uhulumeni wase-US ikakhulukazi kodwa ngandlela thize usekela ukuphanga, futhi izisulu ngokuvamile azibonakali futhi azicatshangwanga - noma uma zivela emngceleni wase-US. bayasolwa. Njengabenzi bemfundiso eshaqisayo, izinhlangano ezibusa “izindawo” zaseHonduras, ngaphandle komthetho waseHonduras, ziyakwazi ukubeka imithetho elungele inzuzo yazo - inzuzo eyeqile kangangokuthi zikwazi ukukhokha kalula amathangi azinze e-US ukushicilela izizathu njengentando yeningi. ngalokho okuphambene nentando yeningi.
Umlando ubonakala ubonisa inzuzo ethile e-Latin America ngezikhathi lapho i-United States yaphazanyiswa ngenye indlela, njengeMpi Yombango nezinye izimpi. Lesi yisikhathi njengamanje lapho uhulumeni wase-US okungenani ephazanyiswa yi-Ukraine futhi ezimisele ukuthenga uwoyela waseVenezuela uma ekholelwa ukuthi lokho kunomthelela ekulimazeni iRussia. Futhi umzuzu wokufeza okukhulu nokulangazelela eLatin America.
Ukhetho lwaseLatin America luya ngokuya luphambana nokuthobela amandla ase-US. Kulandela “uguquko lwaseBolivarian” lukaHugo Chavez, uNéstor Carlos Kirchner wakhethwa e-Argentina ngo-2003, kwathi uLuiz Inácio Lula da Silva eBrazil ngo-2003. UMongameli waseBolivia othanda ukuzimela u-Evo Morales wathatha izintambo ngoJanuwari 2006. Umongameli wase-Ecuador othanda ukuzimela uRafael I-Correa yaqala ukubusa ngo-January 2007. I-Correa yamemezela ukuthi uma i-United States ifisa ukugcina isizinda samasosha e-Ecuador, i-Ecuador kuzodingeka ivunyelwe ukuba igcine isizinda sayo eMiami, eFlorida. E-Nicaragua, umholi wama-Sandinista uDaniel Ortega, owaketulwa ngo-1990, usebuyele esikhundleni kusukela ngo-2007 kuze kube namuhla, nakuba kusobala ukuthi imigomo yakhe isishintshile futhi ukusetshenziswa kwakhe kabi kwamandla akuzona zonke izinto eziqanjiwe zabezindaba zase-US. U-Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) wakhethwa eMexico ngo-2018. Ngemva kokuhlehla, okuhlanganisa ukuketula umbuso eBolivia ngo-2019 (ngokusekelwa yi-US ne-UK) kanye nokushushiswa kwamacala angamanga eBrazil, ngo-2022 wabona uhlu "lwe-pink tide." ” ohulumeni abanwetshiwe bahlanganisa iVenezuela, iBolivia, i-Ecuador, iNicaragua, iBrazil, i-Argentina, iMexico, iPeru, iChile, iColombia, neHonduras — kanye neCuba. EColombia, ngo-2022 kwaba nokhetho lwayo lokuqala lukamongameli oncike kwesokunxele. EHonduras, ngo-2021 kwaba nokhetho njengomongameli wenkosikazi yokuqala yangaphambili u-Xiomara Castro de Zelaya owaketulwa umbuso ngo-2009 ngokumelene nomyeni wakhe futhi manje osengumnumzane wokuqala u-Manuel Zelaya.
Yebo, la mazwe agcwele ukungezwani, njengohulumeni nomongameli bawo. Yebo labo hulumeni kanye nomongameli banamaphutha amakhulu, njengoba kunjalo nabo bonke ohulumeni baseMhlabeni ukuthi abezindaba base-US benza ihaba noma baqambe amanga ngamaphutha abo. Noma kunjalo, ukhetho lwase-Latin America (kanye nokumelana nemizamo yokuketula umbuso) luphakamisa ithrendi ebheke e-Latin America eqeda i-Monroe Doctrine, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-United States iyayithanda noma cha.
Ngo-2013 uGallup wenza ukuvota e-Argentina, eMexico, eBrazil nasePeru, futhi esimweni ngasinye wathola i-United States impendulo ephezulu yokuthi “Yiliphi izwe eliwusongo olukhulu lokuthula emhlabeni?” Ngo-2017, u-Pew wenza izinhlolovo eMexico, eChile, e-Argentina, eBrazil, eVenezuela, eColombia, nasePeru, futhi wathola phakathi kuka-56% no-85% ekholelwa ukuthi i-United States iwusongo ezweni labo. Uma i-Monroe Doctrine ingasekho noma inomusa, kungani kungekho noyedwa wabantu abathintwe yiyo abake bezwe ngalokho?
Ngo-2022, eNgqungqutheleni Yamazwe AseMelika eyayisingethwe yi-United States, amazwe angama-23 kuphela kwangu-35 athumela abameleli. I-United States yayizikhiphe ngaphandle amazwe amathathu, kuyilapho amanye amaningana aduba, kuhlanganise neMexico, iBolivia, iHonduras, iGuatemala, i-El Salvador, ne-Antigua neBarbuda.
Yebo, uhulumeni wase-US uhlale ethi akabandakanyi noma ujezisa noma ufuna ukuketula izizwe ngoba zingondlovukayiphikiswa, hhayi ngoba zibukela phansi izimfuno ze-US. Kepha, njengoba ngabhala encwadini yami ka-2020 Omashiqela abangama-20 Okwamanje Abasekelwa I-United States, kohulumeni bezwe be-50 abacindezela kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi, ngokuqonda kukahulumeni wase-US uqobo, i-United States yasekela ngezempi i-48 yabo, ivumela (noma ngisho nokuxhasa ngemali) ukuthengiswa kwezikhali ku-41 kubo, ihlinzeka ngokuqeqeshwa kwezempi kwabangu-44 babo, futhi ukuhlinzeka ngezimali emabuthweni angama-33 awo.
ILatin America ayikaze idinge izisekelo zamasosha ase-US, futhi kufanele zivalwe manje. I-Latin America ibizohlala ingcono ngaphandle kwezempi yase-US (noma impi yomunye umuntu) futhi kufanele ikhululwe kulesi sifo ngokushesha. Akusekho ukuthengiswa kwezikhali. Azisekho izipho zezikhali. Akusekho ukuqeqeshwa kwezempi noma uxhaso. Akusekho ukuqeqeshwa kwezempi kwase-US kwamaphoyisa ase-Latin America noma onogada basejele. Ngeke kusaba ukuthumela eningizimu iphrojekthi eyinhlekelele yokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi. (Umthethosivivinywa kuCongress ofana noMthetho weBerta Caceres onganqamula uxhaso lwe-US lwamasosha namaphoyisa eHonduras inqobo nje uma laba bakamuva behlukumeza amalungelo abantu kufanele banwetshwe kulo lonke elaseLatin America kanye nomhlaba wonke, futhi unomphela ngaphandle kwemibandela; usizo kufanele luthathe uhlobo lokusiza ngokwezimali, hhayi amasosha ahlomile.) Ayisekho impi yezidakamizwa, phesheya noma ekhaya. Ngeke kuphinde kusetshenziswe impi yezidakamizwa egameni lezempi. Ngeke kusashaywa indiva izinga lempilo eliphansi noma izinga eliphansi lokunakekelwa kwezempilo elidala futhi liqhubeke nokusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa. Azisekho izivumelwano zokuhwebelana ezicekela phansi imvelo nezomuntu. Akusekho ukugujwa “kokukhula” komnotho ngenxa yawo. Akusekho ukuncintisana neShayina nanoma ubani omunye, ezentengiselwano noma ezempi. Asisekho isikweletu. (Ikhansele!) Alusekho usizo olunezintambo ezinamathiselwe. Ngeke kusaba nesijeziso esiyiqoqo ngokusebenzisa unswinyo. Azisekho izindonga zomngcele noma izithiyo ezingenangqondo zokuhamba ngokukhululeka. Akusekho ubuzwe besigaba sesibili. Ngeke kusaba ukuphambukiswa kwezinsiza kude nezinhlekelele zemvelo nezomuntu zibe izinguqulo ezibuyekeziwe zomkhuba wakudala wokunqoba. I-Latin America ayizange idinge ubukoloni base-US. I-Puerto Rico, kanye nazo zonke izindawo zase-US, kufanele zivunyelwe ukukhetha ukuzimela noma ubuzwe, kanye nanoma yikuphi ukukhetha, ukubuyisela.
Isinyathelo esikhulu kulokhu singathathwa uhulumeni wase-US ngokusebenzisa ukuqedwa okulula komkhuba owodwa omncane wokukhuluma: ukuzenzisa. Ingabe ufuna ukuba yingxenye “yohlelo olusekelwe emithethweni”? Bese ujoyina eyodwa! Kukhona okulindele, futhi iLatin America iyayihola.
Ezivumelwaneni eziyi-18 zamalungelo abantu ezinkulu zeNhlangano Yezizwe, i-United States iyingxenye yesi-5. I-United States ihola ukuphikiswa kwedemokhrasi yeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene futhi ibamba kalula irekhodi lokusebenzisa i-veto eMkhandlwini Wezokuphepha phakathi neminyaka engama-50 edlule.
I-United States ayidingi "ukuhlehlisa inkambo futhi ihole umhlaba" njengoba isidingo esivamile singaba nayo ezihlokweni eziningi lapho i-United States iziphatha ngendlela elimazayo. I-United States idinga, ngokuphambene nalokho, ukujoyina umhlaba futhi izame ukuthola i-Latin America eye yahola ekudaleni umhlaba ongcono. Amazwekazi amabili abusa ubulungu BeNkantolo Yobugebengu Yamazwe Ngamazwe futhi alwela ngokungathi sína ukugcina umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe: i-Europe kanye neMelika eningizimu ye-Texas. I-Latin America ihamba phambili ebulungwini beSivumelwano Sokuvinjelwa Kwezikhali Zenuzi. Cishe yonke i-Latin America iyingxenye yendawo engenazo izikhali zenuzi, ngaphambi kwanoma yiliphi elinye izwekazi, ngaphandle kwe-Australia.
Izizwe zaseLatin America zijoyina futhi zibambe izivumelwano futhi noma kangcono kunanoma iyiphi enye indawo eMhlabeni. Abanazo izikhali zenuzi, zamakhemikhali, noma zebhayoloji - naphezu kokuba nezisekelo zamasosha ase-US. I-Brazil kuphela ethumela izikhali futhi inani lincane uma kuqhathaniswa. Kusukela ngo-2014 e-Havana, amazwe angamalungu angaphezu kuka-30 oMphakathi Wamazwe aseLatin America naseCaribbean aboshelwe yiSimemezelo Sendawo Yokuthula.
Ngo-2019, i-AMLO yenqaba isiphakamiso esivela kuMongameli waseMelika ngaleso sikhathi uTrump sempi ehlanganyelwe nabathengisi bezidakamizwa, iphakamisa ukuthi kuqedwe impi:
“Okubi kakhulu okungenzeka ukuthi, into embi kakhulu esingayibona, kungaba yimpi. Labo abafunde ngempi, noma labo abahlukunyezwe yimpi, bayazi ukuthi kusho ukuthini impi. Impi iphambene nepolitiki. Ngihlale ngisho ukuthi ipolitiki yasungulwa ukuze kugwenywe impi. Impi ifana nokungabi nangqondo. Impi ayinangqondo. Thina esokuthula. Ukuthula kuyisimiso salo hulumeni omusha.
Abagunyaziwe abanayo indawo kulo hulumeni engiwumele. Kufanele kubhalwe izikhathi eziyi-100 njengesijeziso: samemezela impi futhi ayizange isebenze. Lokho akuyona inketho. Lelo su lihlulekile. Ngeke sibe yingxenye yalokho. . . . Ukubulala akuwona ubuhlakani, obudinga okungaphezu kwamandla anonya.”
Yinto eyodwa ukusho ukuthi uyayiphikisa impi. Kungenye ngokuphelele ukubekwa esimweni lapho abaningi bengakutshela ukuthi impi iyona kuphela inketho futhi usebenzise inketho ephakeme kunalokho. Okuhamba phambili ekuboniseni le nkambo ehlakaniphe kakhulu iLatin America. Kulesi silayidi kunohlu lwezibonelo.
I-Latin America inikeza amamodeli amaningi amasha ongawafunda futhi uwathuthuke, okuhlanganisa imiphakathi eminingi yendabuko ephila ngokusimeme nokuthula, okuhlanganisa amaZapatistas asebenzisa ubushoshovu obungenalo udlame kakhulu nokwandayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe iziphetho zentando yeningi nezokuhlalisana kwabantu, kuhlanganise nesibonelo saseCosta Rica sokuqeda impi yayo, ibeka lokho. ezempi emnyuziyamu lapho ingeyakho, nokuba ngcono ngayo.
I-Latin America iphinde inikeze amamodeli ento edingeka kabi ku-Monroe Doctrine: ikhomishana yeqiniso nokubuyisana.
Izizwe zaseLatin America, naphezu kokubambisana kweColombia ne-NATO (okungashintshwanga ngokusobala nguhulumeni wayo omusha), azizange zizimisele ukujoyina impi esekelwa yi-US- kanye ne-NATO phakathi kwe-Ukraine neRussia, noma ukugxeka noma ukujezisa ngokwezimali uhlangothi lwayo kuphela.
Umsebenzi ophambi kwe-United States uwukuqeda i-Monroe Doctrine yayo, futhi ingaqedi eLatin America kuphela kodwa emhlabeni jikelele, futhi ingagcini nje ngokuyiqeda kodwa esikhundleni sayo ithathelwe izinyathelo ezinhle zokujoyina umhlaba njengelungu eligcina umthetho, ukusekela umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, nokubambisana ekulweni nezikhali zenuzi, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, ubhadane lwezifo, ukungabi namakhaya, kanye nobumpofu. I-Monroe Doctrine ayizange ibe umthetho, futhi imithetho ekhona manje iyakwenqabela. Akukho okumele kuhoxiswe noma kwenziwe umthetho. Okudingekayo nje uhlobo lokuziphatha okuhle osopolitiki base-US abaqhubeka benza sengathi sebevele bebambe iqhaza kukho.
