Ngu Benjamin Naimark-Rowse, www.politicalviolenceataglance.org
July 2, 2017. Ibuyisiwe kusuka Ukuphikiswa Okudumile, July 3, 2017.
Ngenhla: AmaKoloni Aphule Isitatimende Senkosi yaseGeorge.
Qaphela: Kuningi kakhulu endabeni yomkhankaso wenkululeko ye-United States kunabantu abangama-56 abasayine iSimemezelo Sokuzimela. Kwakunemikhankaso eyishumi yokulwa ngaphambi kuka-1776 eyayihilela abantu abavamile abangazange babelane ngokuqashelwa okungokomlando. Ngalesi sikhathi, abesifazane babengabaholi abaqavile kodwa-ke impi yaletha amadoda ezempi phambili. Eqinisweni, abanye bathi inkululeko yatholwa kulelo shumi leminyaka futhi impi kwakuyimizamo yeGreat Britain yokubuyisa amakoloni ngenkani. AmaColonist asebenzise lokho namuhla okubhekwa njengamathuluzi wakudala emizabalazo yokungahambisani nodlame.
Amakholoni aphikisa uMthetho weTembu
Njengoba kuchazwe ngenzansi kwakukhona umzabalazo ophumelelayo ongeyena olwaphuthumayo. Bekuyi iminyaka eyishumi noma ngaphezulu yokunyakaza okungekho emthethweni lokho kudale ukwazi kwenkululeko. Isebenzise izindlela ezingenabudlova njengezikhalazo, amamashi wokubhikisha, imibhikisho, ukuduba, nokwenqaba ukusebenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma abathengisi bamakoloni bephula imizwa ethandwayo ngokuqhubeka nokungenisa izimpahla ezidlulisiwe, abantu abagcinanga ngokwala ukuthenga kubo kodwa futhi nokukhuluma nabo, ukuhlala nabo esontweni, noma ukubathengisela izimpahla zanoma yiluphi uhlobo. Amabhizinisi amakoloni awushaya indiva umthetho nezinkantolo zaseBrithani, "izishoshovu zamakoloni zazenza ibhizinisi njalo ngokweqa umthetho waseBrithani ngokusebenzisa imibhalo ngaphandle kwezitembu zentela, ngokuxazulula izingxabano zomthetho ngaphandle kwezinkantolo." Ngo-1774 no-1775, iningi lalezi zinhlangano zamakholoni zazithatha amandla kahulumeni ngokwazo futhi zazinamandla amakhulu kunezinsalela zikahulumeni wamakoloni. Ngesikhathi kubizwa i-Continental Congress yokuqala ngo-1774 amakholoni ayesezenzela uhulumeni wawo ofanayo. Le yindawo lapho sidinga khona ucwaningo lomlando kodwa Nazi ezinye zezinto esizazi:
Ku-1773-74 inani elikhulayo lamanani namadolobha bazihlela ngaphandle kokubusa kweBrithani, benezela ukwenqaba ukuthekelisa izimpahla zaseMelika eBrithani kanye nokulahla okukhulayo ukungenisa izimpahla zaseBrithani. Ukuthembela kwakhula ukuthi ukuphoqeleka kwezohwebo kungasebenza. Ezinye izinkantolo ezisemthethweni zavala ukungabi namabhizinisi ngoba amakholoni adala izindlela zabo; abanye bangasebenzi kakhulu.
Abaholi baseMelika base-colonial resistant bahlangana ukuhlangana e-First Continental Congress ekwindla, i-1774.
Amandla aseBrithani emakoloni ayehlukana ngokushesha. Umbusi waseMassachusetts Bay wabika ekuqaleni kwe-1774 ukuthi wonke amandla esemthethweni kanye nesigungu esiphezulu asiphelile. Ngo-Okthoba 1774 umbuso wezomthetho waseMalnandeni wawuphikisana ngokuphelele. ENingizimu Carolina abantu babelalela iNhlangano Yase-Continental esikhundleni seBrithani. I-Virginia Governor Dunmore wabhalela eLondon ngoDisemba 1774 ukuthi kwakungenakukhiqiza ukuthi akhiphe imiyalelo ngoba yenze abantu benqabe ukulalela.
Phakathi nomhlangano walo i-First Continental Congress yamukela uhlelo lokuqhubekela phambili kwempi; isazi uGenal Sharp sikholelwa ukuthi uhlelo lube selulandelwe esikhundleni somzabalazo olwahlomile owaba yindawo yawo, amakholoni kungenzeka ukuthi abe mahhala ngokushesha futhi ngegazi eliphansi.
Ukulandela izimpi zaseLexington ne-Concord ku-1775 ukunyakaza kwaphenduka umzabalazo ohlomile. Iminyaka eyi-10 eyedlule yama-boycotts nezinye izindlela eziningi zakhulula kakhulu izibopho ezibopha amakoloni ezweni laka mama. Umzabalazo ongeyena ongenayo impi ukhuthaze umnotho ozimele, izinhlangano ezihlukile zokubusa, nomqondo wokwazisa okwaseMelika okwabelwana ngawo.
Noma yikuphi ukufundiswa kwekusasa kungase kubonakale mayelana nethuba lamakoloni okufeza ukuzimela kwabo ngokungenangqondo, izazi-mlando eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi umkhankaso weminyaka eyishumi uvumele ukuthi abaseMelika bakhe izakhiwo ezifanayo eziqinisekisa ukuhleleka okuhlelekile kanye nentando yeningi ekuzimele ngokulandela i-American Revolutionary War.
Udlame lwaluphikiswa ngabakholoni abaningi. USamuel Adams ubhalele uJames Warren, ngomhlaka 21 Meyi 1774 “Akukho okungasilimaza ngaphandle kodlame lwethu. Isizathu sifundisa lokhu. Nginobuhlakani obungenakuphikiswa, obwesabekayo, maqondana neMiklamo emelene nathi; uma sifuna ukuqonda. ” Kwakunamacala ambalwa kuphela wetiyela nezimpaphe, impela isenzo esinobudlova, futhi abakholoni babakhuthaza ukuba bababone njengokubukela phansi ukumelana okungenabudlova njengoba abantu beshiya inhlangano noma bengeke bahlanganyele nodlame olunjalo. Encwadini ayibhalela uDkt Jedediah Morse ngo-1815, UJohn Adams wabonisana nokuguqulwa ukubhala "Umlando wokusebenza kwamasosha kusukela ngo-Ephreli 19, 1775 kuya ku-3d kaSepthemba, 1783, akuwona umlando we-American Revolution. . . Inguquko yayisezingqondweni nasezinhliziyweni zabantu, nasenyangeni yamakholoni; yomibili yenzeke kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba kuqale impi. ”
Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe ngamasu angenasiviolent asetshenziselwa ukuvukela iBrithani, niyabo Umlando Weqiniso we-United States Wakha Amandla Ethu, nokuthola ulwazi mayelana nezinkinga esizigubha phakathi noSuku lwe-Independence yizinkinga ezaqala ngaphambi kukaJulayi 4, i-1776 futhi zaqhubeka iminyaka eminingi, kuze kube namuhla, Umlando we-Untold of Independence Day.
Uma kuziwa ebugqilini, ukuzimela kwakunzima kakhulu futhi kwasala amanxeba ajulile (namanje nathi namuhla, ngezindlela eziningi). UProfesa Gerald Horne ubhala ukuthi ukuzimela kwakusekelwa abanikazi abaningi bezitshalo nabasomabhizinisi abazuza ebugqilini ngoba babona ubugqila bephela eNgilandi. Inkantolo yaseBrithani inqume ukuthi kwakungekho isisekelo esingokomthetho sobugqila, ngakho ubugqila bebuyobe buphelile emakoloni aseBrithani.
Ngemuva kokuzimela, i-US yaphela ekubhaliseni umthethosisekelo wamalungelo omhlaba owaqhubeka ubugqila, hhayi umthethosisekelo wamalungelo abantu, ukuze kuvikeleke impahla ebaluleke kakhulu ezweni - abantu abagqilazwe. Eziningi abasunguli, ezinye zezinceku ezinkulu kunazo zonke kuleli zwe, zithathe izinyathelo zokuvikela abantu bazo.
Ku-1852, kulokho abanye ababizayo inkulu kakhulu Inkulumo yesihlanu kaJulayi sonke isikhathi, UFrederick Douglas uthe “Lo mhlaka-XNUMX Julayi ungowakho, hhayi owami. Ungajabula, kumele ngikhale. ”Uvule inkulumo yakhe echaza umhla zine kuJulayi“ njengendwangu encane yokumboza ubugebengu obungahlazisa isizwe samanga. ” Yibuphi ubugebengu bezempi, ukungabi nabulungisa, inkohlakalo ejulile nokungalingani i-United States efihla namuhla? KZ
I-Myth's Founding Of The United States Of America
Le mpelasonto, amadolobha namadolobha asuka ogwini kuya kolwandle izibhamu, amakhonsathi, Futhi amaphuzu ukugubha ukuzimela kwethu eBrithani. Lezo zigubha njalo ziqokomisa amasosha ngubani owaxosha iBrithani kusukela emaphethelweni ethu. Kodwa isifundo esiyifunayo ngentando yeningi esakhelwe emhlanjeni wezimpi zempindiselo sivame ukunganaki indlela eyishumi okungenasizotha Ukumelana ngaphambi i-shot-heard-round-the-world sakha ukusekwa kwe-United States, saqinisa umqondo wethu wokuzibandakanya kwezombangazwe, sabeka isisekelo senkululeko yethu.
Sifundiswa ukuthi sinqobe ukuzimela kwethu eBrithani ngokusebenzisa izimpi ezichitha igazi. Siyakusho izinkondlo mayelana nokuhamba phakathi kwamabili kaPaul Revere lowo owaxwayisa ngokuhlasela kweBrithani. Futhi sibonisiwe ukuboniswa kweMinutemen empini nama-Redcoats eLexington naseCordord.
Ngakhulela eBoston lapho ukuhlonishwa kwethu kwempi yokuguqulwa ngokumelene nabaseBrithani kudlulisela ngaphesheya kweSonto Lane-Julayi. Sigubha Usuku lwezinzalamizi ukugubha usuku lokulwa kwempi yokuqala ye-Revolution kanye Usuku Lokuphumula ukuze kukhunjulwe usuku olwenziwa ngalo amabutho aseBrithani abaleka eBoston. Futhi ekuqaleni kwawo wonke umdlalo obomvu we-Sox simi, susa izigqoko zethu, futhi sihlabelele - izinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu nantathu eziqinile - mayelana nokulwa okunzima, ama-rockets 'red glare, kanye nezibhamu eziqhuma emoyeni ezanikeza ubufakazi phakathi nobusuku ifulege lethu lalikhona lapho.
Amakholoni avukela uMthetho weSitembu.
Noma kunjalo, uYise owasekela, uJohn Adams wabhala ukuthi, "Umlando wemisebenzi yezempi ... akuyona umlando we-Revolution yaseMelika."
Abavukeli baseMelika abazange bakhombise, kodwa ezintathu imikhankaso yokumelana nokungapheleli eminyakeni eyishumi ngaphambi kweMpi Yezimpindiselo. Le mikhankaso yayiyi ihlanganiswe. Kade ngokuyinhloko okungenayo i-nonololent. Bona wasiza ukugxila emphakathini waseMelika. Futhi bavumela amakholoni ukuba athathe izinhlangano zezombangazwe zezakoloni ngezikhungo ezizimele zokuzibusa ukusiza ukwakha isisekelo senkululeko yentando yeningi esithembela kuyo namuhla.
Umkhankaso wokuqala wokumelana nonviolent kwakungu-1765 ngokumelene noMthetho weSitembu. Amashumi ezinkulungwane zabalandeli bethu benqaba ukukhokhisa inkosi yaseBrithani intela nje ukunyathelisa imibhalo esemthethweni namaphephandaba, ngokubambisana ngokuqeda ukusetshenziswa kwempahla yaseBrithani. Amapayipi aseBoston, eNew York naseFiladelphia asayina izinyathelo zokungenisa imikhiqizo yaseBrithani; abesifazane basebenzisa izindwangu zezindlu ukuze bafake indwangu yaseBrithani; futhi bachelorettes efanelekayo e-Rhode Island waze wenqaba ukwamukela amakheli kwanoma yimuphi umuntu owasekela iStamp Act.
Amakholoni ahlela iStamp Act Congress. Idlulisela izitatimende zamalungelo ekoloni kanye nemingcele ebusweni baseBrithani, futhi yathumela amakhophi kuwo wonke amakholomu kanye nekhophi eyodwa eBrithani ngaleyo ndlela ibonisa inhlanganiso ebumbene. Lokhu ukugqugquzela kwezombusazwe nokuxoshwa kwezomnotho kusho ukuthi iStamp Act izobiza imali yaseBrithani imali engaphezu kokufanelekile ukuyibeka ekufeni. Lokhu ukunqoba kwaphinde kwabonisa amandla okungabambisani nokungabambisani: ukuphazamiseka kwabantu ngokugunyazwa kwamalungelo omphakathi, ezombusazwe noma ezomnotho okungalungile.
Umkhankaso wesibili wokuphikisana nokungapheleli iqalile ku-1767 ngokumelene nezenzo ze-Townshend. Lezi zenzo zikhokhisa iphepha, ingilazi, itiye, nezinye izinto ezivela eBrithani. Lapho Izenzo zeDolobha laseKapa seziqala ukusebenza, abathengisi baseBoston, eNew York, naseFiladelphia baphinde bayeka ukungenisa izimpahla zaseBrithani. Bamemezela ukuthi noma ubani oqhubeka edayisa nabaseBrithani kufanele abhalwe phansi "Izitha zezwe labo." Umqondo wokuzibandakanya kwezombangazwe omusha owawuxoshwa eBrithani wanda kuwo wonke amakoloni.
Nge-1770, amakholoni athuthukisa amaKomidi Okuxhumana, isikhungo esisha sezombusazwe esivunyelwe kusuka ebusweni baseBrithani. Amakomidi avumela amakoloni ukuba wabelane ngolwazi futhi uqondise ukuphikisa kwabo. I-Paramende yaseBrithani yasabela ngokuphindaphindiwe futhi itela intela, okwakungamalungu amathukuthelo eNdodana Yenkululeko ukufeza i-Boston Tea Party engathandekayo.
IPhalamende laseBrithani libhekene neColiccive Acts, elalihlanganisa iMassachusetts. Ichweba laseBoston livaliwe kuze kube yiNkampani yaseBrithani East India ebuyiswa ngoba iThee Party ilahlekelwa. Inkululeko yokuhlangana yayinganiselwe ngokomthetho. Futhi ukuhlolwa kwecala kwasuswa eMassachusetts.
Ngokungahambisani nabaseBrithani, abakoloni babehlela iContinental First Congress. Akugcini nje ukuveza izikhalazo zabo ngabaseBrithani, abakholoni futhi babamba izinhlangano zesifundazwe ukuba ziphoqelele amalungelo abo azikhulumela zona. Kwabikwa iphephandaba ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi lezi zakhiwo zomthetho ezifanayo zithatha uhulumeni ngokusemandleni ezandleni zikaBrithani eziqokwe futhi zibeka ezandleni zamakholoni kangangokuthi ezinye izazi zithi, "Ukuzibusa kwamakhomoni amaningi bekuye kwafinyelelwa ngaphambi kokuqala kwempi yaseLexington naseCordord."
INkosi George III yazizwa ukuthi lelizinga lehlangano yezombangazwe selihambe kakhulu, eliqaphela lokho; "... I-New England Governments isesimweni sokuvukela; ukushaya kufanele kuthathe isinqumo sokuthi kufanele kulandelwe lelizwe noma elizimele. " Ephendula, abolononi bahlela i-Second Continental Congress, bamisa i-George Washington Commander oyiNhloko futhi baqala iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili yokulwa.
I-Revolutionary War kungenzeka ukuthi yayimisa iBritish emzimbeni wethu, kepha leli phupho elidlulile elibhekene nempi libeka umnikelo wokuncintisana okungenasivikelo okwenziwe ekusungulweni kwezwe lethu.
Phakathi neminyaka eyishumi eholela empini, amakholoni aphikisana nezinqumo zezepolitiki emibuthanweni yomphakathi. Ngokwenza kanjalo, umphakathi wezombusazwe futhi waqinisa umuzwa wabo wobuntu obusha bezombangazwe ngaphandle kwamaBritish. Bona inqubomgomo yomthetho, amalungelo aqinisekisiwe, ngisho nezintela eziqoqiwe. Ngokwenza kanjalo, bazibusa ngokwabo ngaphandle kwezempi. Futhi babhekana namandla ezenzo zezombangazwe ezingenasivunguvungu kulo lonke izwe elibanzi elizobe li-United States of America.
Ngako-ke ngezinsuku zokuzimela zesikhathi esizayo, masizigubhe ukuphikisana nobaba nomama bethu okungafuni ukuphikisana nokubusa kwamakoloni aseBrithani. Futhi nsuku zonke njengoba sibheka izinselelo ezinkulu ezibhekene nentando yeningi yethu, masidonse emlandweni wethu ongenamlandu njengoba nje John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, noGeorge Washington wenza eminyakeni engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili edlule.
UBenjamin Naimark-Rowse ungumuntu wezokuThuthukiswa koMphakathi kaTuruman. Ufundisa futhi ufunde ukuphikiswa okungaphephile kwe-The Fletcher School e-Tufts University.
