Izisulu ezingenakufanele: I-Western Wars Ibulale amaSulumane amane ayizigidi kusukela ku-1990

Ucwaningo oluphawulekayo lufakazela ukuthi 'impi yobushokobezi' eholwa yi-US ibulale abantu abangaba yizigidi ezi-2.

by Nafeez Ahmed | 16 Juni 2017.
Ibuyisiwe kusuka Misa ukuhlanganiswa kwempi.

'E-Iraq kuphela, impi eholwa yi-US kusukela ngo-1991 kuya ku-2003 yabulala ama-Iraqi ayizigidi ezingu-1.9'

Inyanga edlule, i-Washington DC-based Physicians for Social Responsibility (PRS) ikhishwe uphawu oluphawulekayo cwaningo siphetha ngokuthi inani lokufa kusukela eminyakeni engu-10 "ye-War on Terror" kusukela ekuhlaselweni kwe-9 / 11 okungenani izigidi ezingu-1.3, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi iphakeme njengezigidi ezingu-2.

Umbiko wekhasi le-97 weqembu likaNobel Peace Prize-odokotela abawinawo yilokuqala ukuhlanganisa inani eliphelele labantu ababulawa yizizwe ezivela e-US, e-Afghanistan nasePakistan.

Umbiko we-PSR ubhalwe yiqembu elizimele labaholi bezempilo emphakathini, kuhlanganise noDkt. Robert Gould, umqondisi wezempilo nokufinyelela kwezemfundo eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia San Francisco Medical Centre, noProfesa Tim Takaro we-Faculty of Health Sciences eSimon I-Fraser University.

Kodwa sekucishe kucatshangwe ngokuphelele yizindaba zolimi lwesiNgisi, naphezu kokuba ngumzamo wokuqala ngenhlangano yezempilo yomphakathi ehola umhlaba wonke ukukhiqiza ukubalwa okusemthethweni kwenani labantu ababulawa yi-US-UK "impi eholwa" empini ukwesaba ".

Cabanga ngezikhala

Umbiko we-PSR uchazwe nguDkt. Hans von Sponeck, owayenguNobhala Jikelele we-UN owayengumsizi jikelele, "njengengxenye ebalulekile ekunciphiseni igebe phakathi kokulinganisa okunokwethenjelwa kwezisulu zempi, ikakhulukazi izakhamuzi e-Iraq, e-Afghanistan nasePakistan futhi zithandwa, zenzeke noma zikhohlise ama-akhawunti ".

Lo mbiko uqhuba ukubuyekezwa okubucayi kwezilinganiso zokufa ezidlule zokuthi "impi yokuhlasela" iyabulawa. Ihlambalaza kakhulu isibalo esicaciswe kakhulu yizindaba ezithandwayo njengegunya, okungukuthi, ukulinganisa kwe-Iraq Body Count (IBC) ye-110,000 efile. Leso sibalo sitholakala ekuhlanganiseni imibiko yemidiya yokubulala kwabantu, kodwa umbiko we-PSR uveza izikhala ezibucayi nezinkinga zezinqubo kule ndlela.

Ngokwesibonelo, nakuba izidumbu ze-40,000 zingcwatshwe eNajaf kusukela ekuqaleni kwezempi, i-IBC yabhala ukufa kwe-1,354 kuphela eNajaf ngesikhathi esifanayo. Leso sibonelo sibonisa ukuthi i-gap iphakathi kangakanani ne-IBC ka-Najaf isibalo kanye nesibalo sokufa - kulokhu, ngesici se-30.

Izikhala ezinjalo zigcwele yonke imininingwane ye-IBC. Kwesinye isikhathi, i-IBC ibhale ama-airstrikes amathathu kuphela esikhathini se-2005, lapho isibalo sokuhlaselwa kwezindiza empeleni sanda kusuka ku-25 kuya ku-120 kulo nyaka. Futhi, igebe lapha liyingxenye ye-40.

Ngokusho kocwaningo lwe-PSR, ukucwaninga okukhulu kwe-Lancet okucatshangelwa ukuthi ukubulawa kwe-655,000 Iraq kuze kufike ku-2006 (nangaphezulu kwesigidi kuze kube namuhla nge-extrapolation) cishe kuyoba nenembile kakhulu kunezibalo ze-IBC. Eqinisweni, lo mbiko uqinisekisa ukuvumelanisa okungokoqobo phakathi kwezifo ze-epidemiologists ekuthembekeni kwesifundo seLancet.

Naphezu kokugxeka okusemthethweni, indlela yezibalo ezisebenzisayo yizinga elihlonziwe emhlabeni jikelele lokunquma ukufa kwabantu abavela ezindaweni ezingqubuzanayo, ezisetshenziselwa izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nohulumeni.

Ukuphika kwezombusazwe

I-PSR iphinde iphinde iphinde ibuyekeze indlela kanye nokwakhiwa kweminye imfundo ekhombisa ukufa okuphansi, njengephasi eNew England Journal of Medicine, elinemikhawulo emingcele enkulu.

Leli phepha lazishaya indiva izindawo ezazinodlame olukhulu kakhulu, okuyiBaghdad, i-Anbar neNineve, ngokuthembela kwimininingwane ye-IBC enamaphutha ukukhipha lezo zifunda. Iphinde yafaka "imikhawulo ehambisana nezepolitiki" ekuqoqeni nasekuhlaziyweni kwedatha - izingxoxo zenziwa nguMnyango Wezempilo wase-Iraq, "owawuthembele ngokuphelele emandleni ombuso" futhi wenqaba ukukhipha imininingwane ngokufa kwabantu ababhalisiwe e-Iraq ngaphansi kwengcindezi yase-US .

Ngokuyinhloko, i-PSR ihlole izimangalo zikaMichael Spaget, uJohn Sloboda nabanye abababuza izindlela zokuqoqwa kwedatha ye-Lancet njengendlela yokukhwabanisa. Zonke izimangalo ezinjalo, i-PSR etholakala, zazingenangqondo.

Abambalwa "ukugxekwa okulungile," i-PSR iphetha, "ungabaza imibuzo yemiphumela ye-Lancet yonke. Lezi zibalo zisalokhu zimelela okulinganiselwe okukhona okwamanje ". Ukutholakala kwe-Lancet nakho kuvunyelwene nedatha esesifundweni esisha ku-PLOS Medicine, ukuthola ukubulawa kwe-500,000 Iraq kusukela empini. Ngokubanzi, i-PSR iphetha ngokuthi inani elingenzeka kakhulu labantu ababulawa yi-Iraq kusukela ngo-2003 kuze kube manje liphathelene nezigidi ezingu-1.

Kulokhu, isifundo se-PSR sinezela okungenani i-220,000 e-Afghanistan nase-80,000 ePakistan, ebulawa njengomphumela oqondile noma ongaqondile wempi eholwa yi-US: inani eliphelele "lama-1.3". Isibalo sangempela singase sibe "ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-2".

Noma kunjalo isifundo se-PSR sinenkinga. Okokuqala, i-post-9 / 11 "impi yokwesaba" yayingeyena entsha, kodwa yanezela izinqubomgomo zangaphambili zangaphakathi ezise-Iraq nase-Afghanistan.

Okwesibili, ukuhlupheka okukhulu kwedatha e-Afghanistan kwakusho ukuthi ukutadisha kwe-PSR kungacabanga ukuthi ukubulawa kwe-Afghan.

Iraq

Impi yase-Iraq ayizange iqale ku-2003, kodwa i-1991 neGulf yokuqala ye-Gulf, eyalandelwa uhulumeni wezokwehlulelwa kwe-UN.

Ucwaningo lwe-PSR lwangaphambi kukaBeth Daponte, owayengumdemographer kahulumeni wase-United States, utholakale ukuthi ukubulawa kwe-Iraq okubangelwa umthelela oqondile noma ongaqondile weGulf First War kwaba 200,000 I-Iraqis, ikakhulukazi izakhamizi. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ucwaningo lwakhe lwangaphakathi lwasuswa.

Ngemuva kokuthi amabutho ase-US ehoxisiwe, impi e-Iraq yaqhubeka ngesimo sezomnotho ngokusebenzisa i-US-UK eyayibeka umthetho wokugwetshwa kuka-UN, ngenxa yokuphika uSaddam Hussein izinto ezidingekayo zokwenza izikhali zokubhujiswa okukhulu. Izinto ezivinjelwe ezivela e-Iraq ngaphansi kwalesi sizathu zazibandakanya inani elikhulu lezinto ezidingekayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

Izibalo ezingenakunqunywa UN zibonisa lokho Izigidi ezingama-1.7 zase-Iraq zafa ngenxa yesigwebo sokuhlukunyezwa kwamazwe aseNtshonalanga, inxenye yawo yayingabantwana.

Ukufa kwabantu abaningi kubonakala kuhloswe. Phakathi kwezinto ezivinjelwe izigwegwe ze-UN kwakuyimikhemikhali kanye nemishini ebalulekile ekuhlinzekeni kwamanzi kazwelonke e-Iraq. Incwadi eyimfihlo ye-US Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) eyatholwa nguProfesa Thomas Nagy weSikole seBhizinisi eGeorge Washington University, wathi, "isinyathelo sokuqala sokubulala abantu base-Iraq".

Kuye iphepha I-Association of the Bishops of Genocide at University of Manitoba, uProfesa Nagi wachaza ukuthi idokhumenti ye-DIA yembula "imininingwana emininingwana yokusebenzisa ngendlela ephelele yokuhlanza ngokuphelele uhlelo lokuphathwa kwamanzi" esizweni sonke "esikhathini esiyiminyaka eyishumi. Inqubomgomo yokwehliswa kwezigwegwe izokudala "izimo zesifo esasakazekayo, kubandakanya izifo ezigcwele izifo," ngaleyo ndlela "ukuhlukanisa ingxenye enkulu yabantu base-Iraq".

Lokhu kusho ukuthi e-Iraq kuphela, impi eholwa e-US esuka ku-1991 kuya ku-2003 yabulala i-1.9 million yase-Iraqis; ke kusukela ku-2003 kuya phambili ezizungeze izigidi ezingu-1: inani elingaphansi kwama-3 wezigidi ezingama-Iraq zifile eminyakeni engamashumi amabili.

Afghanistan

E-Afghanistan, ukulinganisa kwe-PSR yokulimala konke kungase kube nokuqapha okukhulu. Ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha umkhankaso wokuqhuma kwe-2001, i-The Guardian kaJonathan Steele embule ukuthi noma yikuphi phakathi kwe-1,300 ne-8,000 yase-Afghani babulawa ngqo, futhi abaningi njengabantu abengeziwe be-50,000 bafa ngokugwema njengemiphumela engavamile yempi.

Encwadini yakhe, Ukubala komzimba: Ukufa Okubanjwe Emhlabeni Wonke Kusukela 1950 (2007), uProfesa Gideon Polya wasebenzisa indlela efanayo efanayo esetshenziswa yi-The Guardian ku-UN Population Division idatha yokufa yonyaka ngonyaka ukuze kubalwe izibalo ezicacile zokufa okudlulele. I-biochemist yase-La Trobe eMelbourne, i-Polya iphetha ngokuthi ukufa okuphelele okugwenywe kwe-Afghan kusukela ku-2001 ngaphansi kwempi eqhubekayo nokusebenza-okushiwo ukungabi nabantu abayizigidi ezingu-3, cishe abangu-900,000 abangabantwana abangaphansi kwezinhlanu.

Nakuba ukufundwa kukaProfesa Polya kungashicilelwa encwadini yezemfundo, i-2007 yakhe Ukubala Body Ucwaningo luye lwaphakanyiswa yi-California State University, isazi sezenhlalakahle uProfesa Jacqueline Carrigan ngokuthi "iphrofayili ecebile yedatha yesimo sokufa emhlabeni jikelele" ukubuyekeza eshicilelwe iphephandaba laseRoutledge, Socialism kanye nenkululeko.

Njengase-Iraq, ukungenelela kwe-US e-Afghanistan kwaqala isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba i-9 / 11 ibe yindlela yokusiza ezempi, ezokungena kanye nezomnotho kumaTaliban azungeze i-1992 kuya phambili. Lokhu Usizo lwe-US ukuxoshwa kuka-Taliban ngokweqile kwamaphesenti angu-90 yensimu yase-Afghan.

Umbiko we-2001 we-National Academy of Sciences, ukuGudluzwa Kwezokuthutha Nokufelwa Kwamanye amazwe, isazi se-epidemiologist uSteven Hansch, umqondisi weRelief International, sathi ukushona okwedlulele ngokweqile e-Afghanistan ngenxa yemithelela engavamile yempi ngokusebenzisa ama-1990 kungaba khona phakathi kwe-200,000 ne-2 million . I-Soviet Union, yebo, yayiphethe futhi indima yendima yayo ekwakhiweni kwengqalasizinda yomphakathi, ngakho-ke yenza indlela yokufa.

Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi inani eliphelele lokufa kwe-Afghan ngenxa yemithelela eqondile neqondile yokungenelela kwe-US kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye kuze kube manje ingaba yizigidi eziphezulu ze-3-5.

Ukuphika

Ngokwezibalo ezihloliwe lapha, ukufa okuphelele kokungenelela kwaseNtshonalanga e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan kusukela ngawo-1990s - kusukela ekubulaweni okuqondile kanye nomthelela wesikhathi eside wokuncishwa okwenziwe yimpi - kungenzeka kube yizigidi ezi-4 (2 million e-Iraq kusuka ngo-1991-2003, kanye nezigidi ezimbili kusuka "empini yokwesaba"), futhi kungafinyelela kubantu abayizigidi eziyi-2-6 lapho kubalwa inani elilinganiselwe lokufa kwabantu e-Afghanistan.

Izibalo ezinjalo zingaba phezulu kakhulu, kepha ngeke wazi ngokweqiniso. Amasosha ase-US nase-UK, njengenqubomgomo, ayenqaba ukulandelela isibalo sabantu ababulawa yimisebenzi yamasosha - kuyisiphazamiso esingabalulekile.

Ngenxa yokwehluleka okukhulu kwedatha e-Iraq, cishe ukuphela kokungabi khona kwamarekhodi e-Afghanistan, nokungaboni kahle kohulumeni baseNtshonalanga ekufeni kwabantu, kungenakwenzeka ukucacisa izinga lokulahlekelwa kwempilo.

Uma kungenakwenzeka ngisho nokuhlelwa kabusha, lezi zibalo zinikeza izilinganiso ezicacile ezisekelwe ekusebenziseni izindlela ezijwayelekile zokubala, uma kuncane, ubufakazi obukhona. Banikeza uphawu lwezinga lokubhujiswa, uma kungenjalo imininingwane ecacile.

Iningi lalokufa liye lalungelekile ekubhekaneni nobudlova nokulwa nobuphekula. Kodwa ngenxa yokuthula kwabezindaba abanzi, abantu abaningi abanalwazi ngesilinganiso sangempela sokwesaba okukhulu okwenziwe egameni labo yi-US ne-UK tyranny e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan.

Umthombo: Middle East Eye

Imibono evezwe kulesi sihloko ngeyombhali futhi ayibonisi ngempela inqubomgomo yokuhlela ye-Stop the War Coalition.

Nafeez Ahmed I-PhD yintatheli ephenyayo, isazi sezokuphepha samazwe omhlaba kanye nomlobi othengisa kakhulu olandela lokho akubiza ngokuthi 'yinhlekelele yempucuko.' Ungumnqobi we-Project Censored Award for Outstanding Investigative Journalism ngokubika kwakhe kweGuardian ngokuhlangana kwezinhlekelele zemvelo, ezamandla nezomnotho zomhlaba ne-geopolitics yesifunda kanye nezingxabano. Ubhalele neThe Independent, iSydney Morning Herald, The Age, The Scotsman, Foreign Policy, The Atlantic, Quartz, Prospect, New Statesman, Le Monde diplomatique, New Internationalist. Umsebenzi wakhe ngezimbangela eziyimbangela nemisebenzi efihlekile exhumene nobushokobezi bamazwe omhlaba unikele ngokusemthethweni kwiKhomishini ka-9/11 kanye ne-7/7 Coroner's Inquest.