Ukwembula Izithunzi: Ukwembula Okungokoqobo Kwezisekelo Zamasosha Aphesheya kwezilwandle e-US ngo-2023

Ngu-Mohammed Abunahel, World BEYOND War, May 30, 2023

Ukuba khona kwezizinda zamasosha ase-US phesheya kwezilwandle kube yindaba ekhathazayo nenkulumompikiswano amashumi eminyaka. I-United States izama ukuthethelela lezi zisekelo njengoba kudingeka ukuze kuvikeleke izwe kanye nokuzinza komhlaba wonke; nokho, lezi zimpikiswano ngokuvamile azikho ukuqiniseka. Futhi lezi zisekelo zinemithelela engemihle engabaliwe eseya ngokuya ibonakala. Ingozi edalwe yilezi zisekelo ixhumene kakhulu nenani lazo, njengoba i-United States manje inombuso wezisekelo zamasosha lapho ilanga lingashoni khona, lithatha amazwe angaphezu kwe-100 futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi lizungeze izisekelo ze-900, ngokusho kwe Ithuluzi le-Visual Database owadalwa World BEYOND War (WBW). Ngakho, ziphi lezi zisekelo? Basebenza kuphi abasebenzi base-US? I-United States ichitha malini kwezempi?

Ngiphikisa ngokuthi inani eliqondile lalezi zisekelo alaziwa futhi alicaci, njengoba insiza eyinhloko, imibiko ebizwa ngokuthi uMnyango Wezokuvikela (DoD) iyasetshenziswa, futhi ayinakho obala nokwethembeka. I-DoD ihlose ngamabomu ukuhlinzeka ngemininingwane engaphelele ngezizathu eziningi ezaziwayo nezingaziwa.

Ngaphambi kokugxumela emininingwaneni, kufanelekile ukuchaza: yiziphi izisekelo zase-US zaphesheya? Izisekelo zaphesheya ziyizindawo ezihlukile zejografi ezingaphandle komngcele wase-US, okungenzeka kube umnikazi wazo, oqashiselwe, noma ngaphansi kwamandla e-DoD ngesimo sezindawo, iziqhingi, izakhiwo, izinsiza, izinsiza zokulawula nokulawula, izikhungo zelogistics, izingxenye ze izikhumulo zezindiza, noma amachweba asolwandle. Lezi zindawo ngokuvamile ziyizikhungo zamasosha ezisungulwe futhi zisetshenziswe amasosha ase-US emazweni angaphandle ukuze athumele amasosha, enze imisebenzi yezempi, futhi akhiqize amandla ezempi ase-US ezifundeni ezibalulekile emhlabeni wonke noma ukugcina izikhali zenuzi.

Umlando obanzi we-United States wokwenza impi njalo uxhumene nenethiwekhi yayo enkulu yezisekelo zamasosha aphesheya kwezilwandle. Njengoba cishe izisekelo ezingama-900 ezihlakazekile emazweni angaphezu kwe-100, i-US isungule ubukhona bomhlaba obungenakuqhathaniswa nanoma yisiphi esinye isizwe, okuhlanganisa iRussia noma i-China.

Inhlanganisela yomlando obanzi we-United States wokudala impi kanye nenethiwekhi yayo enkulu yezisekelo zaphesheya kwezilwandle kupenda isithombe esiyinkimbinkimbi sendima yayo ekwenzeni umhlaba ungasimame. Irekhodi elide lokwenza impi yi-United States liphinde ligcizelele ukubaluleka kwalezi zisekelo zaphesheya kwezilwandle. Ukuba khona kwalezi zisekelo kukhombisa ukulungela kwe-US ukwethula impi entsha. Amasosha ase-US athembele kulokhu kufakwa ukuze asekele imikhankaso yawo ehlukahlukene yezempi nokungenelela kuwo wonke umlando. Kusukela ogwini lwaseYurophu kuya ezindaweni ezibanzi zesifunda sase-Asia-Pacific, lezi zisekelo zibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekusimamiseni ukusebenza kwezempi yase-US kanye nokuqinisekisa ukubusa kwe-US ezindabeni zomhlaba.

Ngokusho the I-Costs of War project eBrown University, eminyakeni engu-20 ngemva kwesigameko sika-9/11, i-US ichithe ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-8 kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi “impi yomhlaba wonke yobushokobezi.” Lolu cwaningo lulinganisela izindleko zamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-300 ngosuku iminyaka engu-20. Lezi zimpi ziye zabulala ngokuqondile izilinganiso abantu abayizigidi ezingu-6.

Ngo-2022, i-US yasebenzisa u-$876.94 Billion kwezempi yayo, okwenza i-US ibe yimali enkulu kunazo zonke kwezempi emhlabeni. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwemali kucishe kulingane nokusetshenziswa kwamazwe ayishumi nanye kwezempi yawo, okuyilawa: China, Russia, India, Saudi Arabia, Great Britain, Germany, France, Korea (Republic of), Japan, Ukraine, kanye neCanada; izindleko zabo sezizonke ziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-875.82 zamaRandi. Umfanekiso 1 ukhombisa amazwe aphezulu asebenzisa imali emhlabeni. (Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe, sicela ubheke i-WBW's Imephu ye-Militarism).

Enye ingozi isekuthunyelwe kwe-US kwamasosha ayo emhlabeni jikelele. Lokhu kuthunyelwa kuhilela izenzo ezidingekayo zokudlulisa abasebenzi bezempi nezisetshenziswa kusuka endaweni yabo yasekhaya kuya endaweni eqokiwe. Kusukela ngo-2023, inani labasebenzi base-US abathunyelwe ezisekelweni zakwamanye amazwe yi-150,851 (Le nombolo ayifaki iningi labasebenzi be-Navy e-Armed Forces Europe noma e-Armed Forces Pacific noma wonke amabutho "akhethekile", i-CIA, amasosha, osonkontileka, abahlanganyeli ezimpini ezithile. (i-Syria, i-Ukraine, njll.) I-Japan inenani eliphakeme kakhulu lamasosha ase-US emhlabeni wonke alandelwa yi-Korea (Republic of) ne-Italy, nabangu-69,340, 14,765 kanye no-13,395, ngokulandelana, njengoba kubonakala kuMfanekiso 2. (Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe imininingwane, sicela ubone Imephu ye-Militarism).

Ukuba khona kwamasosha ase-US ezisekelweni zakwamanye amazwe kuye kwahlotshaniswa nemithelela embalwa engemihle. Nomaphi lapho kunesisekelo, kube nezimo lapho amasosha ase-US asolwa ngokwenza ubugebengu, okuhlanganisa namacala okushaya, ukudlwengula, namanye amacala.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwezisekelo zezempi nemisebenzi ingaba nemiphumela yemvelo. Ukusebenza kwezempi, okuhlanganisa ukuqeqeshwa, kungaba nomthelela ekungcoleni nasekucekeleni phansi kwemvelo. Ukuphathwa kwezinto eziyingozi kanye nomthelela wengqalasizinda yezempi ku-ecosystem yasendaweni kungaba yingozi emvelweni nempilo yomphakathi.

Ngokombiko othile Ithuluzi le-Visual Database owadalwa World BEYOND War, I-Germany inenani eliphakeme kakhulu lezisekelo zase-US emhlabeni ezilandelwa yi-Japan ne-South Korea, ne-172, 99 kanye ne-62, ngokulandelana, njengoba kubonakala ku-Figure 3.

Ngokusekelwe emibikweni ye-DoD, izizinda zamasosha ase-US zingahlukaniswa kabanzi zibe izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko:

• Izisekelo ezinkulu: isisekelo/ukufakwa kwezempi okutholakala kwelinye izwe, elikhulu kunamahektha ayi-10 (amahektha ama-4) noma ebiza ngaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-10 zamadola. Lezi zisekelo zifakiwe emibikweni ye-DoD, futhi kukholakala ukuthi ngayinye yalezi zisekelo inamasosha ase-US angaphezu kwama-200. Ngaphezu kwesigamu sezisekelo zaphesheya kwezilwandle zase-US zibalwe ngaphansi kwalesi sigaba.
• Izisekelo ezincane: isisekelo/ukufakwa kwezempi okutholakala kwelinye izwe, elingaphansi kwamahektha angu-10 (amahektha angu-4) noma elinenani elingaphansi kwezigidi ezingu-$10. Lezi zindawo azifakiwe emibikweni ye-DoD.

EMpumalanga Ephakathi, i- I-Al Udeid Air Base iyindawo enkulu kunazo zonke yokufakwa kwezempi yase-US. I-United States igcina ukuba khona kwezempi okubalulekile eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Lokhu kuba khona kubonakala ngokutshalwa kwamasosha, izisekelo, nempahla yezempi ehlukahlukene kuso sonke isifunda. Amazwe abalulekile abamba ukufakwa kwamasosha ase-US esifundeni ahlanganisa iQatar, iBahrain, iKuwait, iSaudi Arabia, ne-United Arab Emirates. Ukwengeza, i-US Navy isebenza ngempahla yasolwandle ePersian Gulf kanye noLwandle lwase-Arabia.

Esinye isibonelo yiYurophu. I-Europe iyikhaya okungenani lezisekelo ezingama-324, iningi labo elitholakala eJalimane, e-Italy nase-United Kingdom. Isikhungo esikhulu kunazo zonke samasosha ase-US kanye nempahla yezempi eYurophu yiRamstein Air Base eJalimane.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, eYurophu ngokwayo, i-US inakho izikhali zenuzi ngezisekelo eziyisikhombisa noma eziyisishiyagalombili. Ithebula 1 linikeza amazwibela ngendawo yezikhali zenuzi zase-US e-Europe, ligxile kakhulu ezisekelweni ezimbalwa nokubalwa kwamabhomu azo kanye nemininingwane. Ngokuphawulekayo, i-RAF Lakenheath yase-United Kingdom yabanjwa Izikhali zenuzi zase-US eziyi-110 kuze kube yi-2008, futhi i-US ihlongoza ukugcina izikhali zenuzi lapho futhi, njengoba iRussia ilandela imodeli yase-US futhi ihlongoza ukugcina ama-nukes e-Belarus. I-Incirlik Air Base yaseTurkey nayo igqamile ngokubala kwamabhomu angu-90, ahlanganisa ama-50 B61-3 kanye nama-40 B61-4.

Ithebula 1: I-US Nuclear Weapons eYurophu

Ukusungulwa kwalezi zisekelo zamasosha ase-US emhlabeni jikelele kunomlando oyinkimbinkimbi ohlangene ne-geopolitical dynamics namasu ezempi. Okunye kwalokhu kufakwa okuphathekayo kwasuka emhlabeni otholwe njengempango yempi, okubonisa imiphumela yezingxabano zomlando kanye nokushintshashintsha kwezindawo. Ukuqhubeka nokuba khona nokusebenza kwalezi zisekelo kuncike ezivumelwaneni zokusebenzisana nohulumeni abangabasingathi, okuthi, kwezinye izimo, bahlotshaniswe nemibuso enegunya noma ohulumeni abacindezelayo abazuza izinzuzo ezithile ngokuba khona kwalezi zisekelo.

Ngeshwa, ukusungulwa nokugcinwa kwalezi zisekelo kuvame ukufika ngezindleko zabantu bendawo kanye nemiphakathi. Ezimweni eziningi, abantu baye baxoshwa emizini yabo nasezindaweni zabo ukuze kulungiselelwe ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zamasosha. Lokhu kufuduka kube nemiphumela ebalulekile kwezenhlalo nezomnotho, kuphuca abantu ngabanye indlela yabo yokuziphilisa, kuphazamise izindlela zokuphila zendabuko, futhi kucekele phansi isizinda semiphakathi yendawo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwalezi zisekelo kube nomthelela ezinseleleni zemvelo. Ukusetshenziswa okubanzi komhlaba kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda okudingekayo kulokhu kufakwa kuholele ekususweni kwemisebenzi yezolimo kanye nokulahlekelwa indawo yokulima ebalulekile. Ukwengeza, ukusebenza kwalezi zisekelo kungenise ukungcola okukhulu ezinhlelweni zamanzi endawo kanye nomoya, okubeka engcupheni empilweni nasenhlalakahleni yemiphakathi eseduze nemvelo. Ukuba khona okungamukelekile kwalokhu kufakwa kwamasosha kuvame ukulimaza ubudlelwano phakathi kwenani labantu abakhona kanye namabutho aphethe - i-United States - okudala ukungezwani nokukhathazeka ngobukhosi nokuzimela.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela imithelela eyinkimbinkimbi futhi enezici eziningi ehlotshaniswa nalezi zisekelo zamasosha. Ukudalwa kanye nokuba khona okuqhubekayo akuzange kube ngaphandle kwemiphumela ebalulekile yezenhlalo, ezemvelo, nezombusazwe emazweni aphethe kanye nezakhamuzi zawo. Lezi zinkinga zizoqhubeka inqobo nje uma lezi zisekelo zikhona.