By Umkhankaso Womhlaba Wonke Wokuqeda Izikhali Zenuzi (ICAN)
IZizwe Ezihlangene namuhla zamukele ingqophamlando isixazululo ukwethula izingxoxo ngo-2017 mayelana nesivumelwano esinqabela izikhali zenuzi. Lesi sinqumo esiyingqopha-mlando simemezela ukuphela kweminyaka engamashumi amabili yokukhubazeka emizamweni yamazwe amaningi yokuncishiswa kwezikhali zenuzi.
Emhlanganweni weKomidi LokuQala loMkhandlu-jikelele we-UN, obhekene nezindaba zokuhoxiswa kwezikhali nezokuphepha emhlabeni wonke, amazwe angu-123 avotele lesi sinqumo, angu-38 aphikisana naso kwathi angu-16 akwenqaba.
Lesi sinqumo sizosungula ingqungquthela ye-UN eqala ngoNdasa wonyaka ozayo, evuleleke kuwo wonke amazwe angamalungu, ukuze kuxoxiswane “ngethuluzi elibopha ngokomthetho lokuvimbela izikhali zenuzi, okuholela ekuqedweni kwazo ngokuphelele”. Izingxoxo zizoqhubeka ngoJuni noJulayi.
Umkhankaso Wamazwe Ngamazwe Wokuqeda Izikhali Zenuzi (i-ICAN), umfelandawonye wezinhlangano zomphakathi ezisebenza emazweni ayi-100, uncome ukwamukelwa kwesinqumo njengesinyathelo esikhulu esiya phambili, esiphawula ushintsho olubalulekile endleleni umhlaba obhekana ngayo nalolu songo olukhulu.
“Emashumini ayisikhombisa eminyaka, i-UN iye yaxwayisa ngobungozi bezikhali zenuzi, futhi abantu emhlabeni wonke bebekhankasela ukuqedwa kwazo. Namuhla iningi lezifundazwe ligcine linqume ukuvala lezi zikhali,” kusho uBeatrice Fihn, umqondisi omkhulu we-ICAN.
Naphezu kokusonta izingalo yizifunda eziningi ezihlome ngezikhali zenuzi, lesi sinqumo samukelwe ngokubhidlika komhlaba. Amazwe angama-57 abeseka ngokubambisana, i-Austria, iBrazil, i-Ireland, iMexico, iNigeria neNingizimu Afrika okuyiwona ahamba phambili ekudwebeni lesi sinqumo.
Ivoti le-UN lifike ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa iPhalamende LaseYurophu lamukele elalo isixazululo ngale ndaba - abangu-415 bavumelana futhi abangu-124 baphikisana, nabangama-74 abaphika - kumema amazwe angamalungu e-European Union ukuthi "abambe iqhaza ngendlela eyakhayo" ezingxoxweni zonyaka ozayo.
Izikhali zenuzi ziseyizo zodwa izikhali zokucekela phansi okukhulu ezingakanqunywa ngokomthetho ngendlela ebanzi nebanzi, naphezu kwemithelela yazo ebhalwe kahle eyinhlekelele yobuntu neyemvelo.
"Isivumelwano esivimbela izikhali zenuzi sizoqinisa isimiso somhlaba wonke ngokumelene nokusetshenziswa nokubamba lezi zikhali, sivale izintuba ezinkulu embusweni wezomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe okhona futhi siqhubekisele phambili isenzo esesinesikhathi eside sokuhoxiswa kwezikhali," kusho uFihn.
“Ivoti lanamuhla likhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi iningi lamazwe omhlaba libheka ukuvinjelwa kwezikhali zenuzi njengento edingekayo, engenzeka futhi ephuthumayo. Bakubheka njengenketho engcono kakhulu yokuthola inqubekelaphambili yangempela ekukhishweni kwezikhali,” kusho yena.
Izikhali zebhayoloji, izikhali zamakhemikhali, amabhomu agqitshwayo avinjelwa abasebenzi kanye nezikhali eziyiqoqo konke kwenqatshelwe ngokusobala ngaphansi komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Kodwa kuphela ingxenye evimbelayo ekhona okwamanje yezikhali zenuzi.
Ukwehliswa kwezikhali zenuzi bekuphezulu ku-ajenda ye-UN kusukela kwasungulwa le nhlangano ngo-1945. Imizamo yokuqhubekisela phambili lo mgomo imile eminyakeni yamuva nje, njengoba amazwe ahlome ngezikhali zenuzi etshala imali eningi ekuthuthukiseni amandla awo enuzi.
Sekudlule iminyaka engamashumi amabili kwagcina ukuxoxisana ngethuluzi lezikhali zenuzi lamazwe amaningi: ISivumelwano Esibanzi Sokuvinjelwa Kokuhlolwa Kwenuzi sango-1996, okusamele singene emthethweni ngenxa yokuphikisana nedlanzana lezizwe.
Isinqumo sanamuhla, esaziwa ngokuthi L.41, sisebenza phezu kwesincomo esibalulekile se-UN iqembu elisebenzayo mayelana nokuqedwa kwezikhali zenuzi okuhlangene e-Geneva kulo nyaka ukuhlola ukufaneleka kweziphakamiso ezihlukahlukene zokuzuza umhlaba ongenazo izikhali zenuzi.
Iphinde ilandele izingqungquthela ezintathu ezinkulu zezinhlaka zikahulumeni ezihlola umthelela wobuntu wezikhali zenuzi, ezibanjelwe eNorway, eMexico nase-Austria ngo-2013 nango-2014. Le mibuthano yasiza ukuhlela kabusha inkulumo-mpikiswano ngezikhali zenuzi ukuze igxile ekulimaleni izikhali ezinjalo kubantu.
Lezi zingqungquthela ziphinde zenza amazwe angahlomile ukuthi abambe iqhaza elinamandla emkhakheni wokukhishwa kwezikhali. Ngengqungquthela yesithathu neyokugcina, ebise-Vienna ngoZibandlela wezi-2014, ohulumeni abaningi base besayine isifiso sabo sokuvala izikhali zenuzi.
Kulandela ingqungquthela yaseVienna, i-ICAN yaba neqhaza elikhulu ekutholeni ukwesekwa kwesithembiso sezizwe eziyi-127, esaziwa ngokuthi isifungo sobuntu, ukubopha ohulumeni ukuthi babambisane emizamweni “yokucwasa, ukuvimbela nokuqeda izikhali zenuzi”.
Kuyo yonke le nqubo, izisulu kanye nabasinde ekuqhunyisweni kwezikhali zenuzi, okuhlanganisa nokuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi, babambe iqhaza elikhulu. Setsuko Thurlow, owasinda ekuqhunyisweni kwebhomu e-Hiroshima kanye nomsekeli we-ICAN, ube ngumsekeli ophambili wokuvinjelwa.
“Lesi yisikhathi esiyingqopha-mlando ngempela emhlabeni wonke,” esho kulandela ivoti lanamuhla. “Kithina esisinde ekuqhunyisweni kwamabhomu e-athomu eHiroshima naseNagasaki, kuyisenzakalo esijabulisa kakhulu. Sesikulinde isikhathi eside ukuthi kufike lolu suku.”
“Izikhali zenuzi ziyenyanyeka ngokuphelele. Zonke izizwe kufanele zibambe iqhaza ezingxoxweni ngonyaka ozayo ukuze zingabi semthethweni. Ngethemba ukuthi ngizoba lapho mina ukuze ngikhumbuze izihambeli ngokuhlupheka okungachazeki okubangelwa izikhali zenuzi. Kungumthwalo wethu sonke ukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi ukuhlupheka okunjalo akuphinde kwenzeke.”
Zisekhona ezingaphezu kuka 15,000 izikhali zenuzi emhlabeni namuhla, ikakhulukazi ezinqolobaneni zezizwe ezimbili kuphela: i-United States neRussia. Ezinye izizwe eziyisikhombisa zinezikhali zenuzi: iBrithani, iFrance, iChina, i-Israel, i-India, iPakistan neNyakatho Korea.
Iningi lamazwe ayisishiyagalolunye ahlome ngezikhali zenuzi ivotele ngokumelene nesinqumo se-UN. Abaningi babambisene nabo, okuhlanganisa nabase-Europe abaphethe izikhali zenuzi endaweni yabo njengengxenye yohlelo lwe-NATO, nabo bahlulekile ukusekela lesi sinqumo.
Kodwa amazwe ase-Afrika, eLatin America, eCaribbean, eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia nasePacific avotele kakhulu ekuvuseni lesi sinqumo, futhi kungenzeka abe abadlali ababalulekile engqungqutheleni yezingxoxo eNew York ngonyaka ozayo.
NgoMsombuluko, abawine iNobel Peace Prize abayi-15 wanxusa amazwe ukuze asekele izingxoxo futhi azilethe “esiphethweni esifike ngesikhathi nesiyimpumelelo ukuze siqhubeke ngokushesha ekuqedeni kokugcina kwalokhu kusongela okukhona esintwini”.
I-International Committee ye-Red Cross nayo inakho isikhalazo kohulumeni ukuthi basekele lolu hlelo, besho ngomhla ziyi-12 kuMfumfu ukuthi umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe “unethuba eliyingqayizivele” lokufeza ukuvinjelwa “kwesikhali esibhubhisa kakhulu esake sasungulwa”.
“Lesi sivumelwano ngeke siziqede ngokushesha izikhali zenuzi,” kuphetha uFihn. "Kodwa izosungula indinganiso yomthetho yamazwe ngamazwe enamandla, ecwasa izikhali zenuzi futhi iphoqe amazwe ukuthi athathe izinyathelo eziphuthumayo zokuqeda izikhali."
Ikakhulukazi, lesi sivumelwano sizofaka ingcindezi enkulu ezizweni ezithi ziyavikeleka ezikhalini zenuzi zozakwabo ukuze ziqede lo mkhuba, okuzodala ingcindezi yokuthi amazwe ahlome ngezikhali zenuzi athathelwe izinyathelo.
