NguDavid Vine, uPatterson Deppen, noLeah Bolger, World BEYOND War, Ngo-September 20, i-2021
Isifinyezo esiphezulu
Naphezu kokuhoxiswa kwezisekelo namasosha ase-US e-Afghanistan, i-United States iyaqhubeka nokugcina izisekelo zamasosha ezingaba ngu-750 kwamanye amazwe emazweni angaphandle angu-80 namakoloni (izindawo). Lezi zisekelo ziyabiza ngezindlela eziningi: ngokwezezimali, kwezepolitiki, kwezenhlalo, nakwezemvelo. Izisekelo zase-US emazweni angaphandle zivame ukuphakamisa ukungezwani kwezepolitiki, zisekele imibuso engenantando yeningi, futhi zisebenza njengethuluzi lokuqasha amaqembu alwa nobushiqela aphikisana nokuba khona kwe-US kanye nohulumeni ukuba khona kwayo kuqinisa. Kwezinye izimo, izisekelo zakwamanye amazwe ziyasetshenziswa futhi zenze kwaba lula nge-United States ukuqala nokwenza izimpi ezibhubhisayo, okuhlanganisa nalezo ezise-Afghanistan, e-Iraq, e-Yemen, eSomalia, naseLibya. Kuzo zonke izinhlaka zezombusazwe ngisho nangaphakathi kwezempi zase-US kukhona ukuqashelwa okwandayo kokuthi izisekelo eziningi zakwamanye amazwe bekufanele ngabe zivaliwe emashumini eminyaka edlule, kodwa ukunganaki kwezikhulu kanye nezintshisekelo zezepolitiki ezidukile kuye kwazigcina zivulekile.
Phakathi kokubuyekezwa okuqhubekayo kwe "Global Posture Review," abaphathi beBiden banethuba eliyingqophamlando lokuvala amakhulukhulu ezizinda zamasosha ezingadingekile phesheya futhi bathuthukise ukuphepha kwezwe kanye nakwamanye amazwe kule nqubo.
IPentagon, kusukela ngonyaka wezimali u-2018, yehlulekile ukushicilela uhlu lwayo lwaminyaka yonke lwezisekelo zase-US phesheya. Ngokwazi kwethu, lo mfushane wethula ukubalwa kwezimali okugcwele komphakathi kwezisekelo zase-US nezindawo ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kwezempi emhlabeni jikelele. Izinhlu nemephu efakiwe kulo mbiko zikhombisa izinkinga eziningi ezihambisana nalezi zisekelo zaphesheya kwezilwandle, ezinikeza ithuluzi elingasiza abenzi bomgomo ukuhlela okuhlelwa ukuvalwa kwezisekelo okuphuthumayo.
Amaqiniso asheshayo ngezindawo zamasosha aphesheya kwezilwandle zase-US
• Kukhona cishe izizinda zezempi zase-US ezingama-750 phesheya emazweni angama-80 namakoloni.
• I-United States inezisekelo eziphindwe kathathu kunamanye amazwe (750) kunamanxusa ase-US, amanxusa, nemishini emhlabeni wonke (276).
• Nakuba kukhona cishe uhhafu walokho okufakwayo okuningi njengasekupheleni kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, izisekelo zase-US sezisabalele emazweni namakoloni amaningi ngokuphindwe kabili (kusuka ku-40 kuye kwangama-80) ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokugxila okukhulu kwezinsiza eMpumalanga Ephakathi, eMpumalanga Asia, ezingxenyeni ezithile ze-Europe, nase-Afrika.
• I-United States inezisekelo okungenani eziphindwe kathathu kunawo wonke amanye amazwe ehlangene.
• Izisekelo zase-US phesheya zibiza abakhokhi bentela imali elinganiselwa ku-$55 billion njalo ngonyaka.
• Ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda yezempi emazweni angaphandle kudle abakhokhintela okungenani amabhiliyoni angama-70 kusukela ngo-2000, futhi kungaba nesamba esingaphezu kuka-$100 wezigidigidi.
• Izizinda zaphesheya zisize i-United States ukuthi iqalise izimpi neminye imisebenzi yokulwa okungenani emazweni angama-25 kusukela ngo-2001.
• Ukufakwa kwe-US kutholakala okungenani emazweni angama-38 okungeyona eyentando yeningi namakoloni.
Inkinga yezisekelo zamasosha ase-US kwamanye amazwe
Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II kanye nezinsuku zokuqala zeMpi Yomshoshaphansi, i-United States yakha uhlelo olungakaze lubonwe lwezisekelo zempi emazweni angaphandle. Eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, kusenezindawo zezisekelo ezingu-119 eJalimane kanye nezinye ezingu-119 eJapane, ngokusho kwePentagon. ENingizimu Korea kunezindawo ezingu-73. Ezinye izisekelo zase-US zisakazeke emhlabeni kusukela e-Aruba kuya e-Australia, eKenya kuya eQatar, eRomania kuya eSingapore, nangale kwalokho.
Silinganisela ukuthi i-United States okwamanje igcina cishe izindawo eziyisisekelo ezingama-750 emazweni angaphandle angama-80 kanye namakoloni (izindawo). Lokhu kulinganiselwa kuvela kulokho esikholelwa ukuthi kuluhlu oluphelele kakhulu lwezisekelo zezempi zase-US kwamanye amazwe ezitholakalayo (bheka Isithasiselo). Phakathi konyaka wezimali ka-1976 no-2018, i-Pentagon yashicilela uhlu lwaminyaka yonke lwezisekelo olwaluphawuleka ngamaphutha kanye nokushiywa ngaphandle; kusukela ngo-2018, i-Pentagon yehlulekile ukukhipha uhlu. Sakha uhlu lwethu ngokuzungeza umbiko ka-2018, uhlu lukaDavid Vine lwezisekelo ezitholakala emphakathini kwamanye amazwe ngo-2021, kanye nezindaba ezithembekile neminye imibiko.1
Kuzo zonke izinhlaka zezombusazwe ngisho nangaphakathi kwezempi zase-US kukhona ukuqashelwa okwandayo kokuthi izisekelo eziningi zase-US kwamanye amazwe bekufanele ngabe zivaliwe emashumini eminyaka edlule. “Ngicabanga ukuthi sinengqalasizinda eningi kakhulu kwamanye amazwe,” kuvuma isikhulu esiphezulu kwezempi zase-US, uSihlalo Wezinduna Ezihlangene uMark Milley, ngesikhathi sokuphawula komphakathi ngoDisemba 2020. “Ingabe zonke lezo [zisekelo] ziyadingeka ngempela ekuvikeleni i-United States?” UMilley ucele “ukubuka okuqinile” izisekelo kwamanye amazwe, ephawula ukuthi eziningi “zivela lapho iMpi Yezwe II yaphela khona.”2
Ukuze sibeke izisekelo zamasosha zase-US ezingama-750 kwamanye amazwe ngendlela efanele, kunezindawo zezikhungo zamasosha ezicishe zibe ziphindwe kathathu kunezindawo zamanxusa ase-US, ama-consulate, kanye nemishini emhlabeni wonke — 276.3 Futhi zakha inani eliphindwe kathathu lezindawo zezikhungo zaphesheya eziphethwe yizo zonke ezinye izinhlangano zamasosha zihlangene. Kubikwa ukuthi i-United Kingdom inezindawo zezikhungo zangaphandle eziyi-145.4 Amanye amabutho omhlaba ahlangene cishe alawula amanye angama-50-75, okuhlanganisa izisekelo zangaphandle ezimbili kuya kwezintathu zaseRussia kanye nezisekelo ezinhlanu zaseShayina (kanye nezisekelo eTibet).5
Izindleko zokwakha, ukusebenzisa, kanye nokugcina izisekelo zempi zase-US kwamanye amazwe zilinganiselwa ku-$55 billion ngonyaka (unyaka wezimali ka-2021).6 Ukubeka amasosha kanye nabasebenzi abavamile ezisekweni kwamanye amazwe kubiza kakhulu kunokuwagcina ezisekweni zasekhaya: $10,000–$40,000 ngaphezulu ngomuntu ngamunye ngonyaka ngokwesilinganiso.7 Ukwengeza izindleko zabasebenzi abathunyelwe kwamanye amazwe kuqhuba izindleko eziphelele zezisekelo zaphesheya kwezilwandle zifinyelele cishe ku-$80 billion noma ngaphezulu.8 Lezi yizilinganiso ezilondolozayo, uma kubhekwa ubunzima bokuhlanganisa izindleko ezifihliwe.
Ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwezimali zokwakha amasosha kuphela - izimali ezabelwe ukwakha nokwandisa izisekelo kwamanye amazwe - uhulumeni wase-US usebenzise imali ephakathi kuka-$70 billion no-$182 billion phakathi konyaka wezimali ka-2000 no-2021. Ububanzi bokusetshenziswa kwemali bubanzi kakhulu ngoba iCongress yabela u-$132 billion kule minyaka yokwakha amasosha "ezindaweni ezingacacisiwe" emhlabeni jikelele, ngaphezu kuka-$34 billion owasetshenziswa ngokusobala kwamanye amazwe. Lo mkhuba wokubeka isabelomali wenza kube nzima ukuhlola ukuthi kungakanani kwalokhu kusetshenziswa kwemali okuhleliwe okwasetshenziswa ekwakheni nasekukhuliseni izisekelo kwamanye amazwe. Isilinganiso esilinganiselwe samaphesenti angu-15 sizoletha u-$20 billion owengeziwe, yize iningi "lezindawo ezingacacisiwe" lingaba phesheya kwezilwandle. U-$16 billion owengeziwe uvele kwisabelomali "sezimo eziphuthumayo".9
Ngaphandle kwezindleko zabo zezimali, futhi ngandlela thile ngendlela ephikisanayo, izisekelo zakwamanye amazwe zilimaza ukuphepha ngezindlela eziningi. Ukuba khona kwezisekelo zase-US kwamanye amazwe kuvame ukuphakamisa ukungezwani kwezepolitiki, kubangele inzondo ebanzi nge-United States, futhi kusebenza njengethuluzi lokuqasha amaqembu alwa nempi njenge-al Qaeda.10
Izisekelo zakwamanye amazwe nazo zenze kwaba lula ukuthi i-United States ihileleke ezimpini eziningi ezinolaka ezikhethwayo, kusukela ezimpini zaseVietnam naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia kuya eminyakeni engama-20 "yempi yaphakade" kusukela ekuhlaselweni kwe-Afghanistan ngo-2001. Kusukela ngo-1980, izisekelo zase-US eMpumalanga Ephakathi enkulu zisetshenziswe okungenani izikhathi ezingama-25 ukuqalisa izimpi noma ezinye izenzo zokulwa okungenani emazweni ayi-15 kuleso sifunda kuphela. Kusukela ngo-2001, ibutho lase-US liye labandakanyeka empini okungenani emazweni angama-25 emhlabeni jikelele.11
Nakuba abanye besho kusukela eMpini Yomshoshaphansi ukuthi izisekelo zaphesheya kwezilwandle ziyasiza ekusabalaliseni intando yeningi, okuphambene nalokho kuvame ukubonakala kunjalo. Izakhiwo zase-US zitholakala okungenani emazweni angu-19 anobushiqela, amazwe ayisishiyagalombili anobushiqela obuncane, kanye namakoloni angu-11 (bheka Isithasiselo). Kulezi zimo, izisekelo zase-US zinikeza ukwesekwa okungokoqobo kwemibuso engenantando yeningi futhi evame ukucindezela njengaleyo ebusa eTurkey, eNiger, eHonduras, kanye namazwe asePersian Gulf. Ngokuhlobene nalokho, izisekelo kumakoloni asele ase-US - "izindawo" zase-US zasePuerto Rico, eGuam, eCommonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, e-American Samoa, kanye naseziQhingini zase-US Virgin - zisize ekuqhubekiseleni phambili ubuhlobo bazo bobukoloni namanye amazwe ase-United States kanye nobuzwe besibili base-US besigaba sesibili sabantu babo.12
Njengoba ikholomu ethi “Umonakalo Obalulekile Wezemvelo” kuThebula 1 leSithasiselo ikhombisa, izindawo eziningi ezisekelwe kwamanye amazwe zinerekhodi lokulimaza izindawo zasendaweni ngokuvuza okunobuthi, izingozi, ukulahlwa kwemfucuza eyingozi, ukwakhiwa kwesisekelo, kanye nokuqeqeshwa okubandakanya izinto eziyingozi. Kulezi zisekelo zaphesheya kwezilwandle, iPentagon ngokuvamile ayilandeli izindinganiso zezemvelo zase-US futhi ivame ukusebenza ngaphansi kweSivumelwano Sesimo Samandla esivumela amasosha ukuba agweme imithetho yezemvelo yezwe eliphethe.13
Njengoba kunomonakalo omkhulu kangaka wezemvelo kanye neqiniso elilula lokuthi amasosha angaphandle ahlala ezweni elizimele, akumangazi ukuthi izisekelo zakwamanye amazwe zikhiqiza ukuphikiswa cishe yonke indawo lapho zitholakala khona (bheka ikholomu ethi “Ukubhikisha” kuThebula 1). Izingozi ezibulalayo kanye nobugebengu obenziwa ngamasosha ase-US ezindaweni zakwamanye amazwe, okuhlanganisa ukudlwengula nokubulala, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kobulungiswa bendawo noma ukuziphendulela, nakho kudala ukubhikisha okuzwakalayo futhi kulimaze idumela le-United States.
Ukufaka ohlwini izisekelo
IPentagon sekuyisikhathi eside yehluleka ukunikeza ulwazi olwanele lweCongress kanye nomphakathi ukuhlola izisekelo zaphesheya kwezilwandle kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamasosha - isici esiyinhloko senqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US. Izindlela zamanje zokuqapha azanele ukuthi iCongress kanye nomphakathi basebenzise ukulawula okufanele kwezakhamuzi ekufakweni kwezempi kanye nemisebenzi yamasosha phesheya kwezilwandle. Isibonelo, lapho amasosha amane efa empini eNiger ngo-2017, amalungu amaningi eCongress ashaqeka ukuzwa ukuthi kwakunabasebenzi bezempi ababalelwa ku-1,000 kulelo zwe.14 Izisekelo zaphesheya kwezilwandle kunzima ukuzivala uma sezimisiwe, ngokuvamile ngenxa yokungahlali kahle kwezikhulu.15 Isimo esizenzakalelayo sezikhulu zempi sibonakala sengathi uma kukhona isisekelo saphesheya kwezilwandle, kumele sibe nenzuzo. ICongress ayivami ukuphoqa amasosha ukuthi ahlaziye noma abonise izinzuzo zokuphepha kwezwe zezisekelo zaphesheya kwezilwandle.
Kusukela okungenani ngo-1976, iCongress yaqala ukufuna iPentagon ukuthi ikhiphe ukubalwa kwaminyaka yonke "kwezisekelo zayo zempi, ukufakwa, kanye nezikhungo," okuhlanganisa nenani nosayizi wazo.16 Kuze kube uNyaka Wezimali ka-2018, iPentagon yakhiqiza futhi yashicilela umbiko waminyaka yonke ngokuhambisana nomthetho wase-US.17 Ngisho nalapho ikhiqiza lo mbiko, iPentagon yanikeza idatha engaphelele noma enganembile, yehluleka ukubhala phansi ukufakwa okuningi okwaziwayo.18 Isibonelo, iPentagon ibilokhu ithi inesisekelo esisodwa kuphela e-Afrika - eDjibouti. Kodwa ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi manje kunezindawo ezingaba ngu-40 zobukhulu obuhlukahlukene kuleli zwekazi; esinye isikhulu sezempi savuma izindawo ezingu-46 ngo-2017.19
Kungenzeka ukuthi iPentagon ayazi inani langempela lezindawo ezifakwe kwamanye amazwe. Kuyamangaza ukuthi ucwaningo lwakamuva oluxhaswe yi-US Army lwezisekelo zase-US luthembele ohlwini lwezisekelo lukaDavid Vine lwango-2015, hhayi ohlwini lwePentagon.20
Lesi sihloko siyingxenye yomzamo wokwandisa ukucaca nokuvumela ukuqapha kangcono imisebenzi yePentagon kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemali, okufaka isandla emizamweni ebalulekile yokuqeda ukusetshenziswa kwemali kwezempi okuchithayo nokulungisa izinto ezimbi zangaphandle zezisekelo zase-US kwamanye amazwe. Inani elikhulu lezisekelo kanye nobumfihlo kanye nokuntuleka kokucaca kwenethiwekhi yezisekelo kwenza uhlu oluphelele lungenzeki; ukwehluleka kwamuva kwePentagon ukukhipha uMbiko Wokwakheka Kwesisekelo kwenza uhlu olunembile lube nzima nakakhulu kunaseminyakeni edlule. Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, indlela yethu incike eMbikweni Wokwakheka Kwesisekelo sika-2018 kanye nemithombo eyinhloko neyesibili ethembekile; lokhu kuhlanganiswe encwadini kaDavid Vine ka-2021. idatha isethiwe ku-“US Military Bases Abroad, 1776-2021.”
Kuyini "isisekelo"?
Isinyathelo sokuqala ekudaleni uhlu lwezisekelo kwamanye amazwe ukuchaza ukuthi yini eyakha “isisekelo.” Izincazelo ekugcineni zinobuzwe futhi zivame ukuzwela kwezepolitiki. Ngokuvamile iPentagon kanye nohulumeni wase-US, kanye namazwe aphethe, bafuna ukuveza ukuba khona kwezisekelo zase-US “njengesisisekelo sase-US” ukuze bagweme umbono wokuthi i-United States yephula ubukhosi bezwe eliphethe (empeleni, okuyikho). Ukuze sigweme lezi mpikiswano ngangokunokwenzeka, sisebenzisa uMbiko Wesakhiwo Sesisekelo Se-Pentagon Wonyaka Wezimali ka-2018 (BSR) kanye negama layo elithi “isayithi lesisekelo” njengendawo yokuqala ohlwini lwethu. Ukusetshenziswa kwaleli gama kusho ukuthi kwezinye izimo ukufakwa okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi isisekelo esisodwa, njenge-Aviano Air Base e-Italy, empeleni kuqukethe iziza eziningi zesisekelo — esimweni sika-Aviano, okungenani eziyisishiyagalombili. Ukubala isayithi ngalinye lesisekelo kunengqondo ngoba iziza ezinegama elifanayo zivame ukuba sezindaweni ezihlukene ngokwendawo. Isibonelo, iziza eziyisishiyagalombili ze-Aviano zisezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomasipala wase-Aviano. Ngokuvamile, isayithi ngalinye lesisekelo libonisa ukwabiwa okuhlukile kwezimali zabakhokhi bentela. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani amanye amagama noma izindawo eziyisisekelo zivela izikhathi eziningana ohlwini olunemininingwane oluxhunywe kuSithasiselo.
Izisekelo ziyahlukahluka ngobukhulu kusukela ekufakweni komuzi okunamashumi ezinkulungwane zabasebenzi bezempi namalungu omndeni kuya ekufakweni okuncane kwe-radar nokuqapha, izinkundla zezindiza ze-drone, ngisho namathuna ambalwa ezempi. I-BSR yePentagon ithi inezindawo "ezinkulu" ezingama-30 kuphela kwamanye amazwe. Abanye bangase basikisele ukuthi ukubalwa kwethu kwezindawo ezingu-750 zezisekelo kwamanye amazwe kuyihaba lobukhulu bengqalasizinda yaphesheya kwezilwandle yase-US. Kodwa-ke, umbhalo omncane we-BSR ukhombisa ukuthi iPentagon ichaza "okuncane" njengenani elibikiwe elifika ku-$1.015 billion.21 Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufakwa kwezindawo ezincane kakhulu zezisekelo kunciphisa ukufakwa okungafakwanga ohlwini lwethu ngenxa yobumfihlo obuzungeze izisekelo eziningi kwamanye amazwe. Ngakho-ke, sichaza inani lethu "elicishe libe ngu-750" njengesilinganiso esihle kakhulu.
Sifaka izisekelo emakoloni ase-US (izindawo) ekubalweni kwezisekelo zakwamanye amazwe ngoba lezi zindawo azinazo zonke izinhlaka zentando yeningi ezifakwe e-United States. I-Pentagon iphinde ihlukanise lezi zindawo ngokuthi “ziphesheya kwezilwandle.” (IWashington, DC ayinawo amalungelo aphelele entando yeningi, kodwa njengoba iyinhloko-dolobha yesizwe, sibheka izisekelo zaseWashington njengezasekhaya.)
Qaphela: Le mephu ka-2020 ibonisa cishe izisekelo zase-US ezingu-800 emhlabeni jikelele. Ngenxa yokuvalwa kwamuva nje, okuhlanganisa nase-Afghanistan, sibale kabusha futhi sabuyekeza isilinganiso sethu sehle saya ku-750 salesi sihloko.
Izisekelo zokuvala
Ukuvala izisekelo zaphesheya kwezilwandle kulula kwezepolitiki uma kuqhathaniswa nokuvala ukufakwa kwasekhaya. Ngokungafani nenqubo yokuguqulwa kwesisekelo kanye nokuvalwa kwezikhungo e-United States, iCongress ayidingi ukubandakanyeka ekuvalweni kwamanye amazwe. OMongameli uGeorge HW Bush, uBill Clinton, noGeorge W. Bush bavale amakhulu ezisekelo ezingadingekile eYurophu nase-Asia ngawo-1990 kanye nawo-2000. Uhulumeni kaTrump wavala ezinye izisekelo e-Afghanistan, e-Iraq, nase-Syria. UMongameli uBiden uqale kahle ngokuhoxisa amabutho ase-US ezisekweni e-Afghanistan. Izilinganiso zethu zangaphambilini, muva nje ngo-2020, zaziwukuthi i-United States yayinezisekelo ezingu-800 kwamanye amazwe (bheka iMephu 1). Ngenxa yokuvalwa kwamuva nje, siphinde sabala futhi sabuyekeza sehla saya ku-750.
UMongameli uBiden umemezele "i-Global Posture Review" eqhubekayo futhi wathembisa uhulumeni wakhe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kwamabutho ase-US emhlabeni wonke "kuhambisana kahle nenqubomgomo yethu yangaphandle kanye nezinto eziza kuqala zokuphepha kwezwe."22 Ngakho-ke, uhulumeni kaBiden unethuba elingokomlando lokuvala amakhulu ezizinda zempi ezingadingekile kwamanye amazwe nokuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwezwe nakwamanye amazwe kule nqubo. Ngokungafani nokuhoxiswa ngokushesha kukaMongameli wangaphambilini uDonald Trump kwezizinda namasosha eSyria kanye nomzamo wakhe wokujezisa iJalimane ngokususa izindawo lapho, uMongameli uBiden angavala izizinda ngokucophelela nangokuzibophezela, eqinisekisa abalingani bakhe ngenkathi esindisa imali eningi yabakhokhi bentela.
Ngenxa yezizathu ezivamile zodwa, amalungu ePhalamende kufanele asekele ukuvalwa kwezindawo phesheya kwezilwandle ukuze kubuyiselwe izinkulungwane zabasebenzi namalungu omndeni - kanye nemiholo yabo - ezifundeni nasezifundazweni zabo. Kukhona umthamo owengeziwe obhalwe phansi wamasosha abuyayo nemindeni ezisekelweni zasekhaya.23
Uhulumeni kaBiden kufanele ulalele izidingo ezikhulayo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezepolitiki zokuvala izisekelo zakwamanye amazwe futhi ulandele isu lokunciphisa ukuma kwezempi zase-US kwamanye amazwe, ukuletha amasosha ekhaya, nokwakha ukuma kwezombusazwe kanye nobudlelwano bezwe.
isithasiselo
| Ithebula 1. Amazwe anezisekelo zezempi zase-US (isethi yedatha ephelele lapha) | ||||||
| Igama lezwe | Inani Eliphelele Lezindawo Eziyisisekelo | Uhlobo Lukahulumeni | Isakhiwo Sabasebenzi. | Uxhaso Lokwakha Lwezempi (FY2000-19) | Protest | Umonakalo Obalulekile Wezemvelo |
| AMERICAN SAMOA | 1 | Ikoloni lase-US | 309 | $ 19.5 million | Cha | Yebo |
| I-ARUBA | 1 | Ikoloni laseDashi | 225 | $ 27.1 million24 | Yebo | Cha |
| ISIQHINGI SOKUKHULA | 1 | Ikoloni laseBrithani | 800 | $ 2.2 million | Cha | Yebo |
| AUSTRALIA | 7 | Intando yeningi egcwele | 1,736 | $ 116 million | Yebo | Yebo |
| IBahamas, I-THE | 6 | Intando yeningi egcwele | 56 | $ 31.1 million | Cha | Yebo |
| BAHRAIN | 12 | Igunya | 4,603 | $ 732.3 million | Cha | Yebo |
| I-BELGIUM | 11 | Intando yeningi engalungile | 1,869 | $ 430.1 million | Yebo | Yebo |
| BOTSWANA | 1 | Intando yeningi engalungile | 16 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Cha |
| BULGARIA | 4 | Intando yeningi engalungile | 2,500 | $ 80.2 million | Cha | Cha |
| Burkina Faso | 1 | Igunya | 16 | OKUDLULILE | Yebo | Cha |
| CAMBODIA | 1 | Igunya | 15 | OKUDLULILE | Yebo | Cha |
| CAMEROON | 2 | Igunya | 10 | OKUDLULILE | Yebo | Cha |
| ECANADA | 3 | Intando yeningi egcwele | 161 | OKUDLULILE | Yebo | Yebo |
| Chad | 1 | Igunya | 20 | OKUDLULILE | Yebo | Cha |
| CHILE | 1 | Intando yeningi egcwele | 35 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Cha |
| I-COLOMBIA | 1 | Intando yeningi engalungile | 84 | $ 43 million | Yebo | Cha |
| ICOSTA RICA | 1 | Intando yeningi egcwele | 16 | OKUDLULILE | Yebo | Cha |
| ICUBA | 1 | Igunya25 | 1,004 | $ 538 million | Yebo | Yebo |
| I-CURAÇAO | 1 | Intando yeningi egcwele26 | 225 | $ 27.1 million | Cha | Cha |
| I-CYPRUS | 1 | Intando yeningi engalungile | 10 | OKUDLULILE | Yebo | Cha |
| UDIEGO GARCIA | 2 | Ikoloni laseBrithani | 3,000 | $ 210.4 million | Yebo | Yebo |
| Djibouti | 2 | Igunya | 126 | $ 480.5 million | Cha | Yebo |
| IGIBHITHE | 1 | Igunya | 259 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Cha |
| EL SALVADOR | 1 | Umbuso we-hybrid | 70 | $ 22.7 million | Cha | Cha |
| ESTONIA | 1 | Intando yeningi engalungile | 17 | $ 60.8 million | Cha | Cha |
| GABON | 1 | Igunya | 10 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Cha |
| EGEORGIA | 1 | Umbuso we-hybrid | 29 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Cha |
| EJALIMANE | 119 | Intando yeningi egcwele | 46,562 | $ 5.8 billion | Yebo | Yebo |
| GHANA | 1 | Intando yeningi engalungile | 19 | OKUDLULILE | Yebo | Cha |
| IGRISI | 8 | Intando yeningi engalungile | 446 | $ 179.1 million | Yebo | Yebo |
| GREENLAND | 1 | Ikoloni laseDenmark | 147 | $ 168.9 million | Yebo | Yebo |
| I-GUAM | 54 | Ikoloni lase-US | 11,295 | $ 2 billion | Yebo | Yebo |
| Honduras | 2 | Umbuso we-hybrid | 371 | $ 39.1 million | Yebo | Yebo |
| Hungary | 2 | Intando yeningi engalungile | 82 | $ 55.4 million | Cha | Cha |
| ICELAND | 2 | Intando yeningi egcwele | 3 | $ 51.5 million | Yebo | Cha |
| IRAQ | 6 | Igunya | 2,500 | $ 895.4 million | Yebo | Yebo |
| IRELAND | 1 | Intando yeningi egcwele | 8 | OKUDLULILE | Yebo | Cha |
| U-ISRAYELI | 6 | Intando yeningi engalungile | 127 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Cha |
| ITALY | 44 | Intando yeningi engalungile | 14,756 | $ 1.7 billion | Yebo | Yebo |
| EJAPANE | 119 | Intando yeningi egcwele | 63,690 | $ 2.1 billion | Yebo | Yebo |
| I-JOHNSTON ATOLL | 1 | Ikoloni lase-US | 0 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Yebo |
| JORDAN | 2 | Igunya | 211 | $ 255 million | Yebo | Cha |
| EKENYA | 3 | Umbuso we-hybrid | 59 | OKUDLULILE | Yebo | Cha |
| IKOREA, IRIPHABHLIKI YAMABHAYIBHELI | 76 | Intando yeningi egcwele | 28,503 | $ 2.3 billion | Yebo | Yebo |
| IKOSOVO | 1 | Intando yeningi engalungile* | 18 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Yebo |
| Kuwait | 10 | Igunya | 2,054 | $ 156 million | Yebo | Yebo |
| I-LATVIA | 1 | Intando yeningi engalungile | 14 | $ 14.6 million | Cha | Cha |
| LUXEMBOURG | 1 | Intando yeningi egcwele | 21 | $ 67.4 million | Cha | Cha |
| Mali | 1 | Igunya | 20 | OKUDLULILE | Yebo | Cha |
| ISIHLOKO SAMARSHALL | 12 | Intando yeningi egcwele* | 96 | $ 230.3 million | Yebo | Yebo |
| E-NETHERLANDS | 6 | Intando yeningi egcwele | 641 | $ 11.4 million | Yebo | Yebo |
| ENIGER | 8 | Igunya | 21 | $ 50 million | Yebo | Cha |
| IZIQHINGI ZASE-N. MARIANA | 5 | Ikoloni lase-US | 45 | $ 2.1 billion | Yebo | Yebo |
| ZASENORWAY | 7 | Intando yeningi egcwele | 167 | $ 24.1 million | Yebo | Cha |
| Oman | 6 | Igunya | 25 | $ 39.2 million | Cha | Yebo |
| IPALAU, IRIPHABHULIKI YASE- | 3 | Intando yeningi egcwele* | 12 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Cha |
| EPANAMA | 11 | Intando yeningi engalungile | 35 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Cha |
| PERU | 2 | Intando yeningi engalungile | 51 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Cha |
| EPHILIPPINES | 8 | Intando yeningi engalungile | 155 | OKUDLULILE | Yebo | Cha |
| I-POLAND | 4 | Intando yeningi engalungile | 226 | $ 395.4 million | Cha | Cha |
| Portugal | 21 | Intando yeningi engalungile | 256 | $ 87.2 million | Cha | Yebo |
| E-PUERTO RICO | 34 | Ikoloni lase-US | 13,571 | $ 788.8 million | Yebo | Yebo |
| Qatar | 3 | Igunya | 501 | $ 559.5 million | Cha | Yebo |
| EROMANIA | 6 | Intando yeningi engalungile | 165 | $ 363.7 million | Cha | Cha |
| I-SAUDI ARABIA | 11 | Igunya | 693 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Yebo |
| Senegal | 1 | Umbuso we-hybrid | 15 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Cha |
| ESINGAPORE | 2 | Intando yeningi engalungile | 374 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Cha |
| SLOVAKIA | 2 | Intando yeningi engalungile | 12 | $ 118.7 million | Cha | Cha |
| SOMALIA | 5 | Uhlelo lwe-hybrid* | 71 | OKUDLULILE | Yebo | Cha |
| SPAIN | 4 | Intando yeningi egcwele | 3,353 | $ 292.2 million | Cha | Yebo |
| Suriname | 2 | Intando yeningi engalungile | 2 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Cha |
| YASESIRIYA | 4 | Igunya | 900 | OKUDLULILE | Yebo | Cha |
| THAILAND | 1 | Intando yeningi engalungile | 115 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Cha |
| TUNISIA | 1 | Intando yeningi engalungile | 26 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Cha |
| IGALIKUNI | 13 | Umbuso we-hybrid | 1,758 | $ 63.8 million | Yebo | Yebo |
| UGANDA | 1 | Umbuso we-hybrid | 14 | OKUDLULILE | Cha | Cha |
| I-UNITED ARAB EMIRATES | 3 | Igunya | 215 | $ 35.4 million | Cha | Yebo |
| I-UNITED KINGDOM | 25 | Intando yeningi egcwele | 10,770 | $ 1.9 billion | Yebo | Yebo |
| IZINSIZWA ZE-VIRGIN, US | 6 | Ikoloni lase-US | 787 | $ 72.3 million | Cha | Yebo |
| Isiqhingi saseWake | 1 | Ikoloni lase-US | 5 | $ 70.1 million | Cha | Yebo |
Amanothi kuThebula 1
Izindawo eziyisisekelo: Umbiko Wokwakheka Kwesisekelo sePentagon ka-2018 uchaza "indawo" yesisekelo njenganoma iyiphi "indawo ethile yendawo enamaphasela omhlaba noma izakhiwo ezabelwe yona [...] okungukuthi, noma okwakungeyakho, eqashisiwe, noma ngaphansi komthetho we-DoD Component egameni le-United States."27
Uhlobo lukahulumeni: Izinhlobo zohulumeni bezwe zichazwa ngokuthi “intando yeningi egcwele,” “intando yeningi enamaphutha,” “uhulumeni ohlanganisiwe,” noma “owobushiqela.” Lokhu kuhlanganiswe kusukela ku-“Democracy Index” ye-Economist Intelligence Unit ka-2020 ngaphandle kokuthi kuboniswe ngenye indlela ngenkanyezi (izingcaphuno zazo zingatholakala kusethi yedatha ephelele).
Uxhaso Lokwakha Amasosha: Lezi zibalo kufanele zibhekwe njengezincane kakhulu. Idatha ivela emibhalweni yesabelomali esisemthethweni sePentagon ethunyelwe kwiCongress ukuze kwakhiwe amasosha. Isamba asifaki uxhaso olwengeziwe empini (“imisebenzi yezimo eziphuthumayo phesheya kwezilwandle”), izabelomali ezihlukanisiwe, kanye neminye imithombo yesabelomali, ngezinye izikhathi, engadalulwanga kwiCongress (isb., lapho amasosha esebenzisa imali eyabelwe injongo eyodwa yokwakha amasosha).28 Izilinganiso ezibalulekile zoxhaso lwaminyaka yonke lokwakha amasosha ziya “ezindaweni ezingacacisiwe,” okwenza kube nzima nakakhulu ukwazi ukuthi uhulumeni wase-US utshala malini ezisekelweni zempi phesheya kwezilwandle.
Izilinganiso zabasebenzi: Lezi zilinganiso zifaka phakathi amabutho asebenzayo, amabutho onogada besizwe kanye namasosha agciniwe, kanye nezakhamuzi zasePentagon. Izilinganiso zithathwe ku-Defense Manpower Data Center (kubuyekezwe ngoMashi 31, 2021; kanye noJuni 30, 2021 e-Australia), ngaphandle kokuthi kuphawulwe ngenye indlela nge-asterisk (izingcaphuno zazo zingatholakala kusethi yedatha ephelele). Abafundi kufanele baqaphele ukuthi amasosha avame ukunikeza idatha yabasebenzi enganembile ukuze afihle uhlobo nosayizi wokuthunyelwa.
Izilinganiso zomhlaba (zitholakala kusethi yedatha ephelele): Lokhu kuvela ku-Pentagon's 2018 Base Structure Report (BSR) futhi kubhalwe kumahektare. I-BSR inikeza izilinganiso ezingaphelele futhi lezo zindawo zesisekelo ezingafakiwe ziphawulwe ngokuthi “azidalulwanga.”
Imibhikisho yakamuva/eqhubekayo: Lokhu kubhekisela ekwenzekeni kwanoma yimuphi umbhikisho omkhulu, kungaba umbuso, abantu, noma inhlangano. Imibhikisho ecacile ngokumelene nezisekelo zempi zase-US noma ukuba khona kwezempi zase-US ngokuvamile kuphela ephawulwe ngokuthi “yebo.” Izwe ngalinye eliphawulwe ngokuthi “yebo” lifakazelwa futhi lisekelwa yimibiko emibili yabezindaba kusukela ngo-2018. Lawo mazwe lapho kungekho mbhikisho wakamuva noma oqhubekayo atholakale khona aphawulwe ngokuthi “cha.”
Umonakalo omkhulu wemvelo: Lesi sigaba sibhekisela ekungcolisweni komoya, ukungcoliswa komhlaba, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, ukungcoliswa komsindo, kanye/noma ubungozi bezitshalo noma izilwane obuhlobene nokuba khona kwesikhungo sezempi sase-US. Izisekelo zempi, ngaphandle kwezikhathi ezingavamile, zilimaza imvelo ngenxa yokugcina kwazo nokusetshenziswa njalo kwezinto eziyingozi, amakhemikhali anobuthi, izikhali eziyingozi, nezinye izinto eziyingozi.29 Izisekelo ezinkulu zivame ukuba yingozi kakhulu; ngakho-ke, sicabanga ukuthi noma yisiphi isisekelo esikhulu sibangele ukulimala okuthile kwemvelo. Indawo ebhalwe ukuthi “cha” ayisho ukuthi isisekelo asibanganga monakalo wemvelo kodwa kunalokho ukuthi akukho mbhalo ongatholakala noma ukuthi umonakalo ucatshangwa ukuthi ulinganiselwe.
Ukuvuma
Amaqembu nabantu ngabanye abalandelayo, abayingxenye ye-Overseas Base Reignment and Closure Coalition, basize ekucabangeni, ocwaningweni, nasekubhaleni lo mbiko kanye nowokuwubhala: Umkhankaso Wokuthula, Ukuncishiswa Kwezikhali Nokuphepha Okujwayelekile; I-Codepink; UMkhandlu Wezwe Eliphilayo; I-Foreign Policy Alliance; I-Institute for Policy Studies/Foreign Policy in Focus; U-Andrew Bacevich; UMedea Benjamin; UJohn Feffer; USam Fraser; UJoseph Gerson; UBarry Klein; UJessica Rosenblum; ULora Lumpe; UCatherine Lutz; UDavid Swanson; UJohn Tierney; U-Allan Vogel; noLawrence Wilkerson.
I-Overseas Base Realignment and Closure Coalition (OBRACC) iyiqembu elibanzi labahlaziyi bezempi, izazi, abameli, kanye nabanye ochwepheshe bezempi abavela kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezepolitiki abasekela ukuvalwa kwezisekelo zezempi zase-US phesheya kwezilwandle. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe, bheka ku-www.overseasbases.net.
UDavid Vine UnguSolwazi we-Anthropology e-American University eWashington, DC. UDavid ungumbhali wezincwadi ezintathu mayelana nezisekelo zempi kanye nempi, okuhlanganisa nencwadi esanda kukhishwa ethi The United States of War: A Global History of America's Endless Conflicts, evela eColumbus kuya ku-Islamic State (University of California Press, 2020), eyayifinyelele kowamanqamu kuMklomelo Wencwadi Ye-LA Times ka-2020. Izincwadi zikaDavid zangaphambili yi-Base Nation: How US Military Bases Abroad Harm America and the World (Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt, 2015) kanye ne-Island of Shame: The Secret History of the US Military on Diego Garcia (Princeton University Press, 2009). UDavid uyilungu le-Overseas Base Realignment and Closure Coalition.
UPatterson Deppen ungumcwaningi we World BEYOND War, lapho ahlanganisa khona uhlu oluphelele lwalo mbiko lwezisekelo zamasosha ase-US phesheya kwezilwandle. Usebenza ebhodini lokuhlela e-E-International Relations lapho engumhleli-mxhumanisi wezindatshana zabafundi. Ukubhala kwakhe kuvele ku-E-International Relations, Tom Dispatch, kanye ne-The Progressive. Isihloko sakhe sakamuva ku-TomDispatch, esithi “America as a Base Nation Revisited,” sinikeza umbono wezisekelo zamasosha ase-US phesheya kwezilwandle kanye nokuba khona kwazo emhlabeni wonke namuhla. Uthole iziqu zakhe ze-masters kwezentuthuko kanye nezokuphepha eNyuvesi yaseBristol. Uyilungu le-Overseas Base Reignment and Closure Coalition.
Leah Bolger wathatha umhlalaphansi ngo-2000 e-US Navy esesikhundleni sokuba yi-Commander ngemuva kweminyaka engama-20 esebenza kanzima. Wakhethwa njengoMongameli wokuqala wesifazane we-Veterans For Peace (VFP) ngo-2012, kwathi ngo-2013 wakhethwa ukwethula i-Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Memorial Peace Lecture e-Oregon State University. Usebenza njengoMongameli we- World BEYOND War, inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe ezinikele ekuqedeni impi. ULeah uyilungu le-Overseas Base Reignment and Closure Coalition.
World BEYOND War kuyinhlangano yomhlaba wonke engenabudlova yokuqeda impi nokusungula ukuthula okunobulungisa nokusimeme. World BEYOND War yasungulwa ngoJanuwari 1st, 2014, lapho abasunguli uDavid Hartsough noDavid Swanson beqala ukudala ukunyakaza komhlaba wonke ukuze kuqedwe isikhungo sempi uqobo, hhayi nje "impi yosuku." Uma impi izoke iqedwe, khona-ke kumele isuswe etafuleni njengenketho engenzeka. Njengoba nje kungekho into efana "nokuhle" noma ubugqila obudingekayo, ayikho into efana "nempi enhle" noma edingekayo. Zombili izikhungo ziyanyanyeka futhi azikaze zamukeleke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izimo zinjani. Ngakho-ke, uma singakwazi ukusebenzisa impi ukuxazulula izingxabano zomhlaba wonke, yini esingayenza? Ukuthola indlela yokushintshela ohlelweni lokuphepha lomhlaba wonke olusekelwa ngumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, idiplomacy, ukubambisana, namalungelo abantu, nokuvikela lezo zinto ngesenzo esingenabo ubudlova kunosongo lobudlova, kuyinhliziyo ye-WBW. Umsebenzi wethu uhlanganisa imfundo eqeda izinganekwane, njengokuthi "Impi ingokwemvelo" noma "Besilokhu sinempi," futhi ikhombisa abantu hhayi nje ukuthi impi kufanele iqedwe, kodwa nokuthi empeleni ingaba njalo. Umsebenzi wethu uhlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zobushoshovu obungenabo ubudlova obushukumisa umhlaba endleleni yokuqeda yonke impi.
Imibhalo yaphansi:
1 UMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-United States. “Umbiko Wesakhiwo Sesisekelo —Unyaka Wezimali ka-2018 Isisekelo: Isifinyezo Sedatha Yempahla Yangempela.” Ihhovisi Lomsizi KaNobhala Wezokuvikela Wezokugcinwa, 2018.
https://www.acq.osd.mil/eie/BSI/BEI_Library.html;see also Vine, David. “Lists of U.S. Military Bases Abroad, 1776–2021.” American University Digital Research Archive, 2021.https://doi.org/10.17606/7em4-hb13.
2 Burns, Robert. “UMilley Unxusa ‘Ukubheka Kabusha’ Ukuhlala Kwamasosha Ngaphandle Kwamazwe.” Associated Press, Disemba 3, 2020. https://apnews.com/article/persian-gulf-tensions-south-korea-united-states-5949185a8cbf2843eac27535a599d022.
3 “Ukulungiswa Kwesabelomali SeCongress—UMnyango Wezwe, Imisebenzi Yangaphandle, kanye Nezinhlelo Ezihlobene, Unyaka Wezimali ka-2022.” UMnyango Wezwe wase-United States. 2021. ii.
4 Imfihlo kanye nokungafihli lutho okulinganiselwe okuzungeze izisekelo zase-US kuboniswa yizisekelo zakwamanye amazwe zezinye izizwe. Izilinganiso zangaphambilini ziphakamise ukuthi amanye amabutho omhlaba ayenezisekelo zakwamanye amazwe ezingaba ngu-60-100. Umbiko omusha uphakamisa ukuthi i-United Kingdom inezisekelo ezingu-145. Bheka uMiller, Phil. “KWEMBULWE: Inethiwekhi yezisekelo zakwamanye amazwe zezempi zase-UK ihlanganisa izindawo ezingu-145 emazweni angu-42.” I-UK ekhishwe esigabeni sayo, ngoNovemba 20, 2020.
https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-11-24-revealed-the-uk-militarys-overseas-base-network-involves-145-sites-in-42-countries/). As we discuss in our “What Isa Base?” section, the definition of a “base” is also a perennial challenge, making cross-national comparison even more difficult.
5 Bheka, isibonelo, uJacobs, uFrank. “Imibuso Yezempi Emihlanu Yomhlaba.” BigThink.com, Julayi 10, 2017.
http://bigthink.com/strange-maps/the-worlds-five-military-empires;Sharkov, Damien. “Russia’s Military Compared to the U.S.” Newsweek, June 8, 2018.
http://www.newsweek.com/russias-military-compared-us-which-country-has-more-military-bases-across-954328.
6 UMnyango Wezokuvikela “Umbiko Wezindleko Zaphesheya” (isib. UMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-US. “Imisebenzi kanye
Ukubuka Konke Kokugcinwa, Izilinganiso Zesabelomali Sonyaka Wezimali Ka-2021.” Ngaphansi kukaNobhala Wezokuvikela (uMqondisi), uFebhuwari 2020. 186–189), okufakwe kumadokhumenti ayo esabelomali sonyaka, kunikeza ulwazi olulinganiselwe lwezindleko mayelana nokufakwa kwamanye amazwe kodwa hhayi kuwo wonke lapho amasosha egcina khona izisekelo. Idatha yombiko ivame ukungaphelele futhi ivame ukungabi khona emazweni amaningi. Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kweshumi, i-DoD ibike izindleko zonyaka eziphelele ekufakweni kwamanye amazwe ezicishe zibe yizigidigidi ezingama-20 zamaRandi. UDavid Vine unikeza isilinganiso esinemininingwane eminingi ku-Base Nation: Indlela Izisekelo Zezempi zase-US Eziya Ngaphandle Zilimaza Ngayo I-America kanye Nomhlaba. I-New York. I-Metropolitan Books, 2015. 195-214. UVine usebenzise indlela efanayo ukuvuselela lesi silinganiso sonyaka wezimali ka-2019, ngaphandle kwezinye izindleko ukuze kube nokugcinwa okwengeziwe mayelana nengozi yezindleko zokubala kabili. Sibuyekeze leso silinganiso samaRandi ayizigidigidi ezingama-51.5 kuze kube manje sisebenzisa i-Bureau of Labor Statistics CPI Inflation Calculator, https://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm.
7 Lostumbo, Michael J, nabanye. Ukusekelwa Kwamanye Amazwe Kwamabutho Empi ase-US: Ukuhlolwa Kwezindleko Ezihlobene Nezinzuzo Zamasu. ISanta Monica. I-RAND Corporation, 2013. xxv.
8 Silinganisela izindleko zabasebenzi ngokuthatha, futhi ngendlela egcinayo, izindleko zomuntu ngamunye ezingama-$115,000 (abanye basebenzisa ama-$125,000) kanye namasosha kanye nezisebenzi ezivamile ezingaba ngu-230,000 njengamanje eziphesheya kwezilwandle. Sithola isilinganiso esingu-$115,000 ngomuntu ngamunye ngokulungisa isilinganiso esingu-$107,106 sabasebenzi abathunyelwe kwamanye amazwe kanye nasekhaya (Blakeley, Katherine. “Abasebenzi Bezempi.” Isikhungo Sokuhlaziywa Kwamasu Nesabelomali, Agasti 15, 2017, https://csbaonline.org/reports/military-personnel), uma sibheka izindleko ezengeziwe zama-$10,000–$40,000 ngomuntu ngamunye (bheka iLostumbo.Overseas Basingof US Military Forces).
Izibalo ezingu-9 zokwakha amasosha zalo mbiko zalungiswa yiJordan Cheney, i-American University, kusetshenziswa amadokhumenti esabelomali saminyaka yonke sePentagon athunyelwe kwiCongress ukuze kwakhiwe amasosha (izinhlelo ze-C-1). Isamba semali esetshenzisiwe ekwakheni amasosha kwamanye amazwe siphezulu kakhulu ngenxa yemali eyengeziwe esetshenziswe empini (“imisebenzi yezimo eziphuthumayo phesheya kwezilwandle”). Phakathi kweminyaka yezimali ka-2004 no-2011, kuphela, ukwakhiwa kwamasosha e-Afghanistan, e-Iraq, nakwezinye izindawo zempi kufinyelele ku-$9.4 billion (Belasco, Amy. “Izindleko ze-Iraq, Afghanistan, kanye nezinye izimpi zomhlaba wonke mayelana nokusebenza kobuphekula kusukela ngo-9/11.” I-Congressional Research Service, Mashi 29, 2011. 33). Sisebenzisa leli zinga lokusebenzisa imali njengesiqondiso ($9.4 billion ekusetshenzisweni kwezimali zokwakha amasosha eminyakeni yezimali ka-2004–2011 simele u-.85% wesabelomali sempi esiphelele sezempi sesikhathi esifanayo), silinganisela ukuthi isabelomali sempi sisebenzise imali yokwakha amasosha eminyakeni yezimali ka-2001–2019 cishe u-$16 billion kusukela ku-$1.835 trillion yePentagon ekusetshenzisweni kwempi (McGarry, Brendan W. no-Emily M. Morgenstern. “Uxhaso Lwemisebenzi Eqhubekayo Yaphesheya: Isizinda Nesimo.” I-Congressional Research Service, Septhemba 6, 2019. 2). Isamba sethu asifaki uxhaso olwengeziwe kubhajethi ehlukanisiwe kanye neminye imithombo yesabelomali, ngezinye izikhathi, engadalulwanga ePhalamende (isb., lapho amasosha esebenzisa imali eyabelwe izinjongo zokwakha ezingezona ezempi ekwakheni amasosha). Bheka i-Vine. Base Nation. Isahluko 13, ukuze uthole ingxoxo ngoxhaso lwezimali zokwakha amasosha.
10 Vine, David. I-United States of War: Umlando Womhlaba Wonke Wezingxabano Ezingapheli ZaseMelika, kusukela eColumbus kuya ku-Islamic State. Oakland. University of California Press, 2020.248; Glain, Stephen. “Yini Eyashukumisa U-Osama bin Laden Ngempela.” US News & World Report, Meyi 3, 2011.
http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/stephen-glain/2011/05/03/what-actually-motivated-osama-bin-laden;
Bowman, Bradley L. “Ngemva kwe-Iraq.” I-Washington Quarterly, umqulu. 31, cha. 2. 2008. 85.
11 Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Iraq, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, South Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Uganda, Yemen. Bheka uSavell, Stephanie, kanye no-5W Infographics. “Le Mephu Ikhombisa Ukuthi Ibutho Lase-US Lilwa Nobuphekula Kuphi Emhlabeni.” I-Smithsonian Magazine, Januwari 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/map-shows-places-world-where-us-military-operates-180970997/; Turse, Nick, kanye noSean D. Naylor. “Kwembulwe: Imisebenzi Engama-36 Yebutho Lase-US Eqanjwe Ngokwekhodi E-Afrika.” Yahoo News, Ephreli 17, 2019.https://news.yahoo.com/revealed-the-us-militarys-36-codenamed-operations-in-africa-090000841.html.
12 Bheka, isibonelo, iVine. Base Nation. Isahluko 4. Abantu base-American Samoa banesigaba esiphansi kakhulu sokuba yizakhamuzi njengoba bengezona izakhamuzi zase-US ngokuzalwa.
13 Isizwe Esisekelwe Emvinini.138–139.
14 Volcovici, Valerie. “AmaSenetha ase-US Afuna Izimpendulo Ngokuba Khona Kwase-US eNiger Ngemva Kokuqamekela.” Reuters, Okthoba 22, 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-niger-usa-idUSKBN1CR0NG.
15 Olunye lwezifundo ezingavamile zeCongress zezisekelo zase-US kanye nokuba khona kwamanye amazwe lubonise ukuthi “uma nje isisekelo saseMelika saphesheya kwezilwandle sesimisiwe, sithatha impilo yaso…. Imisebenzi yokuqala ingase iphelelwe yisikhathi, kodwa imisebenzi emisha iyathuthukiswa, hhayi ngenhloso yokugcina lesi sikhungo siqhubeka, kodwa ngokuvamile ukuze sikhule ngempela.” ISenate yase-United States. “Izivumelwano Zokuphepha zase-United States kanye Nezibopho Kwamanye Amazwe.” Ukulalelwa kwecala phambi kweKomidi Elincane LeSenate Ngezivumelwano Zokuphepha zase-United States kanye Nezibopho Kwamanye Amazwe leKomidi Lobudlelwano Nangaphandle. ICongress Yamashumi Ayisishiyagalolunye, uMqulu 2, 2017. Ucwaningo lwamuva nje luqinisekisile lokhu okutholakele. Isibonelo, uGlaser, uJohn. “Ukuhoxa Ezisekweni Zaphesheya Kwezwe: Kungani Isimo Sezempi Esisetshenziswa Ngaphambili Singadingeki, Siphelelwe Yisikhathi, Futhi Siyingozi.” Ukuhlaziywa Kwenqubomgomo 816, CATO Institute, Julayi 18, 2017; Johnson, Chalmers. Usizi Lombuso: Ubusosha, Imfihlo, kanye Nokuphela KweRiphabhulikhi. INew York. IMetropolitan, 2004; Vine. Isizwe Sesisekelo.
16 Umthetho Womphakathi 94-361, isigaba 302.
17 Ikhodi yase-US 10, isiqephu 2721, “Amarekhodi Empahla Yangempela.” Ngaphambilini, bheka Ikhodi yase-US 10, isiqephu 115 kanye nekhodi yase-US 10, isiqephu 138(c). Akucaci ukuthi iPentagon yayishicilela yini umbiko minyaka yonke phakathi kuka-1976 no-2018, kodwa imibiko ingatholakala ku-inthanethi kusukela ngo-1999 futhi kubonakala sengathi inikezwe iCongress cishe sonke lesi sikhathi uma kungesona.
18 Turse, Nick. “Izisekelo, Izisekelo, Yonke Indawo… Ngaphandle Kombiko wePentagon.” TomDispatch.com, Januwari 8, 2019. http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/176513/tomgram%3A_nick_turse%2C_one_down%2C_who_knows_how_many_to_go/#more; Vine.Base Nation.3-5; David Vine. “Uhlu Lwezisekelo Zezempi Zase-US Kwamanye Amazwe, 1776–2021.”
19 Turse, Nick. “Ibutho lase-US Lithi ‘Line-Footprint Elula’ e-Afrika. Le Mibhalo Ibonisa Inethiwekhi Enkulu Yezisekelo.” I-Intercept, Disemba 1, 2018. https://theintercept.com/2018/12/01/us-military-says-it-has-a-light-footprint-in-africa-these-documents-show-a-vast-network-of-bases/; Savell, Stephanie, kanye ne-5W Infographics. “Le Mephu Ikhombisa Ukuthi Ibutho lase-US Lilwa Nobuphekula Kuphi Emhlabeni.” I-Smithsonian Magazine, Januwari 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/map-shows-places-world-where-us-military-operates-180970997/; Turse, Nick. “I-Footprint Eyimfihlo YaseMelika Elwa Nempi E-Afrika Imibhalo Yezempi Yase-US Eyimfihlo Yembula Iqoqo Lezisekelo Zezempi ZaseMelika Kulelo zwekazi.” I-TomDispatch.com, Ephreli 27, 2017. https://tomdispatch.com/nick-turse-the-us-military-moves-deeper-into-africa/
20 O'Mahony, Angela, Miranda Priebe, Bryan Frederick, Jennifer Kavanagh, Matthew Lane, Trevor Johnston, Thomas S. Szayna, Jakub P. Hlávka, Stephen Watts, kanye noMatthew Povlock. “Ukuba khona kwe-US kanye nokwenzeka kwengxabano.” I-RAND Corporation. Santa Monica, 2018.
21 UMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-United States. “Umbiko Wesakhiwo Sesisekelo —Unyaka Wezimali ka-2018.” 18.
22 Biden, Joseph R. Jr. “Amazwi kaMongameli uBiden ngendawo yaseMelika emhlabeni.” 4 Nhlolanja 2021.
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/02/04/remarks-by-president-biden-on-americas-place-in-the-world/.
23 “Umthamo Wengqalasizinda YoMnyango Wezokuvikela.” UMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-United States. Okthoba 2017,
https://fas.org/man/eprint/infrastructure.pdf.
24 Imali yokwakha e-Aruba naseCuraçao ihlanganiswa ekuxhasweni yiPentagon. Sahlukanise inani kanye
kwabelwana ngengxenye endaweni ngayinye.
25 Sisebenzisa isigaba se-Economist Intelligence Unit se-Cuba njengobushiqela, yize isisekelo esiseGuantánamo Bay, eCuba, singahlukaniswa njengekoloni lase-United States ngenxa yokungakwazi kukahulumeni waseCuba ukukhipha amasosha ase-US ngaphansi kwemibandela yesivumelwano izikhulu zase-US ezasibeka eCuba ngawo-1930. Bheka uMvini. I-United States of War. 23-24.
26 Imali yokwakha e-Aruba naseCuraçao ihlanganiswa ekuxhasweni yiPentagon. Sahlukanise inani kanye
kwabelwana ngengxenye endaweni ngayinye.
27 UMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-United States. Umbiko Wesakhiwo Sesisekelo —Unyaka Wezimali ka-2018. 4.
28 Bheka uMvini. Isizwe Esiyisisekelo. Isahluko 13.
29 Ukuze uthole umbono ophelele, bheka iVine. Base Nation. Isahluko 7.