Ingabe siye salahlekelwa indlela yethu empini?

nguDavid Swanson, Septhemba 21, 2017, Ake sizame ngentando yeningi.

Amazwi okuqala engxoxo-mpikiswano eNyuvesi yasePennsylvania ngoSepthemba 21, 2017, ngesiphakamiso esilandelayo: “Ingabe izimpi zaseMelika eSiriya nase-Afghanistan zilungile futhi ziyadingeka noma sesilahlekelwe yindlela yethu yokusebenzisa amandla empi, okuhlanganisa nezikhali zama-drone, ekuqhubeni inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US?”

Wow, sengithole ihlombe eliningi kunalelo uTrump alitholile ngenkulumo yakhe yonke e-UN.

Izimpi zase-US kanye nokuqhuma kwamabhomu eSyria, e-Afghanistan, ePakistan, e-Iraq, eLibya, eYemen, eSomalia nasePhilippines, kanye nezinsongo eNyakatho Korea azilungile, azidingeki, azinasimilo, azisemthethweni, zibiza kakhulu ngezindlela eziningana, futhi azizuzisi ngokwemibandela yazo.

Umqondo wempi enobulungisa ufika kithi eminyakeni engaba ngu-1600 kusukela kubantu abanombono womhlaba esifana nawo cishe ngendlela ehlukile. Izindinganiso zempi nje ziza ngezinhlobo ezintathu: ezingezona ezobuciko, ezingenakwenzeka, kanye nezingezona ezokuziphatha.

Imigomo Engeyona Eyobuciko: Impi enobulungisa kufanele ibe nenhloso efanele, imbangela efanele, kanye nokulingana. Kodwa lezi yizindlela zokukhuluma. Uma uhulumeni wakho ethi ukuqhumisa isakhiwo lapho i-ISIS ifihla khona imali kuvumela ukubulala abantu abangafika ku-50, azikho izindlela ezivunyelwene ngazo, ezingokoqobo zokuphendula Cha, abantu abangu-49 kuphela, noma abangu-6 kuphela, noma abantu abangafika ku-4,097 abangabulawa ngokufanele. Ukuhlonza inhloso kahulumeni akulula neze, futhi ukunamathisela imbangela efanele njengokuqeda ubugqila empini akwenzi leyo njongo ibe yinto ehambisana naleyo mpi. Ubugqila bungaqedwa ngezindlela eziningi, kuyilapho kungekho mpi eyake yalwiwa ngesizathu esisodwa. Ukube iMyanmar ibinowoyela owengeziwe besizozwa ngokuvimbela ukuqothulwa kohlanga njengesizathu esifanele sokuhlasela, futhi ngokungangabazeki ukuthi inkinga iya iba yimbi kakhulu.

Izindinganiso Ezingenakwenzeka: Impi enobulungisa kufanele ibe yindlela yokugcina, ibe nethuba elifanele lokuphumelela, ivikele abantu abangebona amasosha ekuhlaselweni, ihloniphe amasosha esitha njengabantu, futhi iphathe iziboshwa zempi njengabantu abangebona amasosha. Akukho neyodwa yalezi zinto engenzeka. Ukubiza into ngokuthi “indlela yokugcina” empeleni kuwukumane uthi ingumqondo omuhle kakhulu onawo, hhayi kuphela Umbono onawo. Kuhlala kuneminye imibono noma ubani angayicabanga. Njalo lapho sidinga ngokushesha ukubhomba i-Iran noma sizokufa sonke, futhi asifi, futhi asifi, ukuphuthuma kwesidingo esilandelayo sokubhomba i-Iran kulahlekelwa ukukhanya kwayo futhi izinketho ezingenamkhawulo zezinye izinto okufanele zenziwe ziba lula ukuzibona. Ukube impi yayiyiyo ngempela kuphela Umbono obunawo, ubungeke uphikise ngezimiso zokuziphatha, ubuyobe ungenele iCongress.

Kuthiwani ngokuhlonipha umuntu ngenkathi uzama ukumbulala? Kunezindlela eziningi zokuhlonipha umuntu, kodwa ayikho neyodwa yazo engaba khona ngesikhathi esisodwa nokuzama ukubulala lowo muntu. Khumbula ukuthi inkolelo-mbono yeMpi Yobulungisa yaqala ngabantu ababekholelwa ukuthi ukubulala umuntu kwakubenzela umusa. Abantu abangebona amasosha bayiningi labalimele ezimpini zanamuhla, ngakho-ke abakwazi ukugcinwa bephephile, kodwa abavalelwe ezinkanjini, ngakho-ke iziboshwa azikwazi ukuphathwa njengabantu abangebona amasosha ngenkathi ziboshiwe.

Izindinganiso Zokuziphatha Okungemthetho: Izimpi zokulunga kufanele zimenyezelwe obala futhi zilwiwe yiziphathimandla ezisemthethweni nezinekhono. Lezi akuzona izinkinga zokuziphatha. Ngisho nasezweni lapho sasinamagunya asemthethweni nanekhono, babengeke benze impi ibe yinto elungile noma engalungile.

Manje, singahlola noma yiziphi izimpi ezithile, futhi eziningi zazo ngemizuzu embalwa sifika esiphethweni sokuthi, kahle, le mpi ayiyona nje kodwa enye impi ingaba njalo. Uhulumeni wase-Afghanistan wayezimisele ukunikela u-Osama bin Laden ezweni lesithathu ukuze aquliswe icala. I-US ikhethe impi. Iningi labantu e-Afghanistan alizange nje libe nendaba no-9/11 kodwa alikaze lizwe ngayo kuze kube namuhla. Uma ukuhlela u-9/11 e-Afghanistan kwakuyisizathu seminyaka eyi-16 yokubhubhisa i-Afghanistan, kungani kungafakwanga ngisho nokuqhunyiswa kwebhomu eYurophu? Kungani kungaqhunyiswanga iFlorida? Noma ngalelo hhotela eMaryland eduze ne-NSA? Kukhona inganekwane ethandwayo yokuthi i-UN igunyaze ukuhlasela i-Afghanistan. Ayizange. Ngemva kweminyaka eyi-16 yokubulala nokuhlukumeza nokubhubhisa, i-Afghanistan impofu futhi inobudlova kakhulu, kanti i-United States izondwa kakhulu.

ISiriya ibisohlwini lohulumeni abazogumbuqelwa yi-US iminyaka eminingi, kanti i-US ibilokhu isebenza kulokho iminyaka eyishumi edlule. I-ISIS iphume empini eholwa yi-US e-Iraq, okumelwe ibe phezulu ohlwini lobugebengu kuleli khulu leminyaka. I-ISIS ivumele i-US ukuthi ikhulise indima yayo eSiriya, kodwa kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zempi efanayo. Sibe namasosha aqeqeshwe futhi ahlomile ePentagon elwa nalawo aqeqeshwe futhi ahlonyiswe yi-CIA. Sifunde ku New York Times ukuthi uhulumeni wakwa-Israyeli ukhetha ukuthi akekho ohlangothini oluzonqoba. Sibukele i-US yenqaba imizamo eminingi yokuthula eminyakeni edlule, ikhetha impi. Futhi ngale kokubulala, ukulimala, ukubhujiswa, indlala, kanye nobhubhane lwezifo yini ekhona engayibonisa?

INorth Korea yayizimisele ukwenza izivumelwano nokuzilandela eminyakeni engama-20 eyedlule, futhi, ngokuphambene nemibiko ethile yase-US, ivulekele izingxoxo manje. Abantu baseNingizimu Korea balangazelela ukuthi i-United States ivume izingxoxo. Indoda eyodwa izishise yaze yafa ngoLwesibili iphikisana nezikhali zase-US ezengeziwe eNingizimu Korea. Kodwa uhulumeni wase-US umemezele ukuthi izingxoxo azinakwenzeka ukuze kusongelwe “indlela yokugcina” ayithandayo. UTrump utshele i-UN ngoLwesibili ukuthi uma iNorth Korea iziphethe kabi, “Ngeke sibe nakukhetha ngaphandle kokubhubhisa iNorth Korea ngokuphelele” - hhayi impi kuphela kodwa nokubhujiswa okuphelele kwabantu abayizigidi ezingama-25. Igama likaJohn McCain elithandwayo lithi “ukuqothulwa.” Kungakapheli nemizuzwana engama-60, uTrump waqhubeka nokufuna isinyathelo ngokumelene ne-Iran ngesizathu sokuthi i-Iran kuthiwa isongela ngokusobala ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi.

Ezinye izimpi ngeke zingene kulezi zinkulumo zokuqala. Ngingathanda ukuvunyelwa okungenani imizuzu emihlanu ephelele ngeRwanda, eyi-10 ngeNguquko yaseMelika noma iMpi Yombango, kanye nengu-30 ngeMpi Yezwe II, okuyinto - ngokulunga - mhlawumbe nonke nichithe amahora amaningi nisakaza izinkulumo-ze. Noma, okungcono kakhulu kithi sonke, ngingathula futhi ningafunda izincwadi zami.

Kodwa uma usuvumile ukuthi izimpi eziningi azilungile, uma usuwazi ngokwanele ukuthi izimpi ziqalwa kanjani ngokucophelela futhi ukuthula kugwenywa kanjani ngomzamo omkhulu ukuze uhleke noma mhlawumbe ukhale ngesimangalo sikaKen Burns sokuthi lokho amaVietnam akubiza ngokuthi iMpi yaseMelika kwaqalwa “ngokwethembeka,” kuba nzima ukusho ukuthi noma yiziphi ezinye izimpi zilungile, ngisho nalezo oqala ukuzicabanga ngaleyo ndlela. Nasi isizathu.

Impi iyisikhungo, esikhulu kunazo zonke, esibiza kakhulu. I-US ifaka cishe amaRandi ayizigidigidi eziyi-1 ngonyaka empini, cishe alingana nawo wonke umhlaba wonke - futhi iningi lomhlaba wonke liyizihlobo zase-US kanye namakhasimende ezikhali i-US ewakhuthaza ngenkuthalo ukuthi asebenzise imali eningi. Amashumi ezigidigidi angaqeda indlala, ukuntuleka kwamanzi ahlanzekile, noma izifo ezahlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele. Inani nje iCongress esanda kukhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwezempi kuleli sonto lingaxazulula izinkinga zomhlaba wonke FUTHI, njengebhonasi, lenze amakolishi abe mahhala e-United States. Amakhulu ezigidigidi angasinika ithuba lokulwa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu uma eqondiswa kabusha. Indlela ephezulu lapho impi ibulala khona iwukuphambukisa izinsiza. Impi (futhi ngisebenzisa leli gama njengesifinyezo sempi namalungiselelo empi, kanti eyokugcina ibiza kakhulu ngezindlela eziningi) ingumbhubhisi omkhulu wemvelo, imbangela enkulu yamaphoyisa ahlomile kanye namalungelo agugile, umkhiqizi omkhulu wobandlululo kanye nokuthethelelwa kukahulumeni wobushiqela noyimfihlo. Futhi ngokusetshenziswa kwempi kuza zonke izimpi ezingalungile.

Ngakho-ke impi elungile, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba khona kwesikhungo sempi, kuzodingeka idlule umonakalo wokuchithwa kwezinsizakusebenza kude nemisebenzi emihle, izindleko ezengeziwe zezimali zamathuba alahlekile, izigidigidi zamaRandi ekubhujisweni kwempahla okubangelwa yizimpi, ukungabi nabulungisa kwezimpi ezingalungile, ingozi yokubhujiswa kwezikhali zenuzi, umonakalo wemvelo, umonakalo kahulumeni, kanye nomonakalo womphakathi wesiko lempi. Ayikho impi engaba khona. ukuthi kodwa, ngokuqinisekile akuzona izimpi ezilwiwa yiqhawe lempi emhlabeni. I-United States ingaqala umncintiswano wezikhali eziphambene kalula. Ngezinyathelo singaya ezweni lapho abantu bakuthola kulula khona ukuqaphela incazelo yempumelelo engenabudlova. Incazelo yalezo mpumelelo yile: awudingi impi ukuze uzivikele. Ungasebenzisa amathuluzi okumelana okungenabudlova, ukungasebenzisani, amandla okuziphatha kanye nezomnotho kanye nezombusazwe kanye nawokwahlulela kanye nokuxhumana.

Kodwa inkolelo yokuthi uyayidinga impi, nokuthi ukuhlasela amazwe acebile ngowoyela kuhlobene kakhulu nokuvikela abantu kuhlobene kakhulu nokukufaka engozini esikhundleni salokho. Ucwaningo lweGallup luthola ukuthi uhulumeni wase-US ukholelwa yiningi emhlabeni wonke ukuthi uyingozi enkulu yokuthula emhlabeni. Kwelinye izwe, ake sithi iCanada, ukuze likhiqize amanethiwekhi obuphekula alwa neCanada ngezinga lase-US, kuzodingeka libhomu futhi libulale futhi lihlalise abantu abaningi. Kodwa uma selikwenzile, inzuzo izoba nkulu, ngoba ingakhomba lezo zitha zaseCanada njengezizathu zezikhali ezinkulu nemikhankaso yokukhiqiza izitha ezengeziwe, njalo njalo. Lezo zitha ziyoba ngokoqobo, futhi izenzo zazo ziyoba zimbi ngempela, kodwa ukugcina umjikelezo ononya ujikeleza ngesivinini esifanele kuzoxhomeka ekweqiseni usongo lwazo kakhulu.

Uma i-US ibingajoyina izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, ihlanganyele ekuncishisweni kwezikhali, inikeze usizo ngesilinganiso esincane kakhulu lapho ihlinzeka khona ngempi, futhi ilandele izindlela zezombusazwe eziya ekuthuleni, umhlaba ubungeke ube yipharadesi kusasa, kodwa ijubane lethu eliya emaphethelweni ewa elisondelayo lizoncipha kakhulu.

Enye yezindlela eziningi ezibalulekile impi esilimaza ngazo ukulimaza umthetho. Kuyimfihlo egcinwe ngokucophelela, kodwa umhlaba wavimbela yonke impi ngo-1928 esivumelwaneni esasetshenziswa ukushushisa abahluliwe eMpini Yezwe II futhi esisesezincwadini. I-Kellogg-Briand Pact, njengoba isanda kubhalwa nguScott Shapiro no-Oona Hathaway, yashintsha umhlaba. Impi yayisemthethweni ngo-1927. Zombili izinhlangothi zempi zazisemthethweni. Izenzo zonya ezenziwa ngesikhathi sezimpi cishe zazisemthethweni njalo. Ukunqoba indawo kwakusemthethweni. Ukushiswa nokuphangwa nokuphangwa kwakusemthethweni. Impi, empeleni, yayingeyona nje esemthethweni; yayiqondwa njengomthetho. Impi yayingasetshenziswa ukuzama ukulungisa noma yikuphi ukungabi nabulungisa okubonwayo. Ukuthathwa kwezinye izizwe njengamakoloni kwakusemthethweni. Isisusa samakoloni sokuzama ukuzikhulula sasibuthakathaka ngoba cishe ayezothathwa esinye isizwe uma ekhululeka kumcindezeli wawo wamanje. Iningi elikhulu lokunqoba kusukela ngo-1928 liye laqedwa ngokusekelwe emingceleni ka-1928. Izizwe ezincane ezintsha ezingesabi ukunqotshwa ziye zanda. I-UN Charter ka-1945 yaphinde yagunyaza impi uma ibizwe ngokuthi iyazivikela noma ivunyelwe yi-UN. Izimpi zamanje zase-US azivunyelwe yi-UN, futhi uma kukhona izimpi ezingezona ezokuzivikela khona-ke izimpi ezilwa namazwe amancane ampofu aphakathi komhlaba wonke kumele zibe kuleso sigaba.

Kodwa, kusukela ngo-1945, impi ngokuvamile ibibhekwa njengengekho emthethweni ngaphandle kokuthi i-United States ikwenze lokho. Kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II, ngesikhathi izazi eziningi zase-US ezibiza ngokuthi inkathi yokuthula engakaze ibonwe, ibutho lase-United States libulale abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-20, lagumbuqela okungenani ohulumeni abangu-36, laphazamisa okungenani okhethweni lwangaphandle olungama-82, lazama ukubulala abaholi bangaphandle abangaphezu kuka-50, futhi laphonsa amabhomu kubantu emazweni angaphezu kuka-30. Njengoba amabutho ase-US emazweni angu-175 ngokusho kwabamemezeli bezemidlalo base-US, umongameli wase-US waya e-UN ngoLwesibili wafuna inhlonipho yezizwe ezizimele, wasola i-UN ngokungafinyeleli ukuthula, wasongela impi ngokwephula uMthethosisekelo we-UN, futhi wahlekisa i-UN ngokubeka i-Saudi Arabia emkhandlwini wayo wamalungelo abantu ngenkathi ngokusobala eziqhenya ngendima ye-US ekusizeni i-Saudi Arabia ukubulala inani elikhulu labantu e-Yemen. Ngonyaka odlule umqondisi wengxoxo wabuza abantu abazongenela ukhetho lukamongameli wase-US ukuthi bangathanda yini ukubulala amakhulu nezinkulungwane zezingane ezingenacala njengengxenye yemisebenzi yabo eyisisekelo. Amanye amazwe awabuzi lowo mbuzo futhi angazizwa enamahloni uma enza kanjalo. Ngakho-ke, sinenkinga yezindinganiso ezimbili, kanye nalokho uRobert Jackson akushilo eNuremberg ngeke kube njalo.

Akukho Khongolose noma umongameli onamandla okwenza noma iyiphi impi ibe semthethweni. Ibhomu elilodwa lenuzi lingasibulala sonke ngenxa yomthelela walo wesimo sezulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iKhongolose iyaligunyaza yini. Izimpi zase-US zephula iSivumelwano Sokuthula sika-1928, uMthethosisekelo we-UN, kanye noMthethosisekelo wase-US. Imvume engacacile yokusebenzisa amandla empi nayo yephula uMthethosisekelo. Kodwa lapho amalungu eNdlu kulo nyaka ezama ukuvota ukuthi angachithi i-AUMF, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ubuholi akuzange kuvumele ukuvota. Lapho iSenate ibamba ivoti elinjalo, ingxenye engaphezu kwesithathu yeSenate ivotele ukuchithwa, futhi iningi labo ngoba lalifuna ukudala i-AUMF entsha esikhundleni salokho.

Angikashongo okuningi ngama-drone, ngoba ngicabanga ukuthi inkinga ebalulekile yokuvumela ukubulala akuyona inkinga yobuchwepheshe. Kodwa lokho okwenziwa ama-drone, kanye nezinye ubuchwepheshe, ukwenza ukubulala kube lula, kube lula ukukwenza ngasese, kube lula ukukwenza ngokushesha, kube lula ukukwenza ezindaweni eziningi. Ukuzenzisa kukaMongameli u-Obama kanye namafilimu e-propaganda asekelwa yimpi afana nalawa Iso elisesibhakabhakeni ukuthi ama-drone asetshenziselwa ukubulala labo abangabanjwa, labo abanecala lohlobo oluthile lobugebengu, labo abasongela ngokushesha i-US yase-A, labo abangabulawa ngaphandle kwengozi yokubulala noma ubani omunye kule nqubo - konke lokho kuyiqoqo lamanga abonakalayo. Iningi labantu abahlosiwe abakhonjwanga ngisho nangamagama, akekho kubo obekwe icala lobugebengu, akukho cala elaziwayo ababengenakubanjwa ngalo, ezimweni eziningi babengaboshwa kalula, abantu abangenacala babulawe ngezinkulungwane, ngisho neHollywood ayikwazanga ukuqamba usongo oluqanjiwe olusheshayo e-United States, futhi izimpi zama-drone ziyizinga eliphezulu lokudala ama-blowback angenamphumela. Umuntu akazwa u-Obama encoma impi yakhe ephumelelayo yama-drone e-Yemen kakhulu kulezi zinsuku.

Kodwa uma singeke sikhethe amadoda, abesifazane, nezingane ngoLwesibili ukuze babulale ngemicibisholo evela kuma-drone, yini okufanele siyenze esikhundleni salokho?

UNGAKHETHI amadoda, abesifazane, nezingane ngoLwesibili ukuze babulale ngezikhali ezicitshwayo ezivela kuma-drones.

Futhi, joyina futhi usekele izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ngamalungelo abantu, amalungelo ezingane, ukuvinjelwa kwezikhali, isivumelwano esisha esivimbela ukuba nezikhali zenuzi (isizwe esisodwa kuphela esinezikhali zenuzi ezivotele ukuqala leyo nqubo yesivumelwano, kodwa ubungeke ungikholwe uma ngiyiqambe igama), joyina iNkantolo Yobugebengu Yomhlaba Wonke, yeka ukuthengisa izikhali ezitheni zesikhathi esizayo, yeka ukuthengisa izikhali kubabusi bobushiqela, yeka ukunikeza izikhali, yeka ukuthenga izikhali ezingenanjongo yokuzivikela, ukushintshela emnothweni onokuthula ochumayo.

Izibonelo zezindlela zokuthula zingatholakala yonke indawo, kufaka phakathi ePennsylvania. Umngane wami, uJohn Reuwer, ukhomba iPennsylvania njengesibonelo kwabanye. Ngani? Ngoba kusukela ngo-1683 kuya ku-1755 abahlali basePennsylvania baseYurophu babengenazo izimpi ezinkulu nezizwe zabomdabu, ngokungafani kakhulu namanye amakoloni aseBrithani. IPennsylvania yayinezigqila, yayinezijeziso zenhloko-dolobha nezinye ezesabekayo, yayinobudlova bomuntu ngamunye. Kodwa yakhetha ukungayisebenzisi impi, ukungathathi umhlaba ngaphandle kwalokho okwakufanele kube isinxephezelo nje, nokungaphoqeleli utshwala kubantu bomdabu ngendlela i-opium eyaphoqelelwa ngayo kamuva eShayina futhi izibhamu nezindiza manje sezicindezelwa kubabusi ababi. Ngo-1710, amaTuscaroras aseNorth Carolina athumela izithunywa ePennsylvania ecela imvume yokuhlala lapho. Yonke imali eyayizosetshenziselwa amabutho, izinqaba, nezikhali yayitholakala, noma ngabe ingcono noma imbi kangakanani, ukwakha iPhiladelphia (khumbula ukuthi igama layo lisho ukuthini) nokuthuthukisa ikoloni. Ikoloni yayinabantu abangu-4,000 phakathi neminyaka emi-3, kwathi ngo-1776 iPhiladelphia yadlula iBoston neNew York ngobukhulu. Ngakho-ke ngenkathi amazwe amakhulu angaleso sikhathi elwela ukulawula izwekazi, iqembu elithile labantu lenqaba umbono wokuthi impi iyadingeka, futhi lachuma ngokushesha kunanoma yimuphi omakhelwane balo ababephikelela ukuthi iyadingeka.

Manje, ngemva kweminyaka engu-230 yokwakhiwa kwempi cishe ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, kanye nokusungulwa kwezempi ezibiza kakhulu nezisakazeke kabanzi ezake zabonwa, uTrump utshela i-UN ukuthi uMthethosisekelo wase-US ufanele ukudunyiswa ngokudala ukuthula. Mhlawumbe ukube bebengavumela amaQuaker ukuthi abhale into ebeyoba yiqiniso ngempela.