Izwe LaseMelika LaseMaryland Livuma “Ukungcoliswa Okukhulu” ngamasosha aseMelika eChesapeake Beach

by  Pat Umdala, Ubuthi bezempi, May 18, 2021

UMark Mank, okhulumela uMnyango Wezemvelo waseMaryland (MDE) uvumile "ukungcola okukhulu" okudalwe ukusetshenziswa kwamasosha kwePFAS eNaval Research Lab - eChesapeake Bay Detachment eChesapeake Beach, eMaryland ngesikhathi somhlangano weRAB Navy ngoMeyi 18, 2021.

UMank uphendule umbuzo obuza ukuthi ngabe ikhona yini indawo emhlabeni enamazinga aphezulu kunezingxenye ezingama-7,950,000 trillion (ppt) ngayinye ye-PFOS etholakala enhlabathini eChesapeake Beach. UMnuz akazange awuphendule ngqo lo mbuzo kodwa waphendula ngokuthi amazinga aseChesapeake Beach "aphakeme kakhulu." Uthe izakhamizi zinezizathu zokukhathazeka. “Sizoqhubeka nokucindezela uNavy. Hlala ubukele, okuningi kuzolandela, ”kusho yena.

I-PFAS yizinto ze-per-and poly fluoroalkyl. Zisetshenziswa kumagwebu okulwa nomlilo emisebenzini ejwayelekile yokuqeqeshela umlilo futhi isetshenziswe esikhungweni kusukela ngo-1968, isikhathi eside kunanoma yikuphi emhlabeni. Amakhemikhali angcolise kakhulu inhlabathi, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, namanzi angaphezulu esifundeni. I-PFAS ngamanani amancane kakhulu axhumene nokungajwayelekile kwengane, izifo zezingane, kanye nomdlavuza omningi.

Amazinga abikwe kumakhemikhali ama-3 kuphela kwayi-18 ahlolwe yiNavy. Amalebhu angasese ngokuvamile ahlola izinhlobo ezingama-36 ze-toxics. Kuningi esingakakwazi namanje.

Ukwamukelwa ngumbuso kuzwakala kuthembisa, yize inkulumo-mpendulo ingahambisani nerekhodi elibuhlungu le-MDE. Kuze kube manje, i-MDE kanye noMnyango Wezempilo waseMaryland kube ngabaholi abakhulu beNavy ngokwenqaba ukuvuma ukwesatshiswa kwezempilo yomphakathi okwenziwe yiNavy ngokungakhethi nangokuqhubeka nokusetshenziswa kwalawa makhemikhali ezindaweni zawo kuhulumeni. Intuthuko eMaryland ikhombisa indlela lolu daba oludlalwa ngayo ezifundazweni ezweni lonke lapho ukukhathazeka komphakathi okwandayo kuholele izinhlaka zombuso ukuthi ziqondise intukuthelo yomphakathi ngase-DOD.

I-Navy iyala inqubomgomo yezemvelo eMaryland.

Ekuqaleni komhlangano, uRyan Mayer, okhulumela iNavy omkhulu weNaval Facilities Engineering Systems Command (NAVFAC) eWashington, ukhombise  ama-slides amafushane. okukhombe amazinga e-PFAS enhlabathini, emanzini angaphansi komhlaba, nasemanzini angaphezulu. Wadlikiza izinombolo kokugxila okungaphansi kwe-PFAS ngokumane usho inombolo, kepha hhayi ukugxila. Izilayidi zamanzi zaphambilini zakhombisa amazinga ezingxenyeni ze-trillion ngakho-ke kwakulula ukuthi umphakathi udideke.

Uthe inhlabathi engaphansi komhlaba itholakale “ku-7,950,” yize engakunakile ukusho ukuthi ukugxilwa kwenhlabathi kuyizingxenye ngezigidigidi, kunokuba izingxenye ezingu-trillion. Umphakathi ubungazi ukuthi empeleni usho izingxenye ezingama-7,950,000 nge-trillion ye-PFOS - uhlobo olulodwa nje lwe-PFAS ku-subsurface. UMayer akazange akhombe i-ppb noma i-ppt kuze kube uDavid Harris, ongumnikazi wepulazi elingcolile lamahektare angama-72 eningizimu yesisekelo, ebuzwe ngokusobala egumbini lokuxoxa ukuze acaciselwe.

Lokhu kungcola kufana nesiponji esikhulu esinomdlavuza ngaphansi komhlaba esihlanza njalo ukungcola kwenhlabathi, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, namanzi angaphezulu. IChesapeake Beach ingaba nesiponji esinomdlavuza esikhulu kunazo zonke esingaphansi komhlaba emhlabeni. Ingaqhubeka nokufaka ubuthi kubantu iminyaka eyinkulungwane.

I-Navy kufanele ishicilele konke ukuhlolwa okwenziwe lapha, ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwesikhungo, kuwo wonke amakhemikhali abulalayo kanye nokugxila kwawo. Ngalesi sikhathi uMbutho Wezempi usukhiphe imiphumela yezinhlobo ezi-3 zePFAS: PFOS, PFOA nePFBS.  Izinhlobo ze-36 ze-PFAS kungakhonjwa kusetshenziswa indlela yokuhlola ye-EPA.

Kodwa uMayer, egcina incwadi yokudlala kazwelonke yeNavy, uthe uMbutho Wezempi ngeke uzikhombe ubuthi obuthile emvelweni ngoba “amakhemikhali awulwazi lobunikazi lomenzi.” Ngakho-ke, akuyona i-Navy kuphela elawula inqubomgomo yezemvelo esifundazweni saseMaryland. Izinkampani zamakhemikhali ezenza amagwebu, futhi.

I-Navy isebenzisa igwebu le-Chemguard 3% kokufakwa kwayo okuningi, njenge I-Jacksonville NAS nayo ingcoliswe kakhulu. I-Material Safety Data Sheet, equkethwe embikweni weNavy mayelana nokungcola lapho ithi izithako ezikugwebu ziqukethe "i-proprietary hydrocarbon surfacants" kanye ne "proprietary fluorosurfacants."

UChemguard umangalelwa Michigan, EFlorida,  I-New York, Futhi New Hampshire, Ukuqamba izinto ezine zokuqala ezavela kusesho lwe-google.

Yini esiyaziyo eSouthern Maryland?

Siyazi ukuthi iNavy isilahle inani elikhulu le-PFAS eWebster Field eSt. Mary's County futhi singakwazi ukubona amakhemikhali ayi-14 ngokukhethekile kulokhu kukhishwa.

(IWebster Field isanda kubika i-87,000 ppt ye-PFAS emanzini angaphansi komhlaba kuqhathaniswa ne-241,000 ppt eChesapeake Beach.)

Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zePFAS zitholakale emfuleni oseduze kogu lweWebster Field annex of the Patuxent River NAS:

I-PFOA PFOS PFBS
I-PFHxA PFHpA PFHxS
PFNA PFDA PFUnA
I-N-MeFOSAA N-EtFOSAA FFDoA
I-PFTrDA

Zonke zingasongela impilo yabantu.

Lapho Imiphumela zakhishwa ngoFebhuwari, 2020, okhulumela i-MDE wathi ukube iPFAS yayikhona emfuleni kungenzeka yaqhamuka endlini yomlilo eqhele ngamamayela amahlanu, noma indawo yokulahla inkunkuma ngamamayela ayishumi nanye kude, kunesisekelo esiseduze. Isikhulu esiphezulu sokuphoqelela umbuso sabeka ukungabaza ngale miphumela sathi iMDE ibisekuqaleni kohlelo lokuphenya ukungcola.

Leyo nqubo elahlekile. Ngihlolwe amanzi nezilwane zasolwandle ngososayensi abasezingeni eliphezulu besebenzisa indinganiso yegolide ye-EPA futhi yonke into ibibiza, kepha kuthathe amasonto ambalwa kuphela.

Amakhemikhali e-PFAS angasithinta thina kanye nengane yethu engakazalwa ngezindlela eziningi. Kuyinkimbinkimbi. Ezinye zalezi zinhlanganisela zingathinta isisindo esisanda kuzalwa, kanye nempilo yokuzala. Abanye bangathinta impilo yokuphefumula neyenhliziyo. Eminye inomthelela empilweni yamathumbu kanti eminye ixhunyaniswe nezinkinga ze-renal kanye ne-hematological. Abanye bangathinta impilo ye-ocular, abanye, impilo yesikhumba.

Eziningi zinomthelela ohlelweni lwe-endocrine lomzimba. Ezinye, njenge-PFBA, ezitholakala ezinkalweni zaseMaryland, zixhunyaniswe nabantu abafa ngokushesha okukhulu ku-COVID. Ezinye zihamba emanzini kuyilapho ezinye zingahambi. Abanye (ikakhulukazi i-PFOA) bahlala enhlabathini futhi bangcolise ukudla esikudlayo. Eminye ingathinta umbungu okhulayo emazingeni amancanyana kakhulu, amanye angatholi.

Kunezinhlobo eziyi-8,000 zalaba babulali abangabantu futhi kunempi ebambene eCongress neqembu elincane elifuna ukulawulwa kwayo yonke iPFAS njengesigaba, kuyilapho iningi eCongress lithanda ukuzilawula ngasikhathi sinye, livumela abaxhasi bezinkampani bazo ukuza nePFAS ababambele amagwebu nemikhiqizo yabo. (Uma singaguquli uhlelo lwethu lwezezimali zomkhankaso wenhlangano, ngeke siphumelele ekuqedeni izinto eziseChesapeake Beach noma kwenye indawo.)

AbakwaNavy abafuni ukuthi imindeni ibabeke icala labo noma abasebenza nabo ngokubamangalela enkantolo ukuthi uhlobo oluthile lwePFAS lutholakale emazingeni aphezulu egazini lothandekayo lapho bebulawa yisifo esithile. Isayensi iguquka ize ifinyelele ezingeni lokuthi ukutholakala kwamazinga athile ezinhlobo ezithile ze-PFAS emzimbeni wesiguli kungalandeleka ku-PFAS evela ekungcoleni kwemvelo kweNavy.

I-Navy kumele ikhiphe ngokushesha konke ukuhlolwa abakwenzile eChesapeake Beach, nasezindaweni zomhlaba wonke, kusukela eSan Diego kuya e-Okinawa, nokusuka ku-Diego Garcia kuya eRota Naval Station, eSpain.

Ingxoxo ye-Aquifer

Ngenkathi sixoxa ngezindawo zokuqapha ezijulile, isilayidi esihambisana nalokhu sikhombise ukufundwa kwe-17.9 ppt ye-PFOS ne-10 ppt ye-PFOA esisekelweni esaqoqwa ama-200 '- 300' ngaphansi komhlaba. Leli yizinga lapho izakhamuzi ezakhelene nesisekelo zikha khona amanzi azo. Amaleveli esisekelo adlula umkhawulo wamanzi angaphansi komhlaba we-PFAS ezifundazweni eziningana.

Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuthi uMbutho Wezasolwandle kanye ne-MDE bahlala bethi imithombo yasekhaya "kukholakala ukuthi ihlolwe ePiney Point Aquifer," nokuthi lokhu kungaphansi kweyunithi eboshiwe, "okukholakala ukuthi iyaqhubeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi ivaleke ngokuphelele."

Ngokusobala, akunjalo!

Kumele sifune izimpendulo kuMbutho Wezasolwandle. Uhlole kuphi? Yini oyitholile? Kumele sifune ukuthi i-DOD isobala futhi iqale ukusebenza njengesikhungo esihloniphekile emphakathini wentando yeningi.

UDavid Harris uthe bekulwelwa ukuthi uMbutho Wezasolwandle uhlole amanzi akhe ngoba "Nina nithi ukungcoliswa kwalenyakatho kuphela." UHarris uthe iPFAS itholakale emthonjeni wakhe. UMayer uphendule wathi indawo yaseHarris "ibingeyona eyokuthambisa."

Impahla yakwaHarris ingamamitha angu-2,500 XNUMX eningizimu kwesisekelo, kanti i-PFAS kukholakala ukuthi ihambile  Amakhilomitha angama-22 emifudlaneni  nemifudlana evela ekukhululweni kwabo e-Naval Air Station-Joint Reserve Base Willow Grove naseNaval Air Warfare Center, eWarminster ePennsylvania. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi iPFAS ihambe ibanga elide eChesapeake Beach ngamanzi angaphezulu angena echwebeni, kepha izinyawo ezingama-2,500 zisondele.

Iningi labanikazi bezindawo eziseduze nesisekelo lalingekho kunoma iyiphi indawo yesampula. Ngikhulume nabantu abahlala kuKaren Drive kude neDalrymple Rd., Ngamamitha ayi-1,200 ukusuka emgodini oshile esisekelweni futhi abazi lutho ngePFAS noma ukuhlolwa kahle. Yindlela uNavy enza ngayo izinto. Bafuna nje ukuthi ihambe, kepha ngeke isuke eChesapeake Beach ngoba abantu basemadolobheni abaningi bayayiqonda. Ngabe iChesapeake Beach ingaba yiPFAS Waterloo yeNavy? Asethembe kanjalo.

U-Peggy Williams we-MDE uphendule imibuzo emibili evela ku- Igumbi Lezingxoxo le-NRL-CBD RAB.  “Uthi uthole imithombo emithathu nePFAS. (1) Ungaphikisana kanjani nokuthi i-PFAS ayikwazi ukufinyelela ku-aquifer ephansi? (2) Ngabe i-MDE ayisho ukuthi ungqimba lobumba kungenzeka lungavinjelwa ngokuphelele? UWilliams uthe bekungenakwenzeka ukuthi iPFAS ingadlulela e-aquifer engezansi, yize amaNavy abike imithombo emithathu engekho ngaphansi kwePFAS. UDavid Harris ubike amazinga aphakeme, kanti neNavy ibike namazinga e-aquifer engezansi.

UMayer uphendule lo mbuzo omayelana nokuhamba kwe-PFAS phakathi kwama-aquifers. "Sithole ukutholwa okumbalwa futhi bangaphansi kwe-LHA," kube yimpendulo yakhe. UMayer ubhekise kwi-EPA's Lifetime Health Advisory ngezinhlobo ezimbili kuphela zamakhemikhali: i-PFOS ne-PFOA. Iseluleko sikahulumeni esingaphoqelekile sithi abantu akufanele baphuze amanzi aqukethe ngaphezu kwe-70 ppt yengqikithi yamakhemikhali amabili nsuku zonke. Kulungile nge-EPA uma uphuza amanzi aqukethe izingxenye eziyizigidi eziyizigidigidi ze-PFHxS, i-PFHpA, ne-PFNA, amakhemikhali amathathu anenkinga athi izifundazwe eziningana zilawula ngaphansi kwe-20 ppt.

Abameli bezempilo yomphakathi bayaxwayisa ukuthi akufanele sidle ngaphezu kwe-1 ppt yala makhemikhali emanzini okuphuza nsuku zonke.

Indoda yomkhumbi wamasosha ibhekise kwisilayidi esanikeza ukufingqwa kwezingxoxo ezenziwa emphakathini ehlobo lika-2019. UMbutho Wezempi waxoxisana nabantu abayisishiyagalolunye futhi isivumelwano savumelana ngokuvikela iBay nekheli lemithombo engajulile. Ngokusobala, akekho owayebonakala ekhathazekile ngemithombo ejulile cishe wonke umuntu ohlala eduze kwalesi sisekelo anayo. Akekho owayekhathazekile ngokufaka ushevu empilweni yasemanzini. Lezi yizindlela ezimbili ezingenzeka kakhulu ukuthi abantu bavezwe kulawa makhemikhali. Vele, iNavy iyakuqonda konke lokhu.

Kunabantu abalungile kosonkontileka bezobunjiniyela bezasolwandle nabasolwandle abakuqondayo lokhu futhi abakhathazeke kakhulu. Likhona ithemba.

I-PFAS akuyona ukuphela kwenkinga yokungcola eChesapeake Beach. I-Navy isebenzisa i-uranium, i-uranium (DU) eseyaphela, kanye ne-thorium futhi yenze izifundo ze-velocity DU ezinomthelela omkhulu ku-Building 218C naku-Building 227. UMbutho Wezempi unerekhodi elide lokugcina amarekhodi angaconsi phansi futhi usungene futhi waphuma ekuthobeleni i-Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Amarekhodi amanje kunzima ukuwalanda. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ahlanganisa i-Antimony, Lead, Copper, Arsenic, Zinc, 2,4-Dinitrotoluene, kanye ne-2,6-Dinitrotoluene.

I-Navy ithi iPFAS ayikhishelwa endaweni eseChesapeake Beach.

UMayer ubuzwe ukuthi ngabe iPFAS isadedelwa yini emvelweni namuhla waphendula wathi, "Cha." Uthe ezinye izingosi zeNavy sezihlanziwe ngoba zisengaphambili. UMayer uthe ngemuva kokusetshenziswa kwamagwebu e-PFAS phansi "athunyelwa ngaphandle kwendawo ukuze kulahlwe kahle."

Kusebenza kanjani lokho ncamashi, Mnu. Mayer? Isayensi yanamuhla ayenziwanga indlela yokulahla i-PFAS. Noma ngabe iNavy iyigqiba endaweni yokulahla udoti noma ishisa amakhemikhali, ekugcineni bazobulala abantu. Izinto zithatha cishe unomphela ukwephuka futhi zingashi. Ukuqothula umlilo kufafaza ubuthi kuphela otshanini nasemapulazini. Ubuthi buphuma ngaphandle kwesisekelo futhi buzoqhubeka nokwenza njalo unomphela.

Umsebenzi weNavy Support - IBethesda, iNaval Academy, i-Indian Head Surface Warfare Center, nePax River bonke bathumele imidiya engcoliswe yiPFAS ukuthi izoshiselwa Isitshalo seNorlite eChoeses eNew York. Izikhulu zeNavy ngesikhathi sePax River RAB ngenyanga eyedlule zakuphika ukuthumela izinto ezingcoliswe yiPFAS ukuthi zingcoliswe.

Awekho amarekhodi eNavy athumela ubuthi be-PFAS ukuthi bushe kusuka eChesapeake Beach.

Indawo yokwelashwa yeNavy eseChesapeake Beach base ikhiqiza cishe amathani ayi-10 amanzi / unyaka womdaka omiswe emibhedeni yomoya evulekile. Izinto zithunyelwa eSolomons Wastewater Treatment Sludge Receiving Station. Ukusuka lapho, udaka lungcwatshwa e-Appeal Landfill eCalvert County.

Umbuso kufanele uvivinye imithombo ekudlulisweni kwamacala futhi ubheke ngokucophelela i-leachate ebulalayo.

Umfucumfucu wedolobha laseChesapeake Beach ukhishelwa eChesapeake Bay ngepayipi elingamasentimitha angama-30 elinwebela leli Bay kuze kube yibanga elicishe libe amamitha angama-200 ukusuka ogwini lolwandle. Zonke izakhiwo zamanzi angcolile zikhiqiza futhi zikhiphe ubuthi be-PFAS. Amanzi kufanele ahlolwe.

I-PFAS ingena ezikhungweni zamanzi angcolile kusuka emithonjeni yezohwebo, yezempi, yezimboni, imfucuza nezindawo zokuhlala akususwa kumanzi angcolile, ngenkathi zonke izikhungo zokulungisa amanzi angcolile zimane nje zihambise i-PFAS emadakeni noma emanzini angcolile.

IBay ithola isiphambano esiphindwe kabili sokungcola kwePFAS eChesapeake Beach. Yize udoti osele wedolobha uhanjiswa eKing George Landfill eVirginia, udaka oluvela ePatuxent River NAS luthunyelwa emapulazini ahlukahlukene eCalvert County. Kufanele sazi amagama alawo mapulazi. Inhlabathi yabo kanye nemikhiqizo yabo yezolimo kufanele isampulwe. I-Navy, i-MDE, ne-MDH ngeke zikwenze ngokushesha. Qaphela lokho okudlayo eCalvert County, Maryland.

UMkhandlu waseChesapeake Beach uLarry Jaworski uthe uyakuqonda ukukhishwa kwesisekelo sekumi futhi wakhuthaza ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe. Kuhle ukuzwa isimemo sokuhlolwa, yize singeke sethembe iqembu likaHogan / Grumbles ukuthi likwenze kahle, uma ucabanga nge fiasco yocwaningo lwe-oyster lokushayela ngonyaka wokugcina waseSt. UMnu Jaworski kungenzeka ukuthi wezwa ukukhishwa kwe-PFAS esisekelweni kuyekile, kepha irekhodi liphakamisa okunye. Njengoba kunezingxenye eziyizigidi eziyisishiyagalombili ngesigidigidi esisodwa sePFOS enhlabathini engaphansi, abantu abahlala ngasogwini lolu kungenzeka ukuthi basebenzisana nalobu buthi iminyaka eyinkulungwane.

Inhlanzi / Oysters / Izinkalankala

UMayer uthe ucwaningo lwama-oyster lokuhlola ama-MDE eMfuleni iSt. Umbuso usebenzise indlela yokuhlola ethathe kuphela amazinga angaphezulu kwezingxenye ngezigidigidi futhi wakhetha kuphela amakhemikhali athile ukuthi abike kuwo. Baphinde basebenzisa ifemu elahliwe. Ukuhlolwa okuzimele kusetshenziswa indlela ejwayelekile yegolide ye-EPA kukhombise i-PFAS kuma-oysters aqukethe I-2,070 ppt, akunconywa ukuthi isetshenziswe ngabantu.

E-United States of America, ngokungafani nezizwe eziningi, kukithi ngamunye ukulawula inani le-PFAS elingena emizimbeni yethu. Ukudla ukudla kwasolwandle okubanjwe emanzini angcolile nokuphuza amanzi emithombo engalashwa kuyizindlela eziyinhloko esidla ngazo ubuthi.

I-Navy ikhiphe imininingwane ekhombisa i-5,464 ppt emanzini angaphezulu ashiya isisekelo. (I-PFOS - 4,960 ppt., PFOA - 453 ppt., PFBS - 51 ppt.). I-trout ebanjwe eduze kweLoring AFB ibinezingxenye ezingaphezu kwesigidi isigidigidi ngasinye sePFAS ebanjwe emanzini anokugxila okuphansi kunamazinga athululwa esisekelweni eChesapeake Beach.

Isimo saseWisconsin sithi impilo yomphakathi isongelwa lapho I-PFAS iphakama i-2 ppt emanzini angaphezulu ngenxa yenqubo yokuqongelela.

Amazinga we-astronomical PFAS emanzini angaphezulu kweChesapeake Beach angalindeleka ukuthi aqoqele izinhlanzi ngama-oda amaningi wobukhulu, kuyilapho iPFOS iyinkinga kakhulu kulokhu. Ezinye izinhlanzi eziseduze nemigodi yokusha yezizinda zamasosha zinezingxenye eziyizigidi eziyi-10 kwisigidigidi ngasinye sobuthi.

UMark Mank uthe i-MDE iyazi ngokuqongelela. Ubuye wengeza ukuthi izingqinamba zezindlela eziphathelene nokuhlolwa kwezinhlanzi ziyinkimbinkimbi. Uthe, "Lokhu kuyishwa kulo mphakathi ongcolile enkulu." Isifundazwe saseMichigan sikhiphe imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-PFAS ngezinhlanzi ezingama-2,841 kanti izinhlanzi ezijwayelekile zaziqukethe i-93,000 ppt ye-PFOS iyodwa, ngenkathi umbuso ukhawulela iPFOS emanzini okuphuza kuya ku-16 ppt.

UJenny Herman one-MDE uthe ubengazi ngezifundo ezinkulu zezinhlanzi eChesapeake Beach. Kuyamangaza, ngoba i-MDE bekungaba ngumnyango kuhulumeni wezwe ukubiza isifundo esinjalo. Uthe umbuso uhlola izicubu zezinhlanzi futhi leyo miphumela kungenzeka ukuthi isilungile ngoJulayi. UMark Mank uphinde wathi i-MDE ibheke izinhlanzi. "Hhayi phambi kwalesi sikhungo, kodwa ezinye izindawo." Kamuva ohlelweni, uWilliams wathi i-MDE izohlola izinhlanzi eChesapeake Beach ekwindla ka-2021. Sethemba ukuthi, i-MDE ngeke ibize i-Alpha Analytical ukuthi iphinde ihlole. I-Alpha Analytical ikhiqize ucwaningo lwe-oyster pilot oyster. Kade kuhlawuliswe ama- $ 700,000 ukuthola ukungcoliswa okungafanele eMassachusetts.

UDavid Harris ubuze ngenyama yenyamazane engcolisiwe kwathi uJenny Herman we-MDE waphendula wathi i-MDE “isencane kakhulu ekuqaleni kwenqubo.” UMichigan ubelokhu ekuyo iminyaka eminingi. Mhlawumbe i-MDE ingababiza. UMbutho Wezomoya une inyama yezinyamazane engcolisiwe kuze kufike ezingeni lapho ukudla bekuvinjelwe ezindaweni. UMayer uthe ayikho indlela ye-EPA nokuthi amalebhu okuhlola ahlukile. Impela umsindo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

U-Peggy Williams one-MDE wengeze ukuthi i-PFAS ivame ukutholakala emisipheni yenyamazane, njengononkala, echaza, i-PFAS iningi isesinayadini. Yize abesho ukuthi kulungile ukudla izinkalankala ngoba ubuthi buphelele esayinini, empeleni lokhu bekuyimpumelelo ngoba kukhombisa okokuqala lapho isikhulu se-MDE sivuma ukuthi kukhona i-PFAS ezinkalweni. Ngivivinye inkalankala ngathola i-6,650 ppt ye-PFAS ngemuva. Lokho kuphindwe kathathu ukugxila kwe-PFAS kuma-oysters, kepha ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yamazinga e-rockfish ezansi lapha eSt.

UWilliams utshele uMfula iPatuxent NAS RAB emasontweni amabili edlule ukuthi ukungcoliswa kwenyamazane bekungeyona inkinga eSt. Mary's County ngoba amanzi asentwasahlobo asesisekelo abukhali futhi izinyamazane aziphuzi amanzi amunyu. Vele kunjalo.

UBen Grumbles, unobhala woMnyango Wezemvelo waseMaryland, ubize i-oyster - 2,070 ppt, crab - 6,650 ppt, ne-rockfish - 23,100 ppt concentrations of PFAS  ”Kuyahlupha.” Sizobona ukuthi kuyahlupha yini ngokwanele ukuthi uhulumeni athathe izinyathelo zokuvikela impilo yomphakathi.

Abesifazane abakhulelwe noma abakhulelwe akufanele badle ukudla noma amanzi aqukethe i-PFAS.