NguPat Elder, Ukuvezwa kwezombusazwe, Ngo-Ephreli 10, i-2019
Ngendlela engingayiphatha ngayo le mibuzo njengoSenator wase-US.
UNksz Maureen Sullivan, iSekela likaMsizi uNobhala wezokuVikela kwezeMvelo, ufakaze phambi kweKomidi leSenate le-US yezemvelo nemisebenzi yomphakathi ngoMashi 28, 2019. Ukulalelwa kugxile ezenzweni zeDoD ezihlobene namakhemikhali aphethwe yi-carcinogenic atholakalayo emilenzeni yokulwa nomlilo esetshenziswa njalo ekuzivocavoca ezisekelweni zempi emhlabeni wonke. Ibutho lempi laseMelika libulala abantu kanye ne planethi nalezi zimakhemikhali.
AmaSenatja ami amabili e-United States avela eMadrid, uChris Van Hollen noBen Cardin, akakwazanga ukubeka imibuzo engathí sina kuSullivan phakathi nalokhu kuvezwa okubalulekile ekuphenduleni kwezempi kumonakalo wamanzi omhlaba obulalayo. Ukufunda ubufakazi bakhe kwangenza ngathukuthela.
Izingxenye zikaNksz Sullivan Testimony zivela ngezansi, zilandelwe imibono yami njenge "Senenja Yabantu" evela eMalton.
I-psychology ye-Pentagon yokuvikela ukubulala ngokungcola ibhalwe lapha:
UMaureen Sullivan: "Lezi zinto zitholakala emikhiqizweni eminingi yezimboni nezimboni ngoba zandisa ukumelana nomkhiqizo ekushiseni, emathangeni, emanzini nasegesi. Ngenxa yalokho, azibandakanyi ngokukhethekile emisebenzini yoMnyango Wezokuvikela (DoD). "
Sen Sen. Umdala: UMnyango Wezokuvikela obamelayo ufaka ushevu kubantu abahlala eduze kwezizinda zamasosha emhlabeni jikelele. Ngikubheka njengesisekeli sokubulala. Iqiniso lokuthi uMnyango Wezokuvikela uhlotshaniswa nabaningi ababambisene nabo ezinkampani kwenza ukuthi izenzo zalo zingabi yicala lobugebengu.
I-Maureen Sullivan, i-DOD: "I-Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (ITRC) inqume ukuthi amaphesenti amathathu kuya kwanguyisithupha amakhemikhali e-perfluoro octanyl akhiqizwa asetshenziselwa ukuqhuma umlilo."
Sen Sen. Umdala: Ngokuzimisela? Ucaphuna ukuhlaziywa kwe-ITRC eminyakeni engu-19 eyedlule ethembele ocwaningweni olwenziwe yi-3M, inkampani efake izigidi ngobuthi ngalezi zinhlanganisela? Yilokho okungcono kakhulu ongakwenza?
I-Maureen Sullivan, i-DOD: "Ukusetshenziswa kuka-DoD okulinganiselwe kwe-PFAS kwaqala kuma-1970 ngokusungulwa kwe-AFFF ngezinjongo zokulwa nomlilo."
Sen Sen. Umdala: Nks. Sullivan, ushiya isici esibalulekile lapha. I-Navy yaqaphela ukuthi ingozi yemvelo yamakhemikhali e-1974 futhi yaqonda ukuthi i-3M yayingekho iqiniso ngama-carcinogens. Bona i umbiko yi-Laboratory Naval Research ku-1974. I-3M yazi ukuthi izinto zazinobuthi futhi kanjalo ne-DOD.
UMaureen Sullivan, i-DOD: "I-AFFF ibaluleke kakhulu ngoba iqeda ngokushesha imililo ye-petroleum, ngakho-ke i-Federal Aviation Administration nayo yamukela ukusetshenziswa kwayo ezindizeni zezindiza ezweni lonke. "
Sen Sen. Umdala: Udukisa kabi, Nks. Sullivan. I-AFFF iqukethe i-carcinogenic per and poly fluoroalkyl izinto, (PFAS.) Kuze kube ngonyaka odlule, izikhumulo zezindiza zazikhona edingekayo ukusebenzisa i-AFFF eyayine-PFAS. Kungubufakazi bethonya le- indawo yokungena kwamakhemikhali e-Congress. (Kumele ngifake ukuthi uSihlalo uBarrasso (R-WY) kanye noLungu loMkhandlu weCarper (D-DE) asezingeni eliphezulu yibo abamukelayo phezulu kwiCongress of contributions kusukela embonini yamakhemikhali.) Abadayisi abathembekile bangabuyisela leyo mali.
Ngo-Okthoba, iCongress yabe idlulisela umthetho ozokwenza okungenani unikeze izindiza zezokuhweba ithuba lokushintshela ezithombeni ezivutha umlilo ezingabandakanyi PFAS. Izindawo eziningi zakhathazeka ngokungcoliswa okwakusakazeka emiphakathini eseduze nemigodi yokushisa yamakhemikhali. Lokhu kwakuyisinyathelo esinqumeni esifanele lapho kungekho khona i-EPA esebenza kahle. I-EPA ibheka enye indlela ngenkathi uMnyango Wezokuvikela ugula lesi sizwe.
UMaureen Sullivan, i-DOD: "Ngo-Meyi 19, i-2016, i-EPA ikhishwe iziphakamiso zezempilo ze-Safe Drinking Act (SDA) (LHA) ukuncoma amazinga ngamunye noma ahlangene we-PFOS kanye ne-PFOA emanzini okuphuza abe ngaphansi kwezingxenye ze-70 nge-trillion. Ngenkathi i-LHA ingumqondisi ongekho umthetho ngaphansi kwe-SDWA futhi akuyona inqubo yamanzi okuphuza edingekayo noma eqinekayo, i-DoD waqala ukuthatha isenzo ukubhekana namanzi okuphuza aphethwe yi-DoD. "
Sen Sen. Umdala: Umqondo wokuthi uMnyango Wezokuvikela uye waqhubeka ekwenzeni izenzo zokubhekana namanzi okuphuza aphethwe yi-PFAS kuyinto enengqondo. Isinyathelo sokuqala sokubhekana nalolu bhubhane ukwenza imiphumela yokuhlola ibe sesidlangalaleni. Usebenza ngokufihla amanzi angcolile angaphansi komhlaba namanzi okuphuza emiphakathini ezweni lonke nasemhlabeni jikelele. Uhlolisise izinkulungwane zemithombo ngayinye ezweni lonke nge-PFAS kepha awenzi imiphumela esidlangalaleni!
UMnyango waseDefensae uveze ukuthi inhloso yawo ukugcina imiphumela iyimfihlo. Sifuna ukwazi ukuthi ubani onobuthi futhi kuphi.
Ochwepheshe abaningana bathi uphenyo loMnyango Wezokuvikela lwamanzi okuphuza lunamaphutha ngoba uvivinye amanzi athathwe emithonjeni ejulile kakhulu enabanikazi bezindawo eziseduze. ISenate ifuna ukuthi unikeze imininingwane ethile yombuso wakho wokuhlola.
Usosayensi waseHarvard u-Elsie Southerland uthi umkhawulo wakho wokubika uphakeme kakhulu kulezi zigaba zamakhemikhali. Lesi sazi esihamba phambili sithi izivivinyo zakho azizwele ngokwanele ukuthola inani elingase lilimale lezinhlayiya emanzini.
EGeorgia, okhulumela uMnyango wezokuVikela uthe, "Ngenxa yokuthi i-PFOS / PFOA ayinqunyelwe umthetho futhi izikhungo zaseGeorgia noma ze-federal azizange zenze izindinganiso zamanzi angenakuphuza imithombo, asikwazi ukusebenzisa izinsiza zikahulumeni kulawo mithombo yamanzi. "I-DoD ithi igunya layo lokunciphisa ukungcola" alingezelele engozini emfuyweni nasezolimo, kufaka phakathi izinsongo eziqondile kubantu ngokungenisa izitshalo nezilwane. "
Angizange ngibize ukuthi "ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokuqhubekayo."
UMnyango Wezokuvikela usanda kutshela uMichigan UMnyango Wekhwalithi Yezemvelo, (i-DEQ) umbuso "awunamandla okuphatha" ukuphoqelela ukuthobela imithetho yezemvelo yaseMichigan ngoba uhulumeni wesifundazwe "akayekelanga ukuzivikela okuphelele maqondana nomthetho wombuso." UMbutho Wezindiza usanda kutshela iziphathimandla zaseMichigan "ukuthi ngeke kuthathwe izinyathelo ezintsha zokulungisa lesi sikhathi."
Angizange ngibize ukuthi "ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokuqhubekayo."
Phakathi ku icala ngokumelene ne-Air Force efakwe ngoMashi, i-2019, i-New Mexico yathi i-DoD ayenzi okwanele ukuqukatha noma ukuhlanza amakhemikhali ayingozi aye angena ngaphansi komhlaba ngaphansi kwe-Cannon ne-Holloman Air Force Bases.
Angizange ngibize ukuthi "ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokuqhubekayo."
Umqondisi we-DOD we-Preventive Medicine weHhovisi Lezempilo Wezempi uColonel Andrew Wiesen, uthi iDoD ayinacala ngokungcola. Usanda kutshela i-Military Times ukuthi ukungcoliswa kungumsebenzi we-EPA. "Asilwenzi ucwaningo oluyinhloko kule ndawo," esho. "I-EPA ibhekele lokho," "IDoD ayizibhekanga ngokuzimela izinhlanganisela futhi ayinalo" ucwaningo olwengeziwe ngalokhu, ngemiphumela yezempilo yePFOS / PFOA, okungenani ngokwazi kwami. " Khonamanjalo, i-Air Force ithi ngeke ibuyisele imiphakathi emithathu yaseColorado ngemali esetshenzisiwe ekuphenduleni ukungcoliswa kwamanzi okubangelwa igwebu lokulwa nomlilo elinobuthi elisetshenziswe ePeterson Air Force Base.
Angizange ngibize ukuthi "ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokuqhubekayo."
Ukhohlisa, Ms. Sullivan. Ungumsebenzi wokubulala.
UMaureen Sullivan, i-DOD: “UMnyango ukhuluma ngokufuduka kwezindleko ze-PFOS kanye ne-PFOA kwi-base-off and base-off-base ukuze kuvikelwe impilo yabantu futhi kufanele bachithe imali ekhokhwa abakhokhi bentela. Isinyathelo sethu sokuqala ukukhomba umthombo wokukhululwa owaziwayo noma okusolakala ukuthi uyakhululwa. Iminyango yezempi yabona ukufakwa lapho iDoD igcinwe noma isetshenziselwa i-AFFF equkethe i-PFOS noma i-PFOA futhi abasolwa bebekhona ukukhululwa. "
Sen Sen. Umdala: Kudukisa ukusho ukuthi i-DoD "abasolwa" bayakhipha. Igatsha ngalinye ligcina amarekhodi eningiliziwe ekuthengeni, ekugcineni, nasekusebenzeni, ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwamapulazi aqukethe i-PFAS. I-DoD isazi kakade umthombo wokukhishwa kwe-PFAS, nakuba izitatimende zomsakazo ezweni lonke ngezempi ezibhekene nokungcola zivame ukusho "uphenyo" oluqhubekayo kanye nesidingo sokuthola "umthombo ongcolile wokungcola."
Inkohliso yakho isebenza kahle. Abazimele bami abazi ngokuyinhloko inkinga.
I-Maureen Sullivan, i-DoD: "Uma iminyango yezokuhlanza iphukile, iMinyango yezempi ibeka phambili izindawo ezenzelwe izinyathelo ezengeziwe ngokusebenzisa inqubo esekelwe ingozi yeCERCLA. (Imithetho Ephelele Yempendulo, Imbuyiselo, kanye Nemfanelo, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Superfund.) "
Sen Sen. Umdala: Ukhuluma ngokungenakugwenywa kokwephula indlela yokuvezwa kwama-carcinogens aqhamuka ezisekelweni zakho emhlabeni jikelele. I-PFAS yaziwa ngokuthi "amakhemikhali angunaphakade" ngoba awalokothi aphule emvelweni. Izisekelo ezavalwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwengama-25 edlule zisangcolisa inhlabathi, amanzi angaphezulu, namanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Isibonelo, awuyimisanga indlela yokuchayeka emiphakathini ehlanganayo e-England Air Force Base e-Alexandria, eLouisiana eyavalwa ngo-1992. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba asanda kutholakala ukuthi aqukethe i-10,900,000 ppt ye-PFAS lapho. Ngabona izakhamuzi eziseduze nemithombo ehlala eduze kwesisekelo lapho ngivakashela le ndawo ngoFebhuwari. Ososayensi baseHarvard bathi i-1 ppt ye-PFAS emanzini ingaba yingozi.
I-DoD ayizange imise indlela yokuchayeka eWurtsmuth Air Force Base eMichigan evalwe ku-1993. I-ejensi kahulumeni eMichigan iye yakhipha iseluleko sokuthi 'Ungadli' inyamazane e-Oscoda Township eduze nesisekelo esivaliwe. Uhulumeni usanda kuhlolwe izicubu zezinyamazane futhi wathola ukuthi awuphephile ukusetshenziswa komuntu.
I-Maureen Sullivan, i-DOD: "Lezi zindawo ezikhulunywe yi-PFOS kanye ne-PFOA eziwaziwayo noma ezisolakala zikhona ngezigaba ezahlukene zokuhlola, ukuphenya nokuhlanza."
Sen Sen. Umdala: Ungakwazi yini ukunikeza iCongress umbiko oningiliziwe wokuhlanzwa kula "izindawo zokukhululwa"?
I-Maureen Sullivan, i-DoD: "Nakuba izinga le-EPA LHA liyisiqondiso kuphela ngaphansi kwe-SDWA futhi akuyona inqubo yamanzi okuphuza ephoqelekile, i-DoD ibheka ulwazi lwe-LHA lwe-EPA uma ihlola ingozi empilweni yomuntu ngaphansi kwe-CERCLA."
Sen Sen. Umdala: Kuyadabukisa! Ukwenza kuzwakale sengathi kufanele unconywe, kepha lesi yisitatimende esikhohlisayo ngokweqile, uNks. Sullivan. Umbono wami ukuthi i-DoD ifihle ngemuva kokuchithwa kwe-EPA emsebenzini wayo. Ngenkathi i-EPA ibheka ngenye indlela, i-DoD iyaqhubeka nokufaka ubuthi esintwini ngokukhululwa kwe-PFAS ezisekelweni zayo. Lapho kungekho ukuphoqelelwa kombuso, izifundazwe ezithile ziye zaphoqeleka ukuthi zisungule saziso I-LHA ye-PFAS engxenyeni ye-EPA yamanje ye-LHA ukululekwa we-70 ppt.
I-Maureen Sullivan, i-DoD: "Okwamanje akukho ukukhishwa kwamafrimu okutholakala nge-foam okutholakala ngokuthengisa okuhlangabezana ne-MILSPEC edingekayo yokunciphisa imoto yamabhanoyi ngempumelelo, nakuba i-DOD ihlola amanye amafomu. I-DoD kumele igcine ikhono lokulwa nemililo ukuvikela amadoda nabesifazane abakhonza empini kanye nemiphakathi ezungeze ukufakwa kwazo. "
Sen Sen. Umdala: Ubhekisela izidingo ze-MILSPEC njengababekiwe kusukela phezulu. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ozakwabo bangathuli. Kumele ushintshe masinyane imfuneko ye-MILSPEC. Ubeka ukuphila kwabantu engozini!
Ukuthuthela kokwakheka kobuciko obungenayo i-fluorine kungasindisa impilo futhi kuvuselele umthelela emvelweni. Ingabe usikisela ukuthi i-Senate yenze ngokungenakuqondakala lapho sishaye umthetho esivumela ukuthi i-FAA inikeze izikhumulo zezindiza zezokuhweba ithuba lokushintshela ezithombeni ezifake umlilo okungafaki iPPAS?
UMaureen Sullivan, uyingelosi yokufa. Ngihawukele, ngihawukele.
