IziSanzo zase-US: Ukubambisana Kwezomnotho Okubuhlungu, Okungekho emthethweni, nokungasebenzi

Yize imfihlakalo yokuthi ngubani obhekele ukucekela phansi amathangi amabili eGulf of Oman ingakaxazululwa, kuyacaca ukuthi abaphathi bakaTrump bebecekela phansi ukuthunyelwa kukawoyela wase-Irani kusukela ngoMeyi 2, lapho bememezela inhloso yabo "ukuletha ukuthunyelwa kukawoyela wase-Iran kuqanda, okuphika umbuso umthombo wawo oyinhloko wemali engenayo.” Lesi sinyathelo besiqondiswe eChina, e-India, eJapan, eSouth Korea naseTurkey, wonke amazwe athenga uwoyela wase-Iran futhi manje abhekene nezinsongo zase-US uma eqhubeka nokwenza kanjalo. Amasosha aseMelika kungenzeka ukuthi awazange aqhumise amathangi athwala impahla yase-Irani, kodwa izenzo zawo zinomphumela ofanayo futhi kufanele zithathwe njengezenzo zamaphekula kwezomnotho.

Ukuphatha kukaTrump nakho kwenza udlame olukhulu lukawoyela ngokubamba U-$7 billion wempahla kawoyela yaseVenezuela-ukugcina uhulumeni waseMaduro ekutholeni imali yakhe. NgokukaJohn Bolton, unswinyo lwaseVenezuela luzothinta u-$11 billion kawoyela othunyelwa ngaphandle ngo-2019. Ukuphatha kukaTrump kusongela nezinkampani zemikhumbi ezithwala uwoyela waseVenezuela. Izinkampani ezimbili-eyodwa ezinze e-Liberia nenye eGreece-sezivele zishaywe ngezijeziso ngokuthumela uwoyela waseVenezuela eCuba. Azikho izimbobo ezivulekile emikhunjini yabo, kodwa ukuwohloka komnotho nokho.

Noma ngabe kuse-Iran, Venezuela, Cuba, North Korea noma enye yezindawo Amazwe we-20 ngaphansi kwesiqalo sonswinyo lwaseMelika, abaphathi bakaTrump basebenzisa isisindo sabo sezomnotho ukuzama ukunemba uguquko lombuso noma izinguquko ezinkulu zenqubomgomo emazweni emhlabeni jikelele.

Ukufa

Izijeziso zase-US ngokumelene ne-Iran zinonya kakhulu. Nakuba behlulekile ngokuphelele ukuqhubekisela phambili izinjongo zokushintsha umbuso wase-US, babangele ukungezwani okukhulayo nabalingani bezohwebo base-US emhlabeni wonke futhi babangele ubuhlungu obukhulu kubantu abavamile base-Iran. Yize ukudla nemithi kukhululiwe ekujezisweni, Izijeziso zase-US ngokumelene namabhange ase-Iranian njengebhange i-Parsian, ibhange elikhulu kunawo wonke e-Iran okungelona elikahulumeni, lenza kucishe kungenzeki ukucubungula izinkokhelo zezimpahla ezingenisiwe, futhi lokho kubandakanya ukudla nemithi. Ukushoda kwemithi okuwumphumela kuqinisekile ukuthi kuzodala izinkulungwane zokufa okungavinjelwa e-Iran, futhi izisulu kuzoba abantu abajwayelekile abasebenzayo, hhayi ama-Ayatollah noma ongqongqoshe bakahulumeni.

Imithombo yezindaba yase-US ibambe iqhaza ezenzweni zokuthi unswinyo lwaseMelika luyithuluzi elingenalo udlame lokufaka ingcindezi kohulumeni okuhlosiwe ukuze baphoqe uhlobo oluthile ukushintsha umbuso wentando yeningi. Imibiko yase-US ayivamisile ukusho umthelela wabo obulalayo kubantu abajwayelekile, esikhundleni salokho isola izinkinga zezomnotho eziwumphumela kuphela kohulumeni okuqondiswe kubo.

Umthelela obulalayo wezijeziso ucace bha eVenezuela, lapho unswinyo lwezomnotho olukhubazayo sehlise umnotho osuvele untengantenga ngenxa yokwehla kwamanani kawoyela, ukucekelwa phansi kwamaqembu aphikisayo, inkohlakalo kanye nezinqubomgomo ezimbi zikahulumeni. Umbiko ohlanganyelwe wonyaka wokufa kwabantu eVenezuela ngo-2018 ngu-three amanyuvesi aseVenezuela ithole ukuthi unswinyo lwaseMelika lunembangela enkulu yokushona okwengeziwe kuka-40,000 ngalowo nyaka. I-Venezuela Pharmaceutical Association ibike ukushoda kwama-85% emithi ebalulekile ngo-2018.

Ukungabikho unswinyo lwaseMelika, ukwehla kwamanani entengo kawoyela emhlabeni wonke ngo-2018 bekufanele kuholele okungenani ekubuyiseleni okuncane emnothweni waseVenezuela kanye nokungeniswa okwanele kokudla nemithi. Esikhundleni salokho, unswinyo lwezezimali lwase-US luvimbele iVenezuela ekugingqikeni ezikweletini zayo futhi yaphuca imboni kawoyela imali yezingxenye, ukulungisa nokutshalwa kwezimali okusha, okuholele ekwehleni okumangazayo kokukhiqizwa kukawoyela kunaseminyakeni edlule yamanani aphansi kawoyela kanye nokudangala komnotho. Imboni kawoyela ihlinzeka ngama-95% emali etholwa yiVenezuela yangaphandle, ngakho-ke ngokuklinya imboni yayo kawoyela futhi inqamule iVenezuela ekubolekeni kwamanye amazwe, unswinyo luye lwabikezela - futhi ngamabomu - luvale abantu baseVenezuela esimweni somnotho esibi esibi.

Ucwaningo lukaJeffrey Sachs noMark Weisbrot lweSikhungo Sokucwaninga Kwezomnotho Nenqubomgomo, olunesihloko esithi "Izijeziso Njengesijeziso Esihlangene: Icala laseVenezuela," ibike ukuthi umphumela ohlanganisiwe we unswinyo lwaseMelika lwango-2017 no-2019 kulindeleke ukuthi luholele ekwehleni okumangazayo kwama-37.4% kuGDP yangempela yaseVenezuela ngo-2019, ngemuva kokwehla ngo-16.7% ngo-2018 kanye ngaphezulu kwama-60%. emananini kawoyela phakathi kuka-2012 no-2016.

ENyakatho Korea, abaningi amashumi eminyaka ezijeziso, kuhambisana nesomiso esandisiwe, kuye kwashiya izigidi zabantu abayizigidi ezingu-25 besizwe. abangondlekile nabampofu. Izindawo zasemakhaya ikakhulukazi ukuswela umuthi namanzi ahlanzekile. Izijeziso eziqinile nakakhulu ezabekwa ngo-2018 zavimbela ukuthunyelwa kwezwe okuningi kwezwe, ukunciphisa amandla kahulumeni ukukhokhela ukudla okuvela emazweni angaphandle ukuze kunciphe ukushoda.

Akungekho emthethweni 

Enye yezinto ezimbi kakhulu zonswinyo lwase-US ukufinyelela kwabo kwamanye amazwe. I-US ishaya amabhizinisi ezwe lesithathu ngezijeziso “zokwephula” unswinyo lwase-US. Lapho i-US ishiya isivumelwano senuzi ngokungahambisani futhi yabeka unswinyo, uMnyango Wezezimali wase-US ukuziqhenya ukuthi ngosuku olulodwa nje, ngoNovemba 5, 2018, yagunyaza abantu abangaphezu kuka-700, izinhlangano, izindiza, nemikhumbi eyenza ibhizinisi ne-Iran. Mayelana neVenezuela, I-Reuters ibike ukuthi ngoMashi 2019 uMnyango Wezwe “wawuyalele izindlu ezihweba ngowoyela nabacwengisisi emhlabeni wonke ukuthi baqhubeke nokunqamula ukusebenzisana neVenezuela noma babhekane nenswinyo ngokwabo, noma ngabe ukuhweba okwenziwe kunganqatshelwe unswinyo olushicilelwe e-US.”

Umthombo wemboni kawoyela wakhononda kwaReuters, “Yile ndlela i-United States esebenza ngayo kulezi zinsuku. Banemithetho ebhaliwe, bese bayakufonela bakuchazele ukuthi kukhona nemithetho engabhaliwe abafuna uyilandele.”

Izikhulu zaseMelika zithi unswinyo luzosiza abantu baseVenezuela nase-Iran ngokubaphoqa ukuthi basukume baketule ohulumeni babo. Selokhu kwasetshenziswa amandla ezempi, ukuketula umbuso kanye nemisebenzi ecashile yokuketula ohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe inhlekelele efakazelwe e-Afghanistan, e-Iraq, eHaiti, eSomalia, eHonduras, eLibya, eSyria, e-Ukraine naseYemen, umqondo wokusebenzisa isikhundla esiphezulu se-US kanye nedola ezimakethe zezimali zamazwe ngamazwe njengendlela "yamandla athambile" ukuze kuzuzwe "ushintsho lombuso" ingase ishaye abenzi benqubomgomo base-US njengendlela elula yokuphoqelela ukuthengisela umphakathi wase-US okhathele yimpi kanye nabalingani abangakhululekile.

Kodwa ukusuka “ekushaqekeni nokwesaba” kokuqhuma kwamabhomu emoyeni kanye nokuhlala kwezempi kubabulali abathule bezifo ezingagwemeka, ukungondleki kahle kanye nobumpofu obudlulele kukude nenketho yokusiza abantu, futhi akukho okusemthethweni kunokusebenzisa amandla ezempi ngaphansi komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wobuntu.

UDenis Halliday wayenguNobhala Jikelele Womsizi we-UN owasebenza njengoMxhumanisi Wezobuntu e-Iraq futhi wesula ku-UN ephikisana nezijeziso ezinonya e-Iraq ngo-1998.

UDenis Halliday wasitshela: “Ukujeziswa okuphelele, lapho kushaywa uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN noma uMbuso ezweni elizimele, kuwuhlobo lwempi, isikhali esiqinile esijezisa nakanjani izakhamuzi ezingenacala. “Uma zelulwa ngamabomu lapho imiphumela yazo ebulalayo seyaziwa, unswinyo lungathathwa njengegenocide. Ngenkathi iNxusa laseMelika uMadeleine Albright esho ku-CBS 'Imizuzu Engamashumi Ayisithupha' ngo-1996 ukuthi ukubulala izingane zase-Iraq ezingama-500,000 ukuzama ukwehlisa uSaddam Hussein 'kwakufanele,' ukuqhubeka kwezijeziso ze-UN ngokumelene ne-Iraq kwahlangabezana nencazelo yokuqothulwa kohlanga. "

Namuhla, ababhali ababili abakhethekile be-UN abaqokwe UMkhandlu Wamalungelo Abantu We-UN bayiziphathimandla ezizimele eziqinile mayelana nomthelela kanye nokungabi semthethweni kwezigwebo zase-US eVenezuela, futhi iziphetho zabo ezijwayelekile zisebenza ngokufanayo nase-Iran. U-Alfred De Zayas uvakashele eVenezuela ngemuva nje kokubekwa kwezijeziso zezezimali zase-US ngo-2017 futhi wabhala umbiko obanzi ngalokho akuthola lapho. Uthole umthelela omkhulu ngenxa yokuncika kweVenezuela isikhathi eside kuwoyela, ukuphatha okungekuhle kanye nenkohlakalo, kodwa waphinde wakugxeka kakhulu unswinyo lwaseMelika kanye “nezimpi zezomnotho.”

"Izijeziso zezomnotho zanamuhla kanye nokuvinjwa kuqhathaniswa nokuvinjezelwa kwamadolobha asendulo," kubhala uDe Zayas. "Izijeziso zekhulunyaka lamashumi amabili nanye zizama ukuletha hhayi nje idolobhana, kodwa amazwe azimele emadolweni." Umbiko kaDe Zayas uphakamise ukuthi iNkantolo Yamazwe Ngamazwe kufanele iphenye unswinyo lwaseMelika olubhekiswe eVenezuela njengecala elibhekiswe esintwini.

Kukhishwe unobhala wesibili okhethekile we-UN, u-Idriss Jazairy isitatimende esinamandla ekuphenduleni ukuketulwa umbuso okuhlulekile okwasekelwa yi-US eVenezuela ngoJanuwari. Ugxeke “ukuphoqwa” kwamandla angaphandle “njengokwephulwa kwayo yonke imikhuba yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.” "Izijeziso ezingaholela endlala nokushoda kwezokwelapha azisona isixazululo enkingeni yaseVenezuela," kusho uJazairy, "...

Izijeziso ziphinde zephule i-Article 19 ye I-Charter yeNhlangano Yamazwe aseMelika, okuthi ukwenqabela ngokucacile ukungenelela “nganoma yisiphi isizathu, ezindabeni zangaphakathi noma zangaphandle zanoma yimuphi omunye uMbuso.” Linezela ukuthi “alivimbeli nje kuphela ibutho elihlomile kodwa nanoma iyiphi enye indlela yokugxambukela noma ukuzama ukusongela ubuntu boMbuso noma izici zawo zezombangazwe, zezomnotho, namasiko.”

I-Athikili 20 ye-OAS Charter isebenza ngokufanayo: “Awukho uMbuso ongasebenzisa noma ukhuthaze ukusetshenziswa kwezinyathelo eziphoqelelayo zomlingiswa wezomnotho noma wezepolitiki ukuze kuphoqelelwe intando yombuso yomunye uMbuso futhi kutholwe kuwo izinzuzo zanoma yiluphi uhlobo.”

Ngokomthetho wase-US, unswinyo lwango-2017 kanye nowezi-2019 lwaseVenezuela lusekelwe ezimemezelweni zikamongameli ezingenabufakazi zokuthi isimo saseVenezuela sidale lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “isimo esiphuthumayo sikazwelonke” e-United States. Ukube izinkantolo zombuso wase-US bezingesabi kangako ukubamba igatsha eliphezulu liziphendulele ezindabeni zenqubomgomo yangaphandle, lokhu bekungaba nenselelo futhi kuhoxiswe yinkantolo yombuso ngokushesha nakalula kakhulu kunendlela efanayo. icala "lesimo esiphuthumayo sikazwelonke" emngceleni waseMexico, oxhumeke okungenani ngokwendawo e-United States.

Akusebenzi

Kunesizathu esisodwa esibalulekile sokusindisa abantu base-Iran, Venezuela kanye namanye amazwe okuhlosiwe kuwo emithelela ebulalayo nengekho emthethweni yezijeziso zezomnotho zase-US: azisebenzi.

Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, njengoba unswinyo lwezomnotho lwehlise i-GDP yase-Iraq ngama-48% eminyakeni emi-5 futhi izifundo ezibucayi zabhala izindleko zabo zokuqothula abantu, basahluleka ukususa uhulumeni kaSaddam Hussein emandleni. Abasizi Bonobhala-Jikelele ababili be-UN, uDenis Halliday kanye noHans Von Sponeck, bashiye phansi bebhikishela izikhundla eziphezulu ku-UN kunokuba baphoqelele lezi zijeziso zokubulala.

Ngo-1997, uRobert Pape, owayenguprofesa eDartmouth College, wazama ukuxazulula imibuzo eyisisekelo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezigwegwe zezomnotho ukuze kuzuzwe ushintsho lwezombangazwe kwamanye amazwe ngokuqoqa nokuhlaziya idatha yomlando ngamacala ayi-115 lapho lokhu kwaqulwa khona phakathi kuka-1914 no-1990. XNUMX. Esifundweni sakhe, esinesihloko esithi “Kungani Izijeziso Zezomnotho Zingasebenzik,” uphethe ngokuthi unswinyo luphumelele kuphela emacaleni ama-5 kwangu-115.

UPape uphinde wabuza umbuzo obalulekile novusa inkanuko: “Uma unswinyo lwezomnotho lungavamile ukusebenza, kungani imibuso iqhubeka nokuyisebenzisa?”

Wanikeza izimpendulo ezintathu okungenzeka:

• "Abenzi bezinqumo abafaka unswinyo balinganisela ngokweqile amathuba okuphumelela okuphoqelekile kwezijeziso."
• "Abaholi abacabanga ukuthi bazosebenzisa kanjani amandla bavame ukulindela ukuthi ukubeka unswinyo kuqala kuzothuthukisa ukwethembeka kwezinsongo zezempi ezilandelayo."
• "Ukufaka unswinyo kuvame ukuzuzisa abaholi basekhaya kwezepolitiki kunokwenqaba izinswinyo noma ukusebenzisa amandla."

Sicabanga ukuthi impendulo mhlawumbe iyinhlanganisela yakho "konke lokhu okungenhla." Kodwa sikholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi akukho nhlanganisela yalokhu nanoma iyiphi enye indlela enengqondo engathethelela izindleko zokubulawa kwabantu kwezijeziso zezomnotho e-Iraq, North Korea, Iran, Venezuela nanoma iyiphi enye indawo.

Nakuba umhlaba ukugxeka ukuhlaselwa kwakamuva kwemikhumbi ethwala uwoyela futhi uzama ukukhomba imbangela, ukugxekwa komhlaba wonke kufanele futhi kugxile ezweni elibhekene nempi yezomnotho ebulalayo, engekho emthethweni futhi engasebenzi ephakathi kwale nkinga: i-United States.