Izingane e-Afghanistan - Ikhredithi yesithombe: cdn.pixabay.com
NguMedea Benjamin noNicolas JS Davies, World BEYOND War, Mashi 25, i-2021
NgoMashi 18, umhlaba welashwa show kaNobhala Wezwe laseMelika u-Antony Blinken etshela izikhulu eziphezulu zaseChina ngesidingo sokuthi iChina ihloniphe “umyalelo osekelwe emithethweni.” Okuhlukile, Blinken waxwayiswa, izwe elingase lilungiswe, futhi “lelo kungaba izwe elinobudlova nelingazinzile ngokwedlulele kithi sonke.”
U-Blinken wayekhuluma ngokucacile ngokuhlangenwe nakho. Njengoba i-United States ikhipha i- I-UN Charter kanye nokubusa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ukuhlasela i-Kosovo, i-Afghanistan ne-Iraq, futhi usebenzise amandla ezempi kanye nohlangothi olulodwa. izigwegwe zomnotho ngokumelene namanye amazwe amaningi, ngempela yenze umhlaba wabulala kakhulu, waba nobudlova futhi waba nesiphithiphithi.
Ngenkathi uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN wenqaba ukunikeza isibusiso sawo ekuhlaseleni kwe-US ngokumelene ne-Iraq ngo-2003, uMongameli Bush wasongela i-UN esidlangalaleni ngokuthi. "ukungahambisani." Kamuva waqoka uJohn Bolton njengeNxusa le-UN, indoda eyaduma kanye wathi ukuthi, uma isakhiwo se-UN eNew York “silahlekelwe yizindaba eziyishumi, bekungeke kwenze mehluko omncane.”
Kepha ngemuva kweminyaka engamashumi amabili yenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US lapho i-United States ishaye indiva futhi yephula umthetho wamazwe omhlaba, ishiya ukufa kwabantu abaningi, udlame kanye neziyaluyalu ngemuva kwayo, inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US ingase ifike ngokugcwele, okungenani esimweni sase-Afghanistan. .
UNobhala u-Blinken uthathe isinyathelo ebesingacatshangwa ngaphambili sokucela iNhlangano Yezizwe hola izingxoxo ukuze kuqedwe ukudubula kanye noguquko lwezepolitiki e-Afghanistan, idedele ukubusa kwe-US njengomxazululi yedwa phakathi kukahulumeni waseKabul kanye neTaliban.
Ngakho-ke, ngemva kweminyaka engu-20 yempi nokungabi namthetho, ingabe i-United States ekugcineni isilungele ukunikeza "ukuhleleka okusekelwe emithethweni" ithuba lokunqoba i-US unilateralism futhi "ingase ilungise," esikhundleni sokuyisebenzisa nje njengenkulumo yokukhuluma izitha zayo?
UBiden noBlinken babonakala bekhethe impi engapheli yaseMelika e-Afghanistan njengecala elivivinyayo, njengoba benqaba ukujoyina kabusha isivumelwano sika-Obama senuzi ne-Iran, beqapha ngomona indima ye-US esobala yokuba ngumlamuleli phakathi kuka-Israyeli nePalestine, balondoloze unswinyo olunonya lwezomnotho lukaTrump, kanye nokuqhubeka nokwephulwa okuhlelekile kweMelika komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ngokumelene namanye amazwe amaningi.
Kwenzekani e-Afghanistan?
NgoFebhuwari 2020, abaphathi bakaTrump basayina isivumelwano I-Taliban izokhipha ngokuphelele amasosha ase-US nawe-NATO e-Afghanistan ngoMeyi 1, 2021.
AbakwaTaliban benqabile ukuxoxisana nohulumeni osekelwa yi-US eKabul kuze kusayinwe isivumelwano sokuhoxiswa kwe-US kanye ne-NATO, kodwa kwathi uma sekwenziwe lokho, izinhlangothi zase-Afghan zaqala izingxoxo zokuthula ngoNdasa wezi-2020. , njengoba uhulumeni wase-US wayefuna, amaTaliban avuma kuphela “ukunciphisa ubudlova” isonto elilodwa.
Ezinsukwini eziyishumi nanye kamuva, njengoba impi yayiqhubeka phakathi kweTaliban nohulumeni waseKabul, e-United States kufunwa ngokungalungile ukuthi iTaliban yephula isivumelwano eyasisayina ne-United States futhi yasethula kabusha umkhankaso wokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu.
Naphezu kokulwa, uhulumeni waseKabul kanye neTaliban bakwazi ukushintshanisa iziboshwa futhi baqhubeka nezingxoxo eQatar, elamulelwa yinxusa laseMelika uZalmay Khalilzad, owayexoxisane ngesivumelwano sokuhoxiswa kwe-US neTaliban. Kodwa izingxoxo zathuthuka kancane, futhi manje kubonakala sengathi sezifinyelele isiphetho.
Ukufika kwentwasahlobo e-Afghanistan kuvame ukuletha ukwanda kwempi. Ngaphandle kokuphela komlilo okusha, ukuhlasela kwentwasahlobo kungaholela ekuzuzeni indawo okwengeziwe kwamaTaliban - osekuvele izilawuli okungenani ingxenye ye-Afghanistan.
Leli themba, lihlanganiswe nomnqamulajuqu wokuhoxa wangoMeyi 1 kwabasele 3,500 US kanye namanye amasosha e-NATO ayizi-7,000 XNUMX, kwenze isimemo sikaBlinken kuNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene ukuba ahole inqubo yokuthula yamazwe ngamazwe ehlanganisa wonke umuntu futhi ezohlanganisa ne-India, Pakistan kanye nezitha zendabuko zase-United States, i-China, i-Russia kanye, okuphawuleka kakhulu, i-Iran.
Lolu hlelo luqale ngokuthi a inkomfa e-Afghanistan eMoscow ngoMashi 18-19, ehlanganise ithimba lamalungu ayi-16 elivela kuhulumeni wase-Afghan osekelwa yi-US eKabul kanye nezingxoxo ezivela eTaliban, kanye nenxusa laseMelika uKhalilzad kanye nabameleli bakwamanye amazwe.
Ingqungquthela yaseMoscow wabeka isisekelo kokukhulu Ingqungquthela eholwa yi-UN izobanjelwa e-Istanbul ngo-Ephreli ukuze kudwetshwe uhlaka lokuqeda ukulwa, uguquko lwezepolitiki kanye nesivumelwano sokwabelana ngamandla phakathi kukahulumeni osekelwa yi-US kanye neTaliban.
UNobhala-Jikelele we-UN u-Antonio Guterres uqoke UJean Arnault ukuhola izingxoxo ze-UN. U-Arnault uxoxisane ngokuphela kwe- Isi-Guatemalan Impi Yombango ngawo-1990 kanye isivumelwano sokuthula phakathi kukahulumeni kanye ne-FARC e-Colombia, futhi wayengummeleli kaNobhala-Jikelele eBolivia kusukela ekuvukeleni umbuso ngo-2019 kwaze kwaba nokhetho olusha ngo-2020. U-Arnault uyayazi ne-Afghanistan, njengoba esebenze ku-UN Assistance Mission eya e-Afghanistan kusukela ngo-2002 kuya ku-2006. .
Uma ingqungquthela yase-Istanbul iphumela esivumelwaneni phakathi kukahulumeni waseKabul kanye neTaliban, amasosha ase-US angaba sekhaya esikhathini esithile ezinyangeni ezizayo.
UMongameli uTrump - osekusele kancane ezama ukwenza okuhle esithembisweni sakhe sokuqeda leyo mpi engapheli - ufanelwe udumo ngokuqala ukuhoxa ngokuphelele kwamasosha ase-US e-Afghanistan. Kodwa ukuhoxa ngaphandle kohlelo lokuthula oluphelele bekungeke kuyiqede impi. Inqubo yokuthula eholwa yi-UN kufanele inikeze abantu base-Afghanistan ithuba elingcono kakhulu lekusasa elinokuthula kunokuba amabutho ase-US ahambe nezinhlangothi zombili zisalwa, futhi anciphise amathuba okuthi ukuzuza eyenziwe ngabesifazane kule minyaka izolahleka.
Kuthathe iminyaka eyi-17 yempi ukuletha i-United States etafuleni lezingxoxo neminye iminyaka emibili nengxenye ngaphambi kokuthi ilungele ukuhlehla futhi ivumele i-UN ihole ezingxoxweni zokuthula.
Esikhathini esiningi, i-US yazama ukugcina umbono wokuthi ingagcina inqobe amaTaliban futhi "iwine" impi. Kodwa imibhalo yangaphakathi yase-US eshicilelwe ngu I-WikiLeaks kanye nomfudlana we imibiko futhi uphenyo uveze ukuthi abaholi bezempi nabezepolitiki base-US kudala bazi ukuthi ngeke baphumelele. Njengoba uGeneral Stanley McChrystal akubeka, okungcono kakhulu amabutho ase-US ayengakwenza e-Afghanistan kwakuwukuba "Hlala phansi."
Okwakusho lokho ekusebenzeni kwakuwukwehla amashumi ezinkulungwane amabhomu, usuku nosuku, unyaka nonyaka, futhi eqhuba izinkulungwane zokuhlasela ebusuku ukuthi, kaningi kunalokho, ababulewe, bagogekile noma baboshwe ngokungafanele izakhamuzi ezingenacala.
Inani lokufa kwabantu e-Afghanistan engaziwa. Iningi lase-US izindiza futhi ukuhlasela ebusuku zenzeka ezindaweni ezikude, ezinezintaba lapho abantu bengaxhumani nehhovisi le-UN lamalungelo abantu eKabul eliphenya imibiko yokulimala kwezakhamuzi.
UFiona Frazer, isikhulu samalungelo abantu se-UN e-Afghanistan, savuma ku-BBC ngo-2019 ukuthi "...izakhamuzi eziningi ziyabulawa noma zilimale e-Afghanistan ngenxa yezingxabano kunanoma iyiphi enye indawo eMhlabeni…. Izibalo ezishicilelwe cishe azibonisi izinga langempela lokulimala .”
Alukho ucwaningo olunzulu lokufa okuye lwenziwa kusukela ekuhlaselweni kwe-US ngo-2001. Ukuqala ukubala okuphelele kwezindleko zomuntu zale mpi kufanele kube yingxenye ebalulekile yomsebenzi we-UN u-Arnault, futhi akufanele simangale uma, njengo Ikhomishini Yeqiniso ayengamele eGuatemala, kwembula inani lokufa eliphindwe kashumi noma amashumi amabili kulokho esikutsheliwe.
Uma uhlelo lukaBlinken lwezokuxhumana luphumelela ukwephula lo mjikelezo obulalayo “wokuxova,” futhi iletha ngisho nokuthula okulinganiselwe e-Afghanistan, lokho kuzosungula isibonelo kanye nenye indlela eyisibonelo yodlame olubonakala lungapheli kanye nezinxushunxushu zezimpi zaseMelika zangemva kwe-9/11 kwezinye. amazwe.
IMelika isebenzise amandla ezempi kanye nezijeziso zezomnotho ukucekela phansi, ukuhlukanisa noma ukujezisa uhlu olukhula njalo lwamazwe emhlabeni jikelele, kodwa ayisenawo amandla okunqoba, ukumisa kabusha nokuhlanganisa la mazwe embusweni wawo we-neocolonial, njengoba yakwenza ekuphakameni kwamandla ayo ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili. Ukunqotshwa kweMelika eVietnam kwaba inguquko engokomlando: ukuphela kwenkathi yemibuso yezempi yaseNtshonalanga.
Yonke i-United States engazuza emazweni ewadlayo noma ewavimbezelayo namuhla wukuwagcina ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene zobumpofu, ubudlova neziyaluyalu—izingcezu ezihlakazekile zombuso ezikhungethwe emhlabeni wekhulu lamashumi amabili nanye.
Amandla ezempi ase-US kanye nezijeziso zezomnotho zingavimbela okwesikhashana amazwe aqhunyiswe ngamabhomu noma ampofu ukuthi abuyise ngokugcwele ubukhosi bawo noma azuze ezinhlelweni zentuthuko eziholwa yiChina njenge I-Belt ne-Initiative Road, kodwa abaholi baseMelika abanayo enye indlela yentuthuko abangabanikeza yona.
Abantu base-Iran, eCuba, eNyakatho Korea naseVenezuela kufanele babheke e-Afghanistan, e-Iraq, eHaiti, e-Libya noma eSomalia ukuze babone ukuthi umholi wezinguquko wombuso waseMelika uzobaholela kuphi.
Kusho ukuthini konke lokhu?
Isintu sibhekene nezinselele ezinzima ngempela kuleli khulu leminyaka, kusukela ku ukuqothulwa okukhulu zomhlaba wemvelo ku ukubhujiswa zesimo sezulu esiqinisekisa ukuphila esibe yisizinda esibalulekile emlandweni wesintu, kuyilapho amafu enuzi amakhowe asisabise sonke ngokubhujiswa kokuphela kwempucuko.
Kuyisibonakaliso sethemba lokuthi uBiden noBlinken baphendukela ezinkulumweni ezisemthethweni, ezibandakanya amazwe amaningi e-Afghanistan, noma ngabe kungenxa yokuthi, ngemuva kweminyaka engu-20 yempi, ekugcineni babona ubudlelwano njengezindlela zokugcina.
Kodwa ukuthula, ukukhulumisana kanye nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe akufanele kube yindlela yokugcina, ukuze kuzanywe kuphela lapho amaDemocrats namaRiphabhulikhi ekugcineni bephoqeleka ukuthi bavume ukuthi akukho uhlobo olusha lwamandla noma ukuphoqelela oluzosebenza. Akufanele futhi kube indlela yokubhuqa ngabaholi baseMelika yokugeza izandla zabo enkingeni enameva futhi bayinikeze njengesitsha esinoshevu ukuze baphuze abanye.
Uma inqubo yokuthula eholwa yi-UN eholwa yi-UN uBlinken iqalile iphumelela futhi amasosha ase-US ekugcineni abuyele ekhaya, abantu baseMelika akufanele bakhohlwe nge-Afghanistan ezinyangeni neminyaka ezayo. Kufanele sinake okwenzeka lapho futhi sifunde kukho. Futhi kufanele sisekele iminikelo evulekile yase-US ekusizeni abantu kanye nentuthuko abantu base-Afghanistan abazoyidinga iminyaka eminingi ezayo.
Yile ndlela “uhlelo olusekelwe emithethweni” lwamazwe ngamazwe, abaholi base-US abathanda ukukhuluma ngalo kodwa abalwephula njalo, kufanele lusebenze, i-UN ifeza umsebenzi wayo wokudala ukuthula futhi amazwe ngamanye anqobe ukungezwani kwawo ukuze asekele.
Mhlawumbe ukubambisana e-Afghanistan kungaba yisinyathelo sokuqala ekusebenzisaneni okubanzi kwe-US ne-China, i-Russia ne-Iran okungabaluleka uma sizoxazulula izinselelo ezinzima ezifanayo esibhekene nazo sonke.
UMedea uBenjamin uhlanganisa CODEPINK for Ukuthula, nombhali wezincwadi eziningana, kufaka phakathi Ngaphakathi kwe-Iran: Umlando Weqiniso Nezombangazwe YeRiphabhulikhi Yase-Islamic yase-Iran.
UNicolas JS Davies yintatheli ezimele, umcwaningi we-CODEPINK kanye nomlobi we Igazi Ngezandla Zethu: Ukuhlasela KweMelika nokubhujiswa kwe-Iraq.
