IPhalamende lase-UK libika imininingwane yokuthi impi ye-NATO ka-2011 eLibya yayisekelwe kanjani emangeni

Uphenyo lwaseBrithani: UGaddafi wayengeke abulale izakhamuzi; Ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kwaseNtshonalanga kwenza ukushisekela kwamaSulumane kwaba kubi nakakhulu

Ibhalwe nguBen Norton, Salon

"I-Libya: Ukuhlolwa kokungenelela kanye nokuwa kanye nezinketho zenqubomgomo zesikhathi esizayo zase-UK," i uphenyo yiKomidi lezangaphandle elihlangene leHouse of Commons, ligxeka kakhulu iqhaza le-UK empini, eyaketula uhulumeni womholi waseLibya u-Muammar Qaddafi futhi yafaka izwe laseNyakatho Afrika obishini.

"Asibubonanga ubufakazi bokuthi uHulumeni wase-UK wenze ukuhlaziya ngendlela efanele isimo sokuvukela eLibya," kusho umbiko. "Isu lase-UK lasungulwa emicabangweni eyiphutha kanye nokuqonda okungaphelele kobufakazi."

IKomidi Lezindaba Zangaphandle liphetha ngokuthi uhulumeni waseBrithani "uhlulekile ukukhomba ukuthi usongo olubhekiswe kubantu lwaluqinisiwe nokuthi amavukela-mbuso ahlanganisa ingxenye ebalulekile yama-Islamist."

Uphenyo lwaseLibya, olwaqalwa ngoJulayi 2015, lusekelwe ocwaningweni olungaphezu konyaka kanye nezingxoxo nosopolitiki, izifundiswa, izintatheli nokunye. Umbiko, okhishwe ngoSepthemba 14, uveza lokhu okulandelayo:

• U-Qaddafi wayengahlelile ukucekela phansi izakhamuzi. Le nganekwane yenziwa ihaba izihlubuki nohulumeni baseNtshonalanga, ababesekela ukungenela kwabo ekuhlakanipheni okuncane.
• Usongo lwabashisekeli bama-Islamist, olwalunethonya elikhulu ekuvukeleni, lwalunganakwa - futhi ukuqhuma kwamabhomu kwe-NATO kwenza lolu songo lwaba lubi nakakhulu, okwenza i-ISIS isisekelo eNyakatho Afrika.
• I-France, eyaqala ukungenelela kwezempi, yayishukunyiswa izithakazelo zezomnotho nezombusazwe, hhayi ezobuntu.
• Ukuvukelana - obekunodlame, hhayi ukuthula - bekungeke kube yimpumelelo ukube bekungengenxa yokungenelela nosizo lwamasosha angaphandle. Imithombo yezindaba yakwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi i-Al Jazeera yaseQatar kanye ne-Al Arabiya yaseSaudi Arabia, nayo yasakaza amahlebezi angenabufakazi ngoQaddafi nohulumeni waseLibya.
• Ukuqhuma kwamabhomu e-NATO kwafaka iLibya enhlekeleleni yokusiza abantu, kwashona izinkulungwane zabantu futhi kwaxosha amakhulu ezinkulungwane ngaphezulu, kwashintsha iLibya ezweni lase-Afrika elisezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu lokuphila kwaba izwe elihlaselwe yimpi.

Inganekwane yokuthi uQaddafi uzobulala izakhamuzi kanye nokungabibikho kobuhlakani

"Naphezu kwenkulumo yakhe, isiphakamiso sokuthi uMuammar Gaddafi wayezoyala ukuthi kubulawe izakhamuzi eBenghazi asizange sisekelwe ubufakazi obukhona," kusho iKomidi lezangaphandle.

"Yize u-Muammar Gaddafi esongela udlame kulabo abathatha izikhali ngokumelene nombuso wakhe, lokhu akuzange kube usongo kuwo wonke umuntu eBenghazi," kuqhubeka lo mbiko. "Ngamafuphi, izinga losongo olubhekiswe kubantu belethwe ngesiqiniseko esingenasisekelo."

Isifinyezo salo mbiko siphawula nokuthi impi “ayizange isekelwe ukuhlakanipha okunembile.” Iyanezela, “Kubikwa ukuthi izikhulu zezobunhloli zase-United States zachaza lokhu kungenelela ‘njengesinqumo esingenangqondo.’”

Lokhu kungqubuzana nalokho okushiwo yizibalo zezombusazwe ekuholeni kwebhomu le-NATO. Ngemva imibhikisho enodlame kwaqubuka eLibya ngoFebhuwari, kwathi iBenghazi - idolobha lesibili ngobukhulu eLibya - yathathwa amavukelambuso, abantu abaphikisayo ababedingisiwe njengoSoliman Bouchuiguir, umongameli weLibyan League for Human Rights ezinze eYurophu,bathi ukuthi, uma uQaddafi ewuthatha kabusha umuzi, “Kuzoba nokuchitheka kwegazi kwangempela, isibhicongo esifana naso esakubona eRwanda.”

Umbiko wePhalamende laseBrithani, nokho, uphawula ukuthi uhulumeni waseLibya wathumba amadolobha kumavukelambuso ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari 2011, ngaphambi kokuba i-NATO iqale umkhankaso wayo wokuteleka emoyeni, futhi amasosha kaQaddafi awazange ahlasele abantu.

NgoMashi 17, 2011, umbiko uveza - ezinsukwini ezimbili ngaphambi kokuthi i-NATO iqale ukuqhuma - uQaddafi watshela amavukelambuso eBenghazi, "Lahlani izikhali zenu, njengoba kwenza abafowenu e-Ajdabiya nakwezinye izindawo. Babeka izikhali phansi futhi baphephile. Asizange nakancane siwajahe.”

IKomidi lezangaphandle lengeza ngokuthi, ngesikhathi amasosha kahulumeni waseLibya ethatha kabusha idolobha i-Ajdabiya ngoFebhuwari, awazange ahlasele abantu. UQaddafi "uphinde wazama ukushweleza ababhikishi eBenghazi ngokubanikeza usizo lwentuthuko ngaphambi kokuthi ekugcineni athumele amasosha," kusho umbiko.

Kwesinye isibonelo, umbiko ukhomba ukuthi, ngemuva kwezimpi ngoFebhuwari nangoMashi edolobheni iMisrata - idolobha laseLibya elingelesithathu ngobukhulu eLibya, nalo elase lithathwe amavukelambuso - cishe iphesenti elilodwa labantu ababulawa uhulumeni waseLibya kwakungabesifazane noma izingane.

"Umehluko phakathi kwabalimala besilisa nabesifazane uphakamise ukuthi amasosha ombuso kaGaddafi aqondise amadoda empini yombango futhi awazange ahlasele izakhamizi ngokungakhethi," kusho ikomidi.

Izikhulu eziphezulu zaseBrithani zivumile ophenyweni lwePhalamende ukuthi azizange zizicabangele izenzo zangempela zikaQaddafi, kunalokho zacela ukuthi kungenelele amasosha eLibya ngokusekelwe enkulumeni yakhe.

NgoFebhuwari, uQaddafi washuba inkulumo besabisa abavukeli ababethathe amadolobha. Uthe "bayingcosana" futhi "bayidlanzana labashokobezi," futhi wababiza ngokuthi "amagundane" "aphendule iLibya i-Emirates kaZawahiri no-bin Laden," ebhekisela kubaholi be-al-Qaeda.

Ekupheleni kwenkulumo yakhe, uQaddafi uthembise “ukuhlanza iLibya, intshi ngentshi, indlu ngendlu, ikhaya nekhaya, umhubhe ngomhume,” kulaba bavukeli. Imithombo yezindaba eminingi yaseNtshonalanga, nokho, iveze noma yabika ngokungananazi ukuthi amazwi akhe abesho usongo kubo bonke ababhikishi. Intatheli yakwa-Israel iphakanyisiwe lo mugqa ngokuwuguqula ube yingoma ebizwa ngokuthi “Zenga, Zenga” (igama lesi-Arabhu elithi “alleyway”). Ividiyo ye-YouTube enenkulumo exutshwe kabusha yasatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke.

IKomidi Lezindaba Zangaphandle liphawula embikweni walo ukuthi, ngaleso sikhathi, izikhulu zaseBrithani "zazintula ubuhlakani obuthembekile." UWilliam Hague, owasebenza njengonobhala wezwe laseBrithani wezangaphandle kanye nezindaba zomphakathi ngesikhathi sempi yaseLibya, wathi ekomitini uQaddafi wayethembise “ukungena indlu ngendlu, igumbi negumbi, ukuziphindiselela kubantu baseBenghazi, ” ecaphuna kabi inkulumo kaQaddafi. Wanezela, “Baningi abantu abazofa.”

"Ngenxa yokuntuleka kobuhlakani obuthembekile, bobabili uLord Hague kanye noDkt Fox bagqamisa umthelela wenkulumo ka-Muammar Gaddafi ekuthatheni kwabo izinqumo," kuphawula lo mbiko, futhi ubhekisela kuNobhala Wombuso Wezokuvikela u-Liam Fox.

UGeorge Joffé, isazi e-King's College London University futhi onguchwepheshe eMpumalanga Ephakathi naseNyakatho Afrika, utshele iKomidi Lezindaba Zangaphandle ngophenyo lwalo ukuthi, nakuba uQaddafi ngezinye izikhathi wayesebenzisa inkulumo eyethusayo ethi "yayichitha igazi," izibonelo ezedlule zabonisa ukuthi umholi waseLibya osenesikhathi eside “wayecophelele kakhulu” ukuze agweme ukubulawa kwabantu.

Kwesinye isenzakalo, uJoffé waphawula, “kunokuba azame ukususa izinsongo kuhulumeni wasempumalanga, eCyrenaica, uGaddafi wachitha izinyanga eziyisithupha ezama ukuthulisa izizwe ezazilapho.”

U-Qaddafi "ubezocophelela kakhulu ekuphenduleni," kusho uJoffé embikweni. "Ukwesaba ukubulawa kwezakhamuzi kwaqina kakhulu."

U-Alison Pargeter, umcwaningi ophezulu eRoyal United Services Institute futhi onguchwepheshe weLibya naye okwaxoxwa naye ukuze kwenziwe uphenyo, uvumelane noJoffé. Utshele ikomiti ukuthi abukho “ubufakazi bangempela ngaleso sikhathi bokuthi uGaddafi wayelungiselela ukwenza isibhicongo ngokumelene nezakhamuzi zakhe.

"U-Émigrés emelene no-Muammar Gaddafi waxhaphaza izinxushunxushu e-Libya ngokwenza ngokweqile usongo kubantu futhi ekhuthaza amazwe aseNtshonalanga ukuthi angenele," kuphawula lo mbiko, ufingqa ukuhlaziya kukaJoffé.

UPargeter wengeze ngokuthi abantu baseLibya ababephikisana nohulumeni benza ihaba ekusebenziseni kukaQaddafi “amasosha” - igama abavame ukulisebenzisa njengelifana nelabaseLibya abadabuka eSub-Saharan. UPargeter uthe abaseLibya bamtshele ukuthi, “Abase-Afrika bayeza. Bazosiqeda nya. OkaGaddafi ukuthumela ama-Afrika emigwaqweni. Babulala imindeni yethu.”

"Ngicabanga ukuthi lokho kukhuliswe kakhulu," kusho uPargeter. Le nganekwane eyandisiwe yaholela odlameni oludlulele. Abantu baseLibya abamnyama babecindezelwe ngodlame amavukelambuso aseLibya. I-Associated Press kubika ngoSepthemba 2011, "Amasosha amavukelambuso kanye nezakhamuzi ezihlomile ziqoqa izinkulungwane zabantu abamnyama baseLibya kanye nabasuka e-Afrika eseningizimu yeSahara." Ithi, "Cishe zonke iziboshwa zithi zingabasebenzi abangenacala abangenacala."

(Amacala amavukelambuso awenzelwa amaLibya amnyama azoqhubeka abe mabi kakhulu. Ngo-2012, kwaba nemibiko yokuthi amaLibya amnyama faka emakhejini ngabavukeli, futhi baphoqelelwe ukuba badle amafulege. Njengoba salon has kubike ngaphambilini, iHuman Rights Watch nayowaxwayiswa ngo-2013 "ngokuphulwa okukhulu nokuqhubekayo kwamalungelo abantu ezakhamuzini zasedolobheni laseTawergha, ezibukwa kabanzi njengabeseka uMuammar Gaddafi." Izakhamuzi zaseTawergha zaziningi inzalo yezigqila ezimnyama futhi babempofu kakhulu. I-Human Rights Watch ibike ukuthi amavukela-mbuso aseLibya "axoshe abantu ababalelwa ku-40,000 ngenkani, ukuvalelwa ngaphandle kwesizathu, ukuhlukunyezwa, nokubulawa kusakazeke yonke indawo, kuhlelekile, futhi kuhlelwe ngokwanele ukuba kube ubugebengu obubhekiswe esintwini.")

NgoJulayi 2011, umkhulumeli woMnyango Wezwe uMark Toner kuvunyelwe ukuthi uQaddafi “ungumuntu ozinikele ekukhulumeni ngokweqile,” kodwa, ngoFebhuwari, ohulumeni baseNtshonalanga bahlomisa le nkulumo.

IKomidi Lezindaba Zangaphandle liphawula embikweni walo ukuthi, naphezu kokuntuleka kobuhlakani, "uHulumeni wase-UK ugxile kuphela ekungeneleleni amasosha" njengesixazululo eLibya, ungazinaki izinhlobo ezitholakalayo zokubandakanya ezombangazwe kanye nezingxoxo.

Lokhu kuyahambisana ukubika yiWashington Times, eyathola ukuthi indodana kaQaddafi uSaif wayenethemba lokuxoxisana nohulumeni wase-US ukuze kuqedwe ukulwa. USaif Qaddafi uvule ngokuthula ukuxhumana namaJoint Chiefs of Staff, kodwa owayenguNobhala woMbuso ngaleso sikhathi u-Hillary Clinton wangenelela wacela iPentagon ukuthi iyeke ukukhuluma nohulumeni waseLibya. "Unobhala uClinton akafuni nhlobo ukuxoxisana," kusho isikhulu sezobunhloli saseMelika sitshela uSaif.

NgoMashi, uNobhala uClinton waba esibizwa U-Muammar Qaddafi “isidalwa” “esingenanembeza futhi esisongela noma ubani endleleni yakhe.” Clinton, owadlala a indima ehamba phambili ekuqhubekiseni ukuqhuma kwamabhomu e-NATO waseLibya, uthe uQaddafi uzokwenza “izinto ezimbi” uma engavinjwa.

Kusukela ngoMashi kuya ku-Okthoba 2011, i-NATO yenza umkhankaso wokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu ngokumelene namabutho kahulumeni waseLibya. Yayithi iphishekela umsebenzi wokusiza abantu ukuze ivikele izakhamuzi. Ngo-Okthoba, u-Qaddafi wabulawa ngesihluku - walala nesibhamu ngamavukelambuso. (Lapho ezwa izindaba zokufa kwakhe, uNobhala uClinton wamemezela, bukhoma ku-TV, "Size, sabona, wafa!")

Umbiko weKomidi Lezindaba Zangaphandle ukhomba, nokho, ukuthi, ngenkathi ukungenelela kwe-NATO kwathengiswa njengomsebenzi wokusiza abantu, umgomo wayo obonakalayo wafezeka ngosuku olulodwa nje.

NgoMashi 20, 2011, amasosha kaQaddafi ahlehla cishe amakhilomitha angama-40 ngaphandle kwaseBenghazi, ngemuva kokuhlasela kwezindiza zaseFrance. "Uma inhloso enkulu yokungenelela komfelandawonye kwakuyisidingo esiphuthumayo sokuvikela izakhamizi e-Benghazi, khona-ke le nhloso yafezwa ngaphansi kwamahora angama-24," kusho umbiko. Nokho ukungenelela kwamasosha kwaqhubeka ezinye izinyanga ezimbalwa.

Lo mbiko uchaza “ukungenelela okulinganiselwe ukuze kuvikelwe izakhamuzi kwase kungene kumgomo wosomathuba wokushintsha umbuso.” Lo mbono uphonselwe inselelo, nokho, nguMicah Zenko, isikhulu eMkhandlwini Wezobudlelwano Nangaphandle. UZenko wasebenzisa izinto ze-NATO show ukuthi "ukungenelela kweLibya bekumayelana noshintsho lombuso kusukela ekuqaleni."

Ophenyweni lwayo, iKomidi Lezindaba Zangaphandle licaphuna i-Amnesty International kaJuni 2011 umbiko, eyaphawula ukuthi “imibiko eminingi yaseNtshonalanga kusukela ekuqaleni iveze umbono osohlangothini olulodwa wohlelo lwezehlakalo, iveza umbutho wokubhikisha njengonokuthula ngokuphelele futhi iphakamisa kaningi ukuthi abezokuphepha bombuso bebebulala ngokungenacala ababhikishi abangahlomile abebengalethanga ukuphepha. inselelo.”

I-athikhili itholakale okokuqala eSalon: http://www.salon.com/2016/09/16/uk-parliament-report-details-how-natos-2011-war-in-libya-was-based-on-lies/ #