I-Trump's 'Pivot eya e-Asia' Yokwenza iMelika ibe Nkulu futhi 'Ukubeka Isiteji Sokushayisana Okusha Kwemiphakathi

NguDarini Rajasingham-Senanayake, Ezindabeni Zokujula, Februwari 28, i-2021

Umbhali i-anthropologist yamasiko enolwazi lokucwaninga emnothweni wezepolitiki wamazwe omhlaba, ukuthula, nezifundo zentuthuko eSouth naseNingizimu East Asia.

ICOMOMBO (IDN) - Inhlokodolobha yaseNdiya iNew Delhi yashiswa ngesonto eledlule likaFebhuwari 2020 ngesikhathi uMengameli waseMelika uDonald Trump ebhekisa amabombo eNdiya. Evakashela `` intando yeningi '' enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, uTrump uthengise phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngaphezu kwezikhali ezingama-USD 3 billion kuNdunankulu uNarendra Modi.

'Ukubambisana kwekhulu leminyaka' phakathi kweNdiya ne-United States okwamenyezelwa nguModi kwabonakala kuklanyelwe ukubeka iChina nenqubo yayo yeBelt and Road (BRI), esivele ihaqwe yigciwane eliyimfihlakalo iNovel Corona.

Ngesikhathi uTrump ehambele izinsuku ezimbili eNdiya, kwashona abantu abangu-43 kwathi abaningi balimala ngesikhathi izidubedube zamaHindu namaSulumane zihlasela enyakatho-mpumalanga yeNew Delhi kunemibhikisho emelene ne-Indian Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), okucatshangwa ukuthi iyabandlulula amaSulumane.

Ukuhambela kukaMongameli wase-United States eNdiya, kwenzeka onyakeni owodwa ngemuva kokungezwani kwamaHindu namaSulumane eNdiya okwenziwa amaqembu angaqondakali ngempi esondelene phakathi kwezimbangi ezihlomile zenuzi, i-India nePakistan, ebibanjelwe esifundeni iPulwama, eJammu naseKashmir ngoFebhuwari 2019, ngaphambi nje kokhetho olujwayelekile eNdiya

Imicimbi ePulwama yaqinisa ubuzwe bamaHindu futhi yaqinisekisa ukubuyiswa kwesafroni okwenziwe ngombala uNarendra Modi, umlingani nomngane kaMongameli uTrump, ukuze aphathe ngobuningi.

Isimo besilokhu sibhodla kusukela ngo-Okthoba nyakenye iCitizens Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) iqala ukusebenza phakathi kokuqina kwezokuphepha kuzwelonke ezinhlakeni zezobunhloli zaseNdiya okubonakala sengathi kuthanda ibhizinisi lezimboni zamasosha aseMelika, izakhiwo zezobunhloli ezinamasosha angama-800 kanye 'ne-lily pad' bases emhlabeni wonke ngemuva kwemicimbi ePulwama.

Imibuzo eyi-12 kaPrasant Bhushan mayelana nempi esondele ePulwama iphakamisa imibuzo mayelana neqhaza lamaqembu angaphandle, ngaphandle kwaseNingizimu Asia, ekulweni le mpi esondelene nayo.[1]

Ezinyangeni ezimbili ngaphambi kokudluliswa kweCAA ngo-Agasti 2019, iKashmir yaphucwa Isimo Esikhethekile ngemuva kokuhoxisa i-Article 370, yahlukaniswa yaba yiBuddhist Ladakh, iHindu Jammu ne-Muslim Kashmir nombuso okhiye izinyanga.

Lezi zenzo zikasafroni ohlanganiswe nohulumeni waseModi zazifanelekile egameni "lokuphepha kwezwe" kanye nangemva kwemicimbi esePulwama ngesikhathi lapho amaSulumane angaphakathi nangaphandle kweNdiya esakhiwa njengosongo ngabaningi bezobunhloli basentshonalanga.

Ezombusazwe zobunikazi bezenkolo eNingizimu ye-Asia ziya ngokuya zihlonyiswa ngezindaba ezikhuluma ngobushokobezi bamaSulumane obudalulwa manje ngokumelene namaBuddha namaHindu esifundeni somhlaba esinamaphethini amade futhi ayinkimbinkimbi okwehlukahlukana ngokwenkolo nokuphila ndawonye.

Ezinyangeni ezimbili ngemuva kokuthi iNdiya nePakistan zingene onqenqemeni lwempi ePulwama, ukuhlaselwa okungaqondakali ngeSonto lePhasika kwahlaselwa amasonto angaphambi kolwandle kanye namahhotela okunethezeka ngo-Ephreli 21, 2019 eBuddhist eyayiphethe iSri Lanka, okwakumangalisa ngokwedlulele ngamaSulumane State (IS), ngenkathi ochwepheshe abahlukahlukene bezobunhloli bethi i-ISIS ihlele ukusungula ubuKhosi bayo esifundazweni saseMpumalanga saseSri Lanka esendaweni ekahle lapho kutholakala khona itheku lolwandle elijulile elithandekayo iTrincomalee Harbour  [2]

USaeed Naqvi, isazi esidumile kanye nentatheli ezinze eDelhi, ubize ukwesaba kwamaSulumane, “njengempahla yezombusazwe”, kanti uKhadinali waseSri Lanka uMalcom Ranjith waphawula ukuthi amazwe anamandla athengisa izikhali ngemuva kwalokhu kuhlaselwa.

Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, kwaqubuka izidubedube zangemva kokhetho e-Indonesia, izwe lesithathu elinabantu abaningi e-Asia kanye nomnotho omkhulu waseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, ngemuva kokunqoba okuphelele okhethweni kukaMongameli Joko Widodo. Izidubedube zaseJakarta zaziqonde abantu abambalwa, ikakhulukazi amaBuddha, amaShayina enhloko-dolobha eningi lamaSulumane, eJakarta, eyashisa ubusuku obubili.

Shifting Center of Global Power nokuthi uLwandle lwaseNdiya lwalahleka kanjani

Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule isikhungo samandla omhlaba kanye nengcebo besisuka buthule sisuka e-Euro-America naseTrans-Atlantic, sabuyela e-Asia nasendaweni yase-Indian Ocean eholwa ukukhuphuka kweChina namanye amazwe aseMpumalanga nawaseNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia.

Ngakho-ke, enkulumweni yenxusa e-Agasti 2019 uMongameli waseFrance, uMacron wathi "siphila ekupheleni kobukhosi baseNtshonalanga" emhlabeni, ngokwengxenye ngenxa "yamaphutha" aseNtshonalanga emakhulwini eminyaka adlule.

I-Asia ngokomlando ibiyisikhungo samandla omnotho womhlaba wonke kanye nezinto ezintsha ngaphandle kwamakhulu ama-2.5 we-hegemony yaseNtshonalanga ngenxa yemibuso yasolwandle yase-Europe kanye nokudluliswa kwezinsizakusebenza zisuka eningizimu yeGlobal ziye ezweni lase-Euro-American ezaqhubeka esikhathini se-post / colonial ukuthula kwangemva kwempi, 'njengokuthuthuka' nokusiza ngokuya ngokuya kube isicupho sezikweletu kanye nohlobo 'lobukoloniyali ngezinye izindlela' kunoma yiziphi izingxenye eziningi ze-Afrika, i-Asia neLatin America.

I-China ngaleso sikhathi izwe elisathuthuka lalandela umkhondo walo, laphumelela ekukhuphuleni isigamu sabantu abayizigidi eziyinkulungwane ebuphofwini futhi lahlomula ngokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke laba yiSuperpower yomhlaba.

Ukuphendula ukukhuphuka kweChina kanye nomkhankaso wayo wamabhande nemigwaqo uLwandle lwaseNdiya luphinde lwakhiwa futhi lwaqanjwa kabusha njenge- "Indo-Pacific" ngaphansi kohlelo lwaseMelika olubizwa ngeFree and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP), ngokuxakile , ngaphandle kokububula kombhikisho ovela eNdiya kanye nabasunguli bayo bezempi.

Futhi, ngokuphendula uhlelo lomgwaqo wase-China kasilika, iNorth Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), efaka phakathi amazwe asePacic-rim, ibilokhu yandisa impi yoLwandlekazi i-Indian ngaphansi kobudlelwano bayo bezokuphepha ngokubambisana nabalingani bayo abane base-Asia-Pacific - Australia, Japan , ENew Zealand naseNingizimu Korea. Muva nje iMacron yaseFrance isho ukuthi iNATO ibibhekene “nenkinga yobunikazi” njengoba ingena e-Indian Ocean.

I-US ne-NATO badinga esinye isisekelo oLwandlekazi i-Indian selokhu iNkantolo Yomhlaba Yezobulungiswa (ICJ) yakhipha isinqumo ngonyaka owedlule ngoFebhuwari ukuthi ukuhlala kwe-United Kingdom (UK) kweziQhingi zaseChagos ezihlala isikhungo samasosha iDiego Garcia - akukho emthethweni futhi kufanele ibuyiselwe kubantu abangamaChagossian abakhishwa ngenkani ukuze bakhe isisekelo ngawo-1960. Isazi se-Anthropologist uDavid Vine ubize uGeorge Garcia ngokuthi "Isiqhingi Samahloni" encwadini yakhe ethi "Umlando Oyimfihlo WaseMelika Yezempi".

I-India ukuphela kwezwe emhlabeni elihlanganyela negama lolwandle, okufakazela amandla alo empucuko nendawo ehlelekile emizileni yezohwebo yomhlaba. Izwekazi laseNdiya lisenkabeni yoLwandlekazi lwaseNdiya oluthinta i-Afrika eNtshonalanga naseChina empumalanga.

I-Asia, kusukela e-Iran kuya eChina idlula e-India, iningi lomlando wesintu liholele umhlaba ekukhuleni komnotho, kwezempucuko nakwezobuchwepheshe nokukhula. I-Asia kanye nesifunda se-Indian Ocean manje sekuphinde kwaba yisikhungo sokukhula emhlabeni, njengoba i-US kanye nabalingani bayo abadlula e-Atlantic abanemibuso yasolwandle yehla ngemuva kweminyaka engama-200 ichuma ngamandla nethonya lomhlaba jikelele ngalesi sikhathi.

Ngakho-ke, isiqubulo sokhetho sikaDonald Trump esithi "Make America Great Again" nangokuphakamisa ukuthengiswa kwezikhali zase-US e-Asia ukukhulisa umnotho ngakolunye uhlangothi, nokusatshalaliswa kwembulunga yonke kolunye ngegciwane leCorona kube yilona elikhulunywa esondweni lomhlaba jikelele lokho kwenza ukuthi iChina ibe yi-Superpower yomhlaba, nabantu bayo abayizigidigidi, umlando wasendulo nokuhola phambili kwezobuchwepheshe nasekwenzeni izinto ezintsha ngalesi sikhathi.

UNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle waseRussia uSergey Lavrov ngesikhathi evakashele eSri Lanka naseNdiya ngoJanuwari 2020, waveza ukuthi umbono 'okhululekile futhi ovulekile we-Indo Pacific' awulutho ngaphandle kwecebo elihlose ukuqukethe iChina.

Khonamanjalo, i-India ibilokhu isebenza ukuthola izizinda eziningi oLwandlekazi lwaseNdiya nokusayina izivumelwano zokushiswa kwezisekelo neFrance eziphanga izindawo zokudoba e-Indian Ocean ngenkathi i-EU ifuna amaphesenti angama-90 wamanani wezinhlanzi abanjwe oLwandlekazi lwaseNdiya, futhi angalokothi abanake abadobi abadla imbuya ngothi e-Indian Ocean izifundazwe.

Ukuhlasela amasayithi Amasiko: Impi yeHybrid enothando oluvela eMelika

Ngemuva kokubulawa kuka-General Qasem Soleiman wase-Iranian ngoJanuwari 2020 ngemuva kokuthi i-Corona Virus ingasetshenziswanga eChina, uDonald Trump wasongela ngokuhlasela "amasayithi amasiko" e-Iran (iPersia lasendulo elinempucuko yomhlaba wonke) - ikhaya leZoroastrianism , kanye nezindawo lapho kwavela khona izinkolo ezinkulu zomhlaba - uma i-Iran iziphindiselela kubasebenzi bezempi baseMelika esifundeni saseMiddle East naseNyakatho Afrika (MENA).

ESri Lanka, manje sesiyazi ukuthi iphrojekthi yase-Wahabi-Salafi exhaswa yiSaudi isebenzise kanjani inethiwekhi yezinsizwa ezingamaSulumane ekuhlaselweni ngeSonto lePhasika kumaSayithi Amasiko njengeSonto laseSt. Anthony lapho abantu bazo zonke izinkolo, amaBuddha, amaHindu kanye ngezikhathi ezithile amaSulumane ayahlangana. Bangaphezu kuka-250 abantu ababandakanya abokufika abangama-50 abashona ngalolo suku.

Kuhlaselwe amasonto namahhotela kanokusho eSri Lanka ngeSonto lePhasika, ngenhloso yokuletha uzinzo ezweni - ngenhloso yokuphoqa uhulumeni ukuba asayine isivumelwano sokuthathwa komhlaba iMillennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) kanye neSivumelwano Sombuso (SOFA).

Ngemuva kwalokho kuzomiswa izisekelo zamasosha aseMelika, kusetshenziswa indaba ye-IS njenge-alibi ukusho ukuthi amasosha ase-US alwa nobushokobezi boMbuso WamaSulumane futhi avikela amaKrestu aseSri Lanka enezinkolo eziningi, eneningi lamaBuddha elinomphetho wobuzwe.

Kusukela amabhomu ephasika iphrojekthi ye-US Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) ixhunyaniswe nokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula ngeSonto lePhasika okwakusolwa ngendlela engaqondakali yi-Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS).

I-ISIS yasungulwa yi-CIA ngemuva kokuthi i-US ihlasele i-Iraq, yawisa futhi yahlakaza ibutho likaSaddam Hussein lamaSunni ngezinhloso ezimbili: ukwenza ushintsho lombuso eSyria ngokudiliza u-Assad owayesekelwa yiRussia nokuhlasela amaSulumane ase-Iran nawakwaShiaa nokwandisa ukwahlukana eMiddle East Amazwe.

U-Iranian General Soleiman wayehola impi yokulwa ne-ISIS e-Iraq kanti nesifunda se-MENA kanye nesikaSadaam Hussein sasithandwa kakhulu e-Iran nase-Iraq ngesikhathi ebulawa ngesikhathi kuhlaselwa i-drone yase-US eduze kwesikhumulo sezindiza iBagdad e-Iraq.

Abantu baseLanka bayazi ukuthi sasingekho isizathu sokuthi amaSulumane ahlasele amaKristu aseSri Lanka njengoba yomibili le miphakathi inobudlelwano obuhle bobabili abancane.

Izinkolo Zokusebenzisa Amandla: I-Cold War Redux

Iqiniso lokuthi iCentral Intelligence Agency (CIA) lisungule futhi lasebenzisa amaqembu amaSulumane e-Asia Ephakathi futhi laqala ukusebenza ne-Asia Foundation ukusebenzisa ubuBuddha ekulweni nokunyakaza kobusoshiyali nobukhomanisi emazweni aseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, njengeThailand ne-Indonesia, kusungulwe kahle futhi kwembulwa kusazi-mlando saseYale University, incwadi kaEugene Ford ephula incwadi “Izindela Zempi Ebandayo: UbuBuddha kanye necebo eliyimfihlo laseMelika eSoutheast Asia", Eshicilelwe yiYale University Press ngo-2017.

Ukuqondiswa kwamasu amasayithi amasiko ukwahlukanisa, ukuphazamisa, ukwenza amakoloni kanye nokusetha izisekelo zamasosha ngokuhlomisa ubudlelwane bezenkolo phakathi kwezwe ukunqanda amazwe anezinhlanga ezehlukene kanye namasiko amaningi kanye neminotho yase-Asia, 'neHybrid maritime Warfare' yokuthengisa izingalo kubonakala sengathi ichaza u-2020 " Inqubomgomo yePivot to Asia ”eyaqala ukuvezwa ngesikhathi sombuso ka-Obama.

Kunemboni ephelele yocwaningo lwesayensi yezenhlalakahle yomhlaba wonke neyasekhaya ebudlelwaneni bezenkolo nezobuhlanga nezimali zase-US neze-EU, eziningi ezinezixhumanisi namathangi okucabanga ezempi afana neRAND Corporation, aqasha izazi ngezazi ezifana noJona Blank owabhala 'uMullahs ku-Mainframe' futhi 'Umcibisholo we-Blue skinned God' ukusiza le nqubo.

Ngemuva kokuhlaselwa kwePhasika eSri Lanka, iRand's Blank yathi eJakarta i-Islamic State (IS) "yayiyi-franchise" eveza uhlobo lwayo lwenkampani - njengeBurger King of Mac Donald's yemengamo yegolide?

Njengoba u-2020 eqhubeka, kuyacaca ngokusobala ukuthi izinkolo zisetshenziswa emazweni ase-Asia, esifundeni se-Indian Ocean nangaphesheya ngamaqembu angaphandle angaqondakali kanye nemikhosi yomhlaba ehlanganisa ukulandisa kwe-IS ngeSonto lePhasika eSri Lanka.

Ngenkathi kusizinzisa futhi kudala izinxushunxushu emazweni ase-Asia anamasiko amaningi futhi anezinkolelo eziningi, ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali ngamaqembu angaphandle kuzophazamisa "iRise of Asia" engenakulinganiswa ebikezelwe ngabahleli bezinhlelo zomhlaba njengo-Immanuel Wallenstein, futhi isize "Ukwenza iMelika ibe Nkulu futhi", futhi ngokuthengisa izikhali zokuthuthukisa umnotho wase-US, isabelo esikhulu sayo okuyinkampani yezempi / yezobunhloli / yezokuzijabulisa.

Ukwenza izikhali zenkolo ngamaqembu angaphandle angaqondakali kubonakala kuhloswe ngakho ukwenza isifunda sibe “nokushayisana kwemiphakathi” okusha; kulokhu phakathi kwamaBuddha namaSulumane - "izinkolo zomhlaba ezinkulu" ezinkulu zamazwe ase-Asia, naphakathi kwamaHindu namaSulumane eNdiya lapho iningi lamaHindu.

I-Asia inomlando weminyaka engaphezu kwengu-3,000 300, kanti i-USA inomlando nempucuko yeminyaka engama-XNUMX kuphela, ngemuva kokubhujiswa kwabantu baseMelika basekuqaleni nempucuko yabo "ezweni elisha". Kungakho uDonald Trump enomona nge-Asia, futhi waze wasabisa ngokuhlasela amasayithi amasiko asendulo e-Iran - ubugebengu bempi ngaphansi komthetho wamazwe omhlaba?

Vele, ukusongela kukaTrump ngokumelene "nezindawo zamasiko" zase-Iran kwenze kwacaca lokho osekuvele kuyindlela ejwayelekile encwadini yokudlala ye-CIA yokulwa nenkolo nokucekela phansi imiphakathi enezinkolo eziningi, ukwehlukanisa nokubusa, ngokuhlasela amasayithi amasiko, njengeSonto likaSt. Anthony, eMutwal, ngeSonto lePhasika eSri Lanka.

Ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwezinkolo eziningi eSri Lanka ngo-2018, ngenkathi sixoxa namalungu eSonto lamaSulumane eduze kwaseKattankuddi saziswa ukuthi izimali kanye nokuncintisana okuvela eSaudi Arabia nase-Iran kwakungezinye zezizathu zokongiwa kwemvelo okukhulu phakathi kwemiphakathi yamaSulumane yaseSri Lanka nabesifazane ababegqoke kakhulu i-hijab.

Inxusa laseTurkey belixwayise uMnyango Wezangaphandle waseSri Lanka ukuthi banemininingwane yokuthi amalungu e-Fethullahist Terrorist Organisation (FETO) angama-50 omholi wawo, u-Fetullah Gulan ozinze e-US (futhi abhekwe ngabakwa-Middle East Intel. Ochwepheshe njenge-CIA exhase i-Imam), zaziseSri Lanka. UNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle wangaleso sikhathi, uWasantha Senanayake, watshela abezindaba ukuthi Inxusa laseTurkey lasilandela lesi sixwayiso amahlandla amabili ngo-2017 nango-2018 futhi lalithumele ngefeksi imininingwane efanele kuMnyango Wezokuvikela izikhawu ezimbili.

Njengoba i-2020 iqhubekela phambili, imigwaqo kaDonald Trump noma i-US Deep State's industrial complex complex "Pivot to Asia" kanye nesifunda se-Indian Ocean ukuya "Make America Great Again" iya ngokuya icaca:

1. Ukubulala uGeneral Soleiman wase-Iran (owayehola impi yokulwa noMbuso wamaSulumane kanye ne-ISIL), e-Iraq ngoJanuwari; kanye neCoronavirus entsha eshaya i-Iran ngoFebhuwari (yamazwe asanda kuthinteka e-MENA asondele e-Iran, bona aje.io/tmuur).
2. Impi yezomnotho neyengxubevange, kufaka phakathi impi esolwayo yebhayoloji elwa neChina.
3. Ukuqeda amandla ukungezwani kwamaHindu namaSulumane eNdiya, ngemuva komsebenzi kaPulwama wokukhetha kabusha uModi, nokuthengisa izikhali eNdiya.
4. Zonke izinhlobo zemfucumfucu engajwayelekile engeniswe evela eBrithani nemililo yehlathi evuthayo ngemuva kwalokho kutshalwa izindiza ezinophephela emhlane zase-US namabhakede abo amahle we-bambi ukuvusa amalangabi, nezidakamizwa ezintanta olwandle i-Indian ogwini olusha “kwi-Opium War” eSri Lanka naseNingizimu Asia?
5. ESomalia, ukuhlaselwa kwe-IS-Shabaab okuxhumene ne-IS eMogadishu, ogwini lwase-Indian Ocean e-Afrika, ngoJanuwari 2020, kwenza i-US yaletha amabutho. Khonamanjalo, ubuhlakani baseSomalia buveze ukuthi, bekunezandla zangaphandle ezibandakanyekile ekuhlaselweni kweMogadishu.

Ekugcineni, ngaphandle kwesitatimende sikaNarendra Modi mayelana "nobambiswano lwekhulu leminyaka" phakathi kwe-US ne-India ngesikhathi uTrump evakashela izivunguvungu eNdiya, kusobala ukuthi i-India kanye nezokuphepha kwayo kudlalwa ngabaphathi bayo bangaphambili bamakoloni abangani babo baseTrans-Atlantic, okuyilapho manje njengamanje eqhubeka khona lapho kunesidingo umdlalo omkhulu wokwahlukanisa nokubusa nokuphanga esifundeni se-Indian Ocean; Okuxakayo ukuthi, njengoba neNdiya yadlala indawo yayo ukuze 'ihlukanise futhi iphathe' eNingizimu Asia ngesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi - lapho iRAW ne-IB (Intelligence Bureau) besungula i-LTTE eSri Lanka, kuyilapho i-US ihlasela ubuSulumane nobuBuddha ngokumelene nobusoshiyali be-postcolonial nemizamo yokunyakaza kwamakhomanisi yokwenza izinsizakusebenza zikazwelonke zifinyelele eNtshonalanga naseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.

Kuyacaca futhi ukuthi i-blowback evela futhi emelene nensimbi kaDonald Trump eya e-Asia, ngokungafani neBallyhoo ye-pivot ka-Obama empumalanga, ayinakugwenywa. Kungaphuthumisa ukwehla nokuwa kombuso waseMelika ngaphandle kwezisekelo zawo zamasosha ezingama-800 emhlabeni wonke, futhi kwandise ukungalingani ezweni elihlukaniswe kakhulu ngalesi sikhathi ngaphandle kokuthi abantu baseMelika bakwazi ukuxosha abahlali baseWhite House futhi babuyisele emuva IDeep State kanye nezakhiwo zayo zebhizinisi lezempi.

* UDkt UDarini Rajasingham-SenanayakeUcwaningo luhlanganisa izindaba ezithinta ubulili nokufukulwa kwabantu besifazane, ukufuduka kanye namasiko amaningi, ezombusazwe ezaziwa ngobuzwe, ezokuzijabulisa nezintsha nezinkolo zomhlaba, ikakhulukazi, amanethiwekhi omhlaba wonke aseTheravada Buddhist esifundeni sase-Asia-Pacific. WayenguMfundisi Omkhulu e-Open University yaseSri Lanka. Iziqu zakhe zeBachelor zivela eBrandeis University naku-MA nakuPh. D zivela ePrinceton University. [IDN-InDepthNews - 03 Ephreli 2020]

Isithombe: Ukuhambela kukaMongameli Trump eNdiya ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari 2020 kwafika onyakeni owodwa ngemuva kokuba izingxabano zamaHindu namaSulumane eNdiya zamiswa amaqembu angaqondakali angaphandle nempi esondelene phakathi kwezimbangi ezihlomile zenuzi, i-India nePakistan, ebibanjelwe esifundeni iPulwama, eJammu nase Kashmir ngoFebhuwari 2019, ngaphambi nje kokhetho olujwayelekile eNdiya. Umthombo: YouTube.

I-IDN yi-ejensi ephambili ye I-International Press Syndicate.

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Uzinakekele. Hlala uphephile ngesikhathi seCorona.

[1] Cf. Imibuzo eyi-12 kaPrasant Bhushan kuPulwama: greatgameindia.com/12-unanswered-questions-on-pulwama-attack/)

[2[ UNilantha Illangamuwa Isis akazange akhethe iSri Lanka, kepha amaSri Lankan Groups akhethe i-ISIS: RAND http://nilangamuwa.blogspot.com/2019/08/isis-didnt-choose-sri-lanka-but-sri.html