Umongameli we-Trumperial

By UDavid Swanson, Juni 3, 2018.

NgoJanuwari 29 Incwadi Ummeli kamongameli wase-US uMarc Kasowitz uthi umongameli angeke akwazi ukuphazamisa ubulungiswa, angenqaba incwadi yokubizela ubufakazi, futhi ngeke usolwa ngenkathi umongameli. Le ncwadi ibonakala ithi angazixolela yena ngamacala akhe. Ithemba lokuthi ukufunda okunjalo kwayihumusha kabi le ncwadi lashabalala lapho ummeli kamongameli ofanayo uRudy Giuliani. wathi kule mpelasonto uMthethosisekelo uthi umengameli angazixolela.

Nakhu okushiwo uMthethosisekelo ngempela: “[H]e uzoba namandla okunikeza ukukhululeka kanye noshwele emacaleni amelene ne-United States, ngaphandle kwamacala okuthweswa icala.” Umsangano wokuzixolela awuveli kuMthethosisekelo. Futhi umbono wasebukhosini wokuthi umongameli ngeke aphazamise ubulungiswa. Uma lokho kwakwamukelwa, u-Nixon wayengeke asuswe esikhundleni ngokuthweswa icala okwakuseduze okwagwema ngokucophelela ubugebengu bakhe obukhulu kakhulu eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia; umqondo oyisiphukuphuku wokuthi ukufihla kubi kakhulu kunokuba ubugebengu ubungeke uguqulwe ube umqondo ovamile; UNixon ngabe wazixolela; futhi noma imuphi umongameli uzokwazi ukuvimba futhi avimbele noma yiluphi uphenyo olufunekayo.

Kukhona, ngicabanga, imibono emibili eyisisekelo yokuthi sifinyelele kanjani kuleli phuzu kuMongameli weTrumperial. Omunye umbono owamukelekayo ovamile wokuthi UVladimir Putin wakwenza kithi. Okunye ukuqonda okusekwe emaqinisweni kokuthi ukushelela kancane kancane kuleli cala emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka adlule kuthathe igxathu elikhulu phambili emashumini eminyaka amuva nje. George W. Bush ukuvinjelwa ubulungiswa ecaleni lika-Valerie Plame Wilson futhi akazange athweswe icala noma abekwe icala. Abaphathi bakaBush no-Obama benqabile ukuthobela izimemezelo eziningi zokubizelwa, ngaphandle kwemiphumela noma ukubandakanyeka okubi kweRussia. Phakathi kwalabo abenqaba ukuthobela ama-subpoenas e-Congressional, bangalokothi bakhathazeke ngezicelo, kuyilapho uGeorge W. Bush engumongameli kwakukhona: uMnyango Wezobulungiswa, uNobhala Wezwe (“ongathandi” kwakuyincazelo kaCondi), iPhini Likamongameli (owamemezela kusengaphambili ukuthi mhlawumbe ngeke bahambisane nobuwula obunjalo futhi abazange benze kanjalo), uMeluleki weNdlu emhlophe, iNhloko Yezabasebenzi e-White House, uMqondisi Wezombangazwe e-White House, iPhini leNhloko Yezabasebenzi e-White House, iPhini Lomqondisi Wezombangazwe e-White House, kanye ne-White House. Ihhovisi Lokuphatha kanye Nesabelomali.

Njengezinye izici eziningi zobumongameli bombuso, u-Obama waqhubeka nenqubomgomo yokuthobela ama-subpoena kuphela njengoba efisa. Lokhu kuhambisana nomkhuba wakhe wokubhala kabusha imithetho ngokusayina izitatimende ngendlela yamaBusha, ukwenqaba ukushushisa, ukubulala, ubunhloli ngaphandle kwemvume, noma ukuboshwa ngokungekho emthethweni, ukwandisa imfihlo, ukwandisa izimpikiswano zomthetho zamandla amakhulu amakhulu, ukuthuthukisa uhlelo olusha lokungabi namthetho. ukubulala ngendiza yerobhothi, ukuqala impi ngaphandle kokugunyazwa kweCongress, njll.

Mabili amandla uKhongolose onawo phezu komongameli. Enye ukudelela ngokwemvelo. Okunye ukuthweswa icala.

Lapho abantu benqaba ukuhambisana ne-Congressional subpoenas kulezi zinsuku, iCongress ngezinye izikhathi "ibadelela." Kodwa empeleni akubambi. Eqinisweni ulindele ukuthi uMnyango Wezobulungiswa wenze ukuphoqelelwa kwama-subpoena - ngisho nalawo aqondiswe eMnyangweni Wezobulungiswa. Akudingekile ukusho, lokhu akusebenzi.

Emashumini eminyaka adlule, iCongress yayivame ukusebenzisa amandla abizwa ngokuthi ukudelela okungokwemvelo, okwakusho amandla okulondoloza ubukhona bayo ngokuphoqa ofakazi ukuthi babambisane futhi babavalele ejele eCapitol Hill baze babone kufanele. Angiphinde. Manje "ukwedelela okungokwemvelo" umuzwa nje ovele uvele esiswini somuntu wakho waseMelika ovamile lapho kudlula ilungu leCongress. INdlu noma iSigele noma, empeleni, noma yiliphi ikomidi layo, linamandla, ngokwesiko kanye nezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US, ukuyalela uSergeant at Arms of the House noma iSigele ukuthi abophe noma ngubani obekwe icala lokwedelela iCongress. noma ngokujeziswa ngokudelela uKhongolose. Ubunzima bokuthola indawo yokuboshwa sebuxazululwe kalula ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene futhi bungaphinde busheshe.

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ijele elivamile leSifunda sase-Columbia lalivame ukusetshenziswa ama-Sergeants at Arms of the House kanye neSigele. Nakuba ijele kwakungelona eleCongress, kwenziwa ilungiselelo lokulisebenzisa, kuhlaliswe “ofakazi abangamanga” ngezikhathi ezithile esakhiweni esifanayo nesejele elivamile lase-DC. Ijele Lesifunda liyachazwa kulokhu Isihloko se-1897 se-New York Times. Lokhu ngo-1934 isihloko esivela ku-Time Magazine ixoxa ngokusetshenziswa kweSenethi iJele Lesifunda ukuze lijezise ukudelela phakathi kuka-1860 no-1934. Ngo-1872 ikomidi likaKhongolose laxoxa ngenkinga yejele le-DC elingalawulwa yiCongress, kodwa ngokusobala laphetha ngokuthi uSergeant at Arms angalawula isiboshwa. lelo jele. Kwezinye izimo, kuhlanganisa nalelo cala, isiboshwa sikaKhongolose sabizelwa enkantolo, futhi uKhongolose wayala uSergeant at Arms ukuba ahambise isiboshwa enkantolo ukuze asichazele isimo kodwa angasikhululi isiboshwa esandleni saso.

ICongress ayizange isebenzise amajele angaphandle ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngo-1868 lesi sinyathelo samukelwa: “Kuxazululiwe, Ukuthi Amakamelo A no-B, abhekene negumbi lommeli weNkantolo Yezimangalo, eCapitol, abe, futhi ngalokhu, abelwa njengendawo yokugada kanye nehhovisi lamaphoyisa aseCapitol futhi leyo njongo ebekwe ngaphansi komphathi weSayitsheni-engalweni zeNdlu enamandla okufanelana nenjongo eshiwo…. Kuxazululiwe, kusho uWooley, ngokudelela kwakhe igunya leNdlu ngokuphindaphindiwe, agcinwe kuze kube uyalelwa ngenye indlela yiNdlu evalelwe esitokisini samaphoyisa aseCapitol nguSergeant-at-Arms kuze kube kuthiwa uWooley uzophendula imibuzo ngokugcwele. eshiwo ngenhla, kanye nayo yonke imibuzo ayibuzwa yikomidi elishiwo mayelana nesihloko sophenyo ikomidi elithweswe amacala, futhi ngaleso sikhathi akekho umuntu oyoxhumana noWooley, ngokubhala noma ngomlomo, ngaphandle kokuyalelwa nguSomlomo. .”

I-US Capitol kanye nezakhiwo zehhovisi leNdlu kanye neSenethi zigcwele amagumbi angashintshwa kalula abe amagumbi onogada, futhi empeleni acishe agcwele amagumbi onogada kakade. I-DC igcwele amajele, amaningana awo aseduze neCapitol. Eqinisweni, Amaphoyisa aseCapitol awasebenzisa kakhulu futhi njalo ngaphansi kokuqonda okuqhubekayo nabaphathi bamajele. Amaphoyisa aseCapitol aphinde abambe abantu, okungenani okwesikhashana, esakhiweni esiseduze nezakhiwo zamahhovisi eSenate.

Ukubuyekeza umlando wokuqala wokudelelwa kweCongress kuveza ingxubevange yamacala, okuhlanganisa ukwenqaba ukuphendula imibuzo (ngezihloko ezihlukahlukene), ukwenqaba ukukhiqiza imibhalo, ukuhluleka ukuvela, njll., kodwa futhi ukukhulula iCongress, ukushaya ilungu leCongress, ukushaya ilungu leCongress. ngoswazi, ngisho amalungu kaKhongolose ashaya uSenator, nendaba yesakhamuzi esidakiwe sishaye ihlombe ngendlela engafanele. Nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwamaphoyisa sekunyamalele njengempendulo kofakazi abaphikayo, kusasetshenziswa njalo kubantu abashaya ihlombe ngokungafanele.

Eminyakeni yokuqala yaleli zwe ukudelelwa okungokwemvelo kwakungahlukaniswa “njengemvelo”. Kwamane kwabizwa ngokuthi ukudelela. Kodwa kwaphoqelelwa uKhongolose kuphela, njengoba nje ukudelelwa kwenkantolo kwaphoqelelwa yinkantolo, njengoba nje nokwedelelwa kwesishayamthetho sezwe noma isishayamthetho sangaphambili samakholoni noma iPhalamende LaseBrithani kwaphoqelelwa yilo mgwamanda ofanayo. Nakuba uMthethosisekelo ungazange ukhulume ngokudelela, kwaba ukuvumelana kweCongress, kamuva okwasekelwa yizinqumo eziningi zeNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US, ukuthi iCongress yayinelungelo lemvelo lalolu hlobo "lokuzivikela." Lokhu kwakuqondwa kaningi njengokuvikelwa ekuphazamisekeni nasekuhlaselweni, kodwa futhi njengokuvikelwa ekuthukweni nasekucekeleni phansi kwamandla e-Congressional ngokwenqaba ukuhambisana nezicelo noma ama-subpoenas. Irekhodi libonisa ukuthi ukucashunwa kokwedelela koKhongolose, noma kunalokho incwadi egunyaza ukuboshwa komuntu obekwe icala lokwedelela ukuze aquliswe icala, akudingekile ukuba yandulelwe incwadi yokubizela enkantolo.

Eminyakeni ethile edlule, i-Common Cause yakhuthaza ukwedelela okungokwemvelo ngalesi sitatimende: “Ngaphansi kwamandla okudelela ngokwemvelo, uSergeant-at-Arms weNdlu unegunya lokuvalela uKarl Rove futhi amlethe eNdlu lapho icala lakhe lokwedelela lingaqulwa khona, kungenzeka, ngekomidi elimile noma elikhethiwe. Uma kutholakala ukuthi iNdlu iDelela uKhongolose, angaboshwa isikhathi esinqunywe yiNdlu (esingadluli isikhathi se-110th Congress ephela ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari 2009) noma aze avume fakaza. INkantolo Ephakeme iwabonile amandla eNdlu okuphoqelela ukubizelwa kwayo siqu ngokusebenzisa isimiso esingokwemvelo sokwedelela, isho ukuthi ngaphandle kwayo, iCongress 'izovezwa kukho konke ukuthukuthela kanye nokuphazamiseka okungase kuxazulule ukudelela, ukukhohlisa noma ngisho nozungu.' Ngaphambi kokuthi iCongress icele uMnyango Wezobulungiswa ukuthi ukhulumele amacala okudelela, amandla okudelela asetshenziswa izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-85 phakathi kuka-1795 no-1934, ikakhulukazi ukuphoqelela ubufakazi nemibhalo.

Ngisho no Washington Post iyavuma: “Womabili la maqembu anamandla 'okwedelela ngokwemvelo', avumela noma iyiphi indikimba ukuba izibambele awakhe amacala futhi ibophe ngisho namajele labo abatholakala bedelela uKhongolose. Nakuba esetshenziswa kabanzi phakathi nekhulu le-19, amandla awakaze asetshenziswe kusukela ngo-1934 futhi abenzi bomthetho beDemokhrasi abazange babonise isifiso sokuvuselela lo mkhuba.”

Nakuba iNdlu kufanele ikhulule zonke iziboshwa ekupheleni kweCongress ngayinye yeminyaka emibili (futhi ngokuvamile ikwenzile lokho), iSenethi - noma ikomidi layo - ayidingi futhi ingabamba iqhaza kuCongress elandelayo. Ukuhoxa kwiNdlu ephelele noma iSenethi kuyingxenye yesiko lokudelela okusemthethweni, hhayi ukwedelela okungokwemvelo. Kuye kwaqinisekiswa ukuthi indelelo yemvelo ihlala endlini ephelele noma ekomitini.

Ngakho-ke, kuyini ukudelela okungokomthetho? Nokho, ngo-1857 uKhongolose waphasisa umthetho owenza kube yicala ukwedelela uKhongolose (futhi isikhathi esiphezulu sejele yizinyanga eziyi-12). Lokhu kwakwenza ikakhulukazi ngenxa yesidingo sokukhulula iziboshwa ekupheleni kweNgqungquthela ngayinye, kodwa futhi nangenxa yokuthatha isikhathi eside ukuqulwa kwecala labantu ngenxa yokwedelela, into eyayivame ukwenziwa ikomiti, lapho abasolwa bevame ukwenzeka. Umeluleki wezomthetho nofakazi abavunyelwe. Uma kubhekwa iCongress echitha isikhathi sayo esiyigugu kulezi zinsuku, ubani ongeke afise ukuthi ibuyise amandla ayo okudelela? Hhayi-ke isifiso sethu samukelekile. ICongress ayizange ilahlekelwe yilawo mandla, futhi empeleni yaqhubeka nokuwasebenzisa kuze kube ngu-1934 kusukela lapho ivele yakhetha ukungakwenzi. Ukwedelela okungokwemvelo kungamandla ahlala kulokho uMthethosisekelo wase-US owadala ukuthi kube igatsha likahulumeni elinamandla kakhulu. Angeke kwehliswe enkantolo, futhi akunakuvinjelwa noma kuxolelwe. Ngeke futhi ibambezeleke ngokungapheli yizikhalazo zasenkantolo.

Ngomhla ziyi-15 kuMbasa, 2008, iCongressional Research Service (CRS) yabeka ukuqonda kwayo kwamandla okwedelela kumbiko obuyekeziwe. umbiko. Lo mbiko uchaza ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kokwedelelwa kweCongress ngo-1795. Ngokuxakayo, ngokubuka kwanamuhla, le ndaba yaphakama lapho idlanzana lamalungu eCongress libhikishela ukuthi kukhona owayezame ukuwafumbathisa. Yize amalungu eKhongolose anamuhla engeke avume ukukhuluma nanoma ngubani ongawafumbathisanga ngendlela efanele ngohlelo lwayo “lokuxhasa ngezimali umkhankaso,” ngaleso sikhathi lesi senzo besithathwa njengokweyisa isithunzi sikaKhongolose. Yebo, uKhongolose kukholakala ukuthi unesithunzi.

Ukuthweswa icala kucishe kwabukelwa phansi njengokudelela okungokwemvelo.

Ngesihloko esithi “The Genius of Impeachment: The Founders’ Curre for Royalism,” uJohn Nichols wakhiqiza eminyakeni ethile edlule ubuciko obuyingcweti okufanele budingeke bufundwe kuzo zonke izikole eziphakeme nasemakolishi e-United States. U-Nichols wenza icala elinamandla lokuthi ukusetshenziswa njalo kokuthweswa icala kuyadingeka ukuze kuqhubeke uhulumeni wethu womthethosisekelo, ukuthi ukuqulwa kwecala kuvamise ukuba nemiphumela eyinzuzo ngisho noma kungaphumeleli, ukuthi ukugqugquzelwa kokuthweswa icala akucishe kube yingozi kwezombusazwe njengoba ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo uma kwenzeka. Kuyafaneleka, ukuthi isinyathelo sokugxeka uBush e-US House ngabe samukelwe ngokusekelwa ngumphakathi ngentshiseko, nokuthi ukwehluleka ukugxeka uBush kungaba nomthelela ekwandiseni okuqhubekayo okuyingozi kwamandla okuphatha lapho uhlelo lwethu lukahulumeni lungeke lululame - isibikezelo. lokho kwaba yiqiniso phakathi neminyaka ka-Obama, lapho uNichols (iDemocratic Party) ethanda ukungakunaki, nangeminyaka kaTrump, lapho uNichols esephinde waba ummeli oqinile wokuthweswa icala.

Ubuwazi ukuthi izindatshana zokuthweswa icala zifakwe ngokumelene nesishiyagalolunye (enza lokho 11) omongameli base-US? Ubuwazi ukuthi emacaleni ayisikhombisa (yenza leyo 8), amaRiphabhulikhi noma ama-Whigs ayengabaxhasi abakhulu noma abasekeli abakhulu bokuthweswa icala? Ubuwazi yini ukuthi amaRiphabhulikhi, ngedlanzana, akhathazeke ngokubusa komthetho kanye nokuthathwa kukamongameli kwamandla ngesikhathi sempi, aqala umzamo omkhulu wokugxeka uMongameli Truman, umzamo owaphela kuphela lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme ithatha izinkathazo ezifanayo futhi yakhipha isinqumo esiphikisanayo. Truman (kanye neCongress kanye noMongameli balalela iNkantolo Ephakeme)? Ubuwazi ukuthi lo mzamo uzuzise amaRiphabhulikhi okhethweni olulandelayo?

Ubuwazi ukuthi amaRiphabhulikhi abeka uMthethosisekelo ngaphezu kukamongameli weRiphabhulikhi aphonsa amavoti avala isiphetho sikaMongameli Nixon? Yebo, bakwenza lokho kuphela ngemva kokuba amaDemocrat esenze.

Nakuba u-Nichols ekhuluma ngomlando wokuthweswa icala kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1300s kuqhubeke, okuhlanganisa nemizamo yokubeka uNdunankulu uTony Blair, egxile esikhathini samanje njengami, ngifuna ukukhipha amazwi ambalwa kaNichols ngomlando wakamuva weDemocratic Party I-united states. Lezi ngeke zisho okuningi ngokuzihlukanisa; kufanele ngempela ufunde incwadi. Kodwa nakhu ukunambitha kwakho:

"Lapho amaDemocrats eCongress ehluleka ukuphishekela ukumbeka icala njengempendulo edingekayo ekwambulweni kwe-Iran-Contra kokungemthetho okudlangile eReagan White House - enqaba izeluleko zikaHenry B. Gonzalez, ukhongolose waseTexas onobuqili owethule yedwa izihloko ezifanele ngo-1987 - babecabanga ukuthi babeka iqembu esikhundleni sokunqoba okhethweni lukamongameli oluzayo. Esikhundleni salokho, iPhini likaMengameli uGeorge Herbert Walker Bush, eseluleme ekushayweni ngesihlakala esihlakaleni akuthola kuKhongolose ngokubandakanyeka kwakhe ehlazweni, waqokelwa esikhundleni sikamongameli ngo-1988 ngamalengiso, futhi kwakulindeleke ukuthi intuthuko yeDemocratic Alliance kuCongress yehlulekile ukwenzeka. .

“Ukudonsana ngezibhakela empini yepolitiki kuvamise ukuthi kuphumele obala, iqembu elizibambele mathupha liwele esicongweni bese lizabalaza isikhathi eside ukuthi liphinde livuke. Futhi Iqembu leDemocratic Party likaGeorge Herbert Walker Bush iminyaka, elinomkhuba walo ongachazeki wokudonsa izibhakela, linengozi yangempela yokushaywa isicaba hhayi kanye kodwa ngokuphindaphindiwe uma yehluleka ukubhekana nodaba lokungalungi okudlangile ngasohlangothini lokuphatha kukaBush. ”

"'Ngicabanga ukuthi kufanele siluxazulule lolu daba ngokhetho," kusho uPelosi ephindelela, egwema ukusho ukuthi - njengo-Andrew Johnson ngenkathi ethweswa icala ngo-1868, njengoHarry Truman ngenkathi amaRiphabhlikhi exoxa ngokumbeka icala ngo-1952, njengoRichard Nixon ngenkathi IKomidi Lezobulungiswa LeNdlu ivotela ukumfaka esikhundleni ngo-1974, futhi njengoBill Clinton ngenkathi eshushiswa ngo-1998 - uGeorge Bush noDick Cheney kwakungenakwenzeka ukuthi baphinde babhekane nabavoti baseMelika.

“'Singambeka kanjani icala lo mfana?' [Umbhali wamakholomu uHarold] Impendulo kaMeyerson yathi 'ngeke sikwazi' - hhayi ngoba uBush akanaso isithunzi kodwa ngenxa yokuthi 'ukugxila ekubekweni icala manje kungaba ukukhipha amandla emizamweni yokhetho okudingeka iphumelele uma ukushushiswa kuzokwenzeka ngempela. uhlelo.' Ngakho-ke iseluleko esivela ku-Meyerson, omunye wababhali bezombusazwe abahlakaniphile ngakwesobunxele, kwakuwukuzama i-bait-and-switch. Gijimani ekunakekelweni kwezempilo nasemfundweni, niwine uKhongolose bese, mhlawumbe, niqale ukujabulisa imibuzo yokuthweswa icala. Inkinga ngamasu anjalo ikabili: Okokuqala, bayifunda kabi ipolitiki yokuthweswa icala. Okwesibili, abenzi lutho ngaphandle kwesenzo sezepolitiki esinezinhlangothi - njengoba kanye uSotswebhu we-House Minority Whip u-Leslie Arends, wase-Illinois Republican, akubiza ngo-1974 lapho, ngobusuku bangaphambi kweKomidi Lezobulungiswa LeNdlu ivota ngemibhalo yokuthweswa icala kukaRichard Nixon, ememezele. 'Ukuthweswa icala kuyindlela yedemokhrasi. Kufanele sikubone kanjalo futhi kufanele sisukume njengamaRiphabhulikhi siphikisane nalo lonke uhlelo.' Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa nje, u-Arends wabukeka eyisiwula kakhulu, njengoba angaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yamalungu eRiphabhulikhi yeKomidi Lezobulungiswa, okuhlanganisa nama-conservative amaningana abalulekile, bavotela ukuthi kubekwe icala. Phakathi namasonto ambalwa, u-Arends wayengasabheki kodwa empeleni wayeyisiwula, njengoba abavoti baphuma ezikhundleni inqwaba yamaRiphabhlikhi ayemelene nokushushiswa .... "