Kwembulwe Imikhankaso Yomoya kaTrump kanye neBiden Eyimfihlo yase-Afghanistan

Cishe iziteleka zezindiza zase-US eziyimfihlo ezingama-800 e-Afghanistan phakathi kuka-2020 no-2021 kwembulwa, njengoba amasosha aseMelika ehlanza idatha.

Ukukhishwa kwamarekhodi ahlukanisiwe okuhlasela kwezindiza kwakamuva kwe-US e-Afghanistan kwembule izenzo ezingaphezu kuka-400 ebezingakamenyezelwa ezinyangeni zokugcina zokuphatha kukaDonald Trump - kanye neziteleka okungenani ezingama-300 eziyalelwe ngabaphathi bakaJoe Biden.

Ngisho nangemva kokuba i-United States kanye neTaliban basayine isivumelwano sokuthula esisebenzayo ngoFebhuwari 2020, i-US yaqhubeka ngasese nokuqhumisa amabhomu eTaliban kanye ne-Islamic State, imininingwane iyakhombisa. Futhi ngonyaka ka-2021 - njengoba amaTaliban eqhubeka nokuhlasela amasosha kahulumeni wase-Afghan, futhi eqhubekela phambili eKabul - izikhali ezingaphezu kuka-800 zaxoshwa yizindiza eziningi zase-US.

Idatha ebalulekile yanyanga zonke yase-Afghanistan ngu I-Air Force Central Command, noma i-AFCENT, yamiswa ngoMashi 2020 ngemuva kokuthi abaphathi bakaTrump bevumelene ngokusebenza isivumelwano sokumisa umlilo namaTaliban. Lokho kukhishwa komphakathi kubonise ukuthi zingaki iziteleka ezenziwa yi-US kanye nabalingani bayo bamazwe ngamazwe e-Afghanistan kanye nemininingwane yezikhali ezidutshuliwe, futhi zazikhishwe nyanga zonke cishe iminyaka eyishumi ngaphambili.

Ngaleso sikhathi i-US Air Force wathi bekumisa ukukhishwa ngenxa yokukhathazeka kwezokuxhumana, "okuhlanganisa nokuthi umbiko ungaba nomthelela omubi kanjani ezingxoxweni eziqhubekayo neTaliban mayelana nezingxoxo zokuthula zase-Afghanistan".

The idatha esanda kuhlukaniswa yengeza ubufakazi ku izinsolo ngesikhathi okungenzeka ukuthi i-United States yanyusa ngasese iziteleka zayo e-Afghanistan ukuze ifake ingcindezi kumaTaliban ngesikhathi sezingxoxo eQatar, okube nomthelela omubi kwesinye isikhathi kubantu.

Ngenkathi iNhlangano Yezizwe yayibonakala iqinisekile ukuthi iziteleka zase-US sezimile kakhulu, amaTaliban umsolwa i-US yokwephula imigomo yesivumelwano “cishe zonke izinsuku.” Lezo zimangalo manje kungenzeka ukuthi zithathwe ngokungathi sína.

"Le mininingwane ixoxa indaba yomzabalazo waseMelika wokuqeda impi yayo ende," uGraeme Smith we-International Crisis Group etshela i-Airwars.

Impi yomoya engapheli

I-US kanye neTaliban basayine lokho okubizwa ngokuthi 'ilungiselelo lokuthula ngo-February 29th 2020. Lokhu akuzange kubophezele ngokusobala i-US ekuqedeni ukudubula okugcwele, kodwa kuhilela i-Taliban ezenza kahle ukuthi ingahlaseli amabutho aseMelika e-Afghanistan ngesikhathi esihlongozwayo sokuhoxiswa kwezinyanga ezingu-14 e-US.

Kuphinde kwacatshangwa ukuthi iziteleka zase-US nazo zizophela kakhulu, futhi zigxile kakhulu ezenzweni zokuzivikela. Kodwa-ke imininingwane esanda kukhishwa ye-AFCENT ikhombisa ukuthi ukuhlasela kwe-US akuzange kuphele, neziteleka zezindiza 'zamazwe ngamazwe' ezingama-413 phakathi kukaMashi noDisemba 2020 kuphela.

Idatha ye-AFCENT eyehlisiwe iveze cishe iziteleka zezindiza ezingakamenyezelwa ngaphambilini ezingaba ngu-800 ezenziwa e-Afghanistan ngo-2020 nango-2021.

Ngemuva kwesivumelwano se-US-Taliban ngoFebhuwari 2020, izingxoxo ezisemthethweni zokumisa umlilo zabe seziqala eDoha ngoSepthemba wonyaka ofanayo phakathi kweTaliban noHulumeni wase-Afghan. Kodwa ngenyanga efanayo, manje siyazi, i-US isaqhube ngasese iziteleka zezindiza ze-34.

Izenzo eziqhubekayo zase-US zihambisane nokuhlasela kweTaliban emaphethelweni edolobha laseKandahar naseLashkar Gah. AbakwaTaliban baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kuhlasela, kwamasosha kahulumeni wase-Afghan kunaseMelika, bekungaphambani nesivumelwano kodwa i-US ayizange ivume, kusho uSmith. "Kungakho ubona kuqubuka iziteleka zezindiza kusukela ngo-Okthoba 2020 njengoba abantu baseMelika bebezama ukuvikela lezo nhloko-dolobha," kusho yena.

I-Amnesty International isanda kugqanyiswa ekholelwa ukuthi ukuhlasela kwezindiza kwaseMelika eKunduz ngoNovemba 2020 kwashona abesifazane ababili abangabahlali, uBilqiseh bint Abdul Qadir (21) noNouriyeh bint Abdul Khaliq (25), kanye nendoda eyodwa, uQader Khan (24). Izingcezu zezikhali ezitholwe endaweni yesigameko zikhomba ngokusobala esitelekeni saseMelika. Manje sekucacile ukuthi i-United States yenza iziteleka ezingu-69 ngasese e-Afghanistan ngaleyo nyanga kuphela.

Selokhu angena esikhundleni ngasekupheleni kukaJanuwari 2021, uJoe Biden waqala ukwengamela ukwehla kancane kweziteleka ngaphambi kokwanda okukhulu, njengoba umsebenzi weminyaka engu-20 wase-US uphele ngokuhoxiswa kwesiphithiphithi nokulimazayo.

Ezinyangeni ezintathu zokugcina zokuba khona kwe-US, kwadutshulwa izikhali ezingama-226 ezihlahleni zezindiza ezingama-97 yizindiza zaseMelika (futhi okungenzeka ukuthi zihlangene) ngenhloso yokuzama ukumisa umbani weTaliban. Eziningi zalezo zenzo kungenzeka kube yiziteleka ezisondelene zokwesekwa kwendiza kusiza amasosha e-Afghan National Army ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, abegcwele amandla. Ingozi eyaziwayo yokulimala okuphezulu kwezakhamuzi kusuka izenzo ezinjalo kade zaziwa.

Ezinsukwini zokugcina zempi, inqwaba yezakhamizi kanye namasosha ayi-13 ase-US ashonile esihlaselweni sokuzibulala se-ISIS-K njengoba amasosha aseMelika ezivalele esikhumulweni sezindiza saseKabul kwathi abantu base-Afghan ababephelelwe ithemba batheleka esizeni benethemba lokubaleka ezweni.

Futhi esigamekweni sokugcina sokuhlasela kwe-US, izakhamuzi ezingu-10 zabulawa ngesikhathi abaqhubi bezindiza zaseMelika bedidekile ubaba owayebuyela ekhaya lakhe nephekula le-Islamic State. Ngesonto eledlule, i I-Pentagon yamemezela akukho zinyathelo zokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe ezizothathwa kuleso siteleka.

IZizwe Ezihlangene zikhohlisiwe?

Ukumisa ukukhishwa kwedatha ye-airstrike yanyanga zonke ekuqaleni kuka-2020 kubonakala sengathi kuqinisekise iZizwe Ezihlangene ukuthi i-US yayingasenzi ukuhlasela okukhulu.

Kuyo yomibili i-2020 yayo umbiko wonyaka wokulimala kwezakhamuzi e-Afghanistan kanye nayo Umbiko wezinyanga eziyisi-6 wengxenye yokuqala ka-2021, I-United Nations Assistance Mission to Afghanistan (UNAMA) yehlise umthelela weziteleka zase-US nezamazwe ngamazwe - ikholelwa ukuthi seziphelile isikhathi esiningi.

Ngonyaka wezi-2020 i-UN yaphetha, kwabulawa izakhamizi zase-Afghan ezingaphezu kuka-3,000 ezimpini eziqhubekayo phakathi kweTaliban nohulumeni wase-Afghan wangaleso sikhathi, esekelwa amabutho omhlaba. Ngokusho kwe-UNAMA, izakhamizi ezingama-341 zabulawa ngalowo nyaka ngeziteleka zezindiza - kuzo isole ukufa kwabantu abangama-89 emabuthweni omhlaba.

Kodwa-ke umbiko waminyaka yonke we-UNAMA ka-2020 uthe ngemuva kwesivumelwano sangoFebhuwari 29 phakathi kwe-US neTaliban "amasosha omhlaba akunciphise kakhulu ukusebenza kwawo kwendiza, cishe azikho izigameko ezinjalo ezibangela ukulimala kwezakhamizi phakathi nonyaka osele ka-2020."

Izikhulu ze-UN ngokuhamba kwesikhathi zatshela i-Airwars ngesikhathi kuqhubeka isithangami ukuthi zikholelwa ukuthi iziteleka ze-Afghan Air Force manje sezinecala cishe ekufeni kwabantu ngenxa yokuhlasela kwezindiza. Ukukhishwa kwedatha efakwe esigabeni sangaphambilini kusuka ku-AFCENT kusishintsha kakhulu leso sithombe. Phakathi kukaMashi noZibandlela wezi-2020, izinyanga ezigcwele zokugcina zikaTrump ehhovisi, i-US empeleni yenza iziteleka zezindiza ezingama-413 - eziningi njengangonyaka ka-2015 ngokwesibonelo.

Engxenyeni yokuqala ka-2021, i-UNAMA nayo yenza imibono efanayo mayelana nenani eliphansi leziteleka zase-US nezamazwe ngamazwe, iphawula ukuthi "uma kuqhathaniswa nengxenye yokuqala ka-2020, isibalo sabantu ababulawa futhi abalimala ezitelekeni zezindiza sikhuphuke ngamaphesenti angama-33. Izisulu zezakhamizi ezivela ku-Afghan Air Force zihlasela izindiza ezingaphezu kokuphindwe kabili njengoba amasosha omhlaba ehlasele izindiza ezimbalwa kakhulu. "

Eqinisweni, manje sesiyazi, iziteleka 'zamazwe ngamazwe' ezingaphezu kuka-370 zenziwa ngo-2021, phakathi kwazo kwehlise izikhali ezingaphezu kuka-800.

I-UNAMA ayizange iphendule ngokushesha emibuzweni yokuthi ngabe i-UN izobuyekeza yini imiphumela yakamuva, kulandela ukukhishwa kwedatha ye-AFCENT.

I-Biden ibhekwe ngabomvu

Ukwambulwa kwamakhulukhulu okuhlasela kwezindiza okuyimfihlo kwe-US e-Afghanistan phakathi nezinyanga zokuqala kukaJoe Biden ehhovisi kukhombisa ukuthi yize izenzo zaseMelika bezisezingeni eliphansi kwezinye izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini njenge-Iraq neSomalia, ukuqina kwempi yeminyaka engama-20 e-Afghanistan kuqhubekile kwaze kwaba sekugcineni. .

Iziteleka zase-US eziphindwe kahlanu zenziwa e-Afghanistan kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya ku-Agasti 2021 kunezimenyezelwe kuwo wonke amanye amathiyetha ase-US ehlangene unyaka wonke, kubonisa ukuhlaziya kwe-Airwars.

“Ama-Airwars abekhona ukuxwayisa isikhathi esithile ukuthi izinombolo zakamuva zokuhlasela kwezindiza zase-Afghanistan - uma zembulwa - zingakhombisa imisebenzi eminingi yezempi yase-US ngaphansi kukaJoe Biden kunalokho abaningi abebekucabanga," kusho umqondisi we-Airwars uChris Woods. "Le datha esanda kukhishwa - obekungamele ibekwe ohlwini kwasekuqaleni - ikhomba isidingo esiphuthumayo sokubuyekezwa kwezenzo zakamuva zase-US e-Afghanistan, okuhlanganisa nokufa kwabantu abangaba khona."

Imininingwane yase-Afghanistan ima kungazelelwe ngo-Agasti 2021. Ememezela ukukhululwa kwesiteleka sangaphambili esiyimfihlo nezinombolo zezikhali embuthweni wabezindaba wePentagon ngoLwesihlanu ntambama, umkhulumeli omkhulu we-DoD uJohn Kirby. utshele abezindaba: "Akuzange kube neziteleka zezindiza e-Afghanistan njengoba ukuhoxiswa sekuqediwe."