NguNick Buxton, Isikhungo Sezwe Lonke, Okthoba 12, 2021
Kunesidingo esandayo sezepolitiki sokuphepha kwesimo sezulu njengempendulo yemiphumela ekhulayo yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu, kepha ukuhlaziywa okuncane okubucayi kokuthi baphepha hlobo luni lokuphepha nokuthi ubani. Lesi sisekelo sikhombisa impikiswano - siveza indima yamasosha ekubangeleni inkinga yezulu, ubungozi bawo manje ekunikezeni izixazululo zamasosha emithelela yesimo sezulu, izintshisekelo zenkampani ezizuzayo, umthelela kulabo abasengozini kakhulu, kanye nezinye iziphakamiso 'zokuphepha' ngokusekelwe ebulungiseni.
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1. Kuyini ukuphepha kwesimo sezulu?
Ukuphepha kwesimo sezulu kunguhlaka lwezepolitiki nenqubomgomo oluhlaziya umthelela wokuguquka kwesimo sezulu kwezokuphepha. Kulindeleke ukuthi izehlakalo zesimo sezulu ezedlulele kanye nokungazinzi kwesimo sezulu okuqubuke ekukhuphukeni komoya ongcolile (i-GHGs) kuzodala ukuphazamiseka ezinhlelweni zezomnotho, zenhlalo nezemvelo - ngakho-ke kubukela phansi ukuphepha. Imibuzo ithi: lokhu kungokuphepha kukabani futhi hlobo luni?
Umgogodla ovelele kanye nesidingo 'sokuphepha kwesimo sezulu' sivela kwezokuphepha ezinamandla zikazwelonke nakwizinsiza zempi, ikakhulukazi lezo zezizwe ezicebile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuvikeleka kubonakala ngokuya 'ngokusongela' okukulethwa yimisebenzi yabo yezempi kanye 'nokuphepha kwezwe', okuyigama elihlanganisa konke elisho amandla ezwe nezomnotho.
Kulolu hlaka, ukuphepha kwesimo sezulu kuhlola okubonakalayo ngqo izinsongo ekuphepheni kwesizwe, ezinjengomthelela ekusebenzeni kwamasosha - ngokwesibonelo, ukukhuphuka kolwandle kuthinta izisekelo zamasosha noma ukushisa okukhulu kuphazamisa ukusebenza kwamasosha. Kubheka nefayela le- ngokungaqondile izinsongo, noma izindlela ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu okungakhuphula ngazo isimo esivele sikhona, izingxabano nodlame olungagcwala noma lukhungathekise ezinye izizwe. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukuvela 'kwamathiyetha' amasha empi, njenge-Arctic lapho ukuncibilika kweqhwa kuvula khona izinsizakusebenza ezintsha zezimbiwa kanye nokuhlangana okukhulu kokulawulwa kwemibuso emikhulu. Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuchazwa 'njengokuphindaphinda okusongelayo' noma 'okudala izingxabano'. Ukulandisa okuphathelene nokuvikeleka kwesimo sezulu kulindelekile, ngamagama oMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-US, 'inkathi yezingxabano eziqhubekayo… indawo yezokuphepha eyindida kakhulu futhi engalindelekile kunaleyo eyabhekana nayo ngesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi'.
Ukuvikeleka kwesimo sezulu sekuhlanganiswe ngokuqhubekayo kumasu okuphepha kuzwelonke, futhi kwamukelwa kabanzi yizinhlangano zamazwe omhlaba ezinjengeNhlangano Yezizwe kanye nama-ejensi ayo akhethekile, kanye nomphakathi, izifundiswa nabezindaba. Ngo-2021 kuphela, uMongameli Biden umemezele ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu njengento ephambili kwezokuphepha kuzwelonke, I-NATO yakha uhlelo lokusebenza ngesimo sezulu kanye nokuvikeleka, i-UK yamemezela ukuthi isiya ohlelweni 'lokuvikela okulungiselelwe isimo sezulu', uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha Wezizwe Ezihlangene wabamba impikiswano esezingeni eliphakeme ngesimo sezulu nokuphepha, futhi nokulondeka kwesimo sezulu kulindeleke ukuba yinto esemqoka e-ajenda engqungqutheleni yeCOP26 ngoNovemba.
Njengoba lesi siqalo sihlola, ukuhlela inkinga yesimo sezulu njengenkinga yezokuphepha kuyinkinga enkulu njengoba ekugcineni kuqinisa indlela yokulwa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okungenzeka kukhulise ukungabi nabulungisa kulabo abathinteke kakhulu kule nkinga eqhubekayo. Ingozi yezixazululo zokuphepha ukuthi, ngencazelo, bafuna ukuvikela okukhona - isimo esingalungile. Impendulo yezokuphepha ibheka 'njengosongo' noma ngubani ongaphazamisa isimo esikhona, njengababaleki, noma abasiphikisa ngqo, njengezishoshovu zesimo sezulu. Futhi kuvimbela ezinye, izixazululo zokubambisana zokungazinzi. Ubulungiswa besimo sezulu, ngokuphambene nalokho kudinga ukuthi siguqule futhi siguqule izinhlelo zezomnotho ezidale ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, sibeke phambili imiphakathi phambili kwezinkinga bese ibeka izixazululo zayo phambili.
2. Ukuphepha kwesimo sezulu kuvele kanjani njengokubekwa eqhulwini kwezepolitiki?
Ukuphepha kwesimo sezulu kudonsela emlandweni omude wenkulumo yokuphepha kwemvelo emibuthanweni yezemfundo neyokwenza inqubomgomo, okuthe kusukela ngeminyaka yama-1970 kanye nawo-1980 yahlola ukuhlangana kwemvelo nokungqubuzana futhi kwesinye isikhathi kwaphoqa abenzi bezinqumo ukuthi bahlanganise ukukhathazeka kwemvelo kumasu okuphepha.
Ukuphepha kwesimo sezulu kwafaka inqubomgomo - nokuvikeleka kukazwelonke - enkundleni ngo-2003, kwenziwa ucwaningo olukhishwe yiPentagon nguPeter Schwartz, owayengumhleli weRoyal Dutch Shell, kanye noDoug Randall weGlobal Business Network eseCalifornia. Baxwayise ngokuthi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kungaholela eNkathini Emnyama entsha: 'Njengoba indlala, izifo, kanye nezinhlekelele ezihlobene nesimo sezulu zihlasela ngenxa yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu ngokuzumayo, izidingo zamazwe amaningi zizodlula umthamo wazo wokuthwala. Lokhu kuzodala umqondo wokuphelelwa yithemba, okungenzeka kuholele ekuhlaselweni okuhlaselayo ukuze kubuyiswe ibhalansi… Ukuphazamiseka nodweshu kuzoba yizici zempilo '. Ngawo lowo nyaka, ngolimi olungakhulumi kakhulu, i-European Union (EU) 'i-European Security Strategy' yakhangisa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu njengenkinga yezokuphepha.
Kusukela lapho ukuphepha kwesimo sezulu kuye kwahlanganiswa ngokuqhubekayo ekuhlelweni kwezokuvikela, ukuhlolwa kwezobunhloli, nasezinhlelweni zokusebenza kwezempi zenani elikhulayo lamazwe acebile kubandakanya i-US, i-UK, i-Australia, iCanada, iJalimane, iNew Zealand neSweden kanye ne-EU. Kwehlukile ezinhlelweni zezenzo zesimo sezulu zamazwe ngokugxila kwabo ekucabangeni kwezempi nakwezokuphepha kuzwelonke.
Ezinhlanganweni zokuphepha kwamasosha nezwe, ukugxila ekuguqulweni kwesimo sezulu kukhombisa inkolelo yokuthi noma yimuphi umhleli onengqondo angabona ukuthi kuyanda futhi kuzothinta umkhakha wabo. Umbutho wezempi ungenye yezikhungo ezimbalwa ezihlanganyela ekuhleleni isikhathi eside, ukuqinisekisa amandla ayo okuqhubeka nokuzibandakanya ezingxabanweni, futhi ukulungele ukuguquguquka kwezimo abenza kuzo lokho. Futhi bathambekele ekuhloleni izimo ezibi kakhulu ngendlela abahleli bezenhlalo abangazi - okungaba yinzuzo odabeni lokuguquka kwesimo sezulu.
UNobhala Wezokuvikela wase-US uLloyd Austin wafingqa ukuvumelana kwamasosha ase-US ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngo-2021: 'Sibhekene nenhlekelele enkulu futhi ekhulayo yesimo sezulu esongela ukuthunywa kwethu, izinhlelo zethu kanye namandla ethu. Ukusuka ekuncintisaneni okwandayo e-Arctic kuya ekufudukeni kwabantu abaningi e-Afrika naseMelika Ephakathi, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kunomthelela ekungazinzi futhi kusishukumisela emisebenzini emisha.
Ngempela, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu sekuvele kuthinta ngqo amabutho ahlomile. Umbiko we-Pentagon ka-2018 uveze ukuthi uhhafu wezindawo zamasosha ezingama-3,500 XNUMX ubhekene nemiphumela yezigaba eziyisithupha ezibalulekile zezehlakalo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu, njengokuqubuka kwesiphepho, imililo yasendle nesomiso.
Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kwemithelela yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nomjikelezo wokuhlela wesikhathi eside kuvimbe amabutho ezokuphepha kuzwelonke ezingxoxweni eziningi zemibono nokuphika okuphathelene nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Kusho ukuthi nangesikhathi sikaMongameli uTrump, amasosha aqhubeka nezinhlelo zawo zokuphepha kwesimo sezulu ngenkathi ebukela phansi lokhu esidlangalaleni, ukugwema ukuba yinduku yombani yabaphikayo.
Ukugxila kwezokuphepha kuzwelonke maqondana nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu nakho kuqhutshwa ukuzimisela kwayo ukuthola ukulawula okuthe xaxa kwazo zonke izingcuphe nezinsongo ezingaba khona, okusho ukuthi ifuna ukuhlanganisa zonke izici zokuphepha kombuso ukwenza lokhu. Lokhu kuholele ekwandeni kwe- uxhaso kuzo zonke izingalo zombuso eziphoqelelayo emashumini ambalwa eminyaka. Isazi sezokuphepha uPaul Rogers, uProfesa Wezokuthula e-Emeritus e-University of Bradford, ubiza isu 'i-liddism'(okusho ukuthi, ukugcina isembozo sezinto) - isu' eligcwele futhi eliqongelelayo, elibandakanya umzamo omkhulu wokuthuthukisa amaqhinga amasha nobuchwepheshe obungavimbela izinkinga nokuzicindezela '. Umkhuba uye washesha ukusukela ngo-9/11 futhi ngokuvela kobuchwepheshe be-algorithmic, kukhuthaze ama-ejensi ezokuphepha kuzwelonke ukuthi afune ukuqapha, ukulindela futhi lapho kungalawulwa khona konke okwenzekayo.
Ngenkathi izinhlangano zokuphepha zikazwelonke zihola ingxoxo futhi zibeka i-ajenda yokuphepha kwesimo sezulu, kukhona nenani elikhulayo lezinhlangano ezingezona ezempi kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi (ama-CSO) ezikhuthaza ukubhekelwa kakhulu kwezokuphepha kwesimo sezulu. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izinhlaka zokucabanga zenqubomgomo yezangaphandle ezifana neBrookings Institute kanye noMkhandlu Wezobudlelwano Namazwe Angaphandle (i-US), i-International Institute for Strategic Study kanye neChatham House (UK), iStockholm International Peace Research Institute, iClingendael (Netherlands), Isikhungo saseFrance Sezindaba Zamazwe Ngamazwe Nezamasu, Adelphi (Germany) kanye ne-Australian Strategic Policy Institute. Ummeli ohamba phambili kwezokuphepha kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke yi-Centre for Climate and Security (CCS) eseMelika, okuyisikhungo sokucwaninga esinobudlelwano obusondelene nomkhakha wamasosha nezokuphepha kanye nokusungulwa kweqembu leDemocratic. Iningi lalezi zikhungo lihlanganyele nabaphathi bezempi abaphezulu ukuze bakhe uMkhandlu Wezempi Wamazwe Ngamazwe Wezulu Nezokuphepha e2019.
Isikweletu sezithombe Umsebenzi kaHulumeni kaZwelonke / weZizwe Ezihlangene
Isikhathi esibekiwe samasu wokuvikela isimo sezulu abalulekile
- 2003: Isimo Esiguqukayo Sesimo Sezulu kanye Nemiphumela Yaso Kwezokuphepha Kwezwe lase-United States. Iphepha lokuqala elithunywe yiPentagon elabikezela izimo zedystopi zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nemithelela yakho kwezokuphepha kwezwe. Kubonakala njengokuqedwa ngaphezulu kepha setha ithoni kumasu wesikhathi esizayo.
- 2007: Ubudala Bemiphumela: Inqubomgomo Yezangaphandle kanye Nemiphumela Yezokuphepha Kuzwelonke Yokuguquka Kwesimo Sezulu. Umbiko onamandla, okhiqizwe osomaqhinga abalulekile bezempi nezokuphepha, ongoti bezinqubomgomo zangaphandle kanye nabangaphakathi kwiDemocratic, echaze izimo ezingaba khona zemithelela ngokuya ngokunyuka kwamazinga okushisa emhlabeni wonke we-1.3 ° C, 2.6 ° C, no-5.6 ° C.
- 2008: Ukuguquka Kwesimo Sezulu Nokuphepha Komhlaba Wonke. I-EU ilandela ukuhola kwe-US ekumemezeleni ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu 'njengesiphindaphindo esisongelayo' esizokwandisa izingxabano ezikhona kanye nezingxabano nokungazinzi futhi kubeke nezingozi zepolitiki nezokuphepha ezithinta ngqo izintshisekelo zaseYurophu '.
- 2008: I-Global Trends 2025: Izwe Elishintshiwe (i-DNI). UMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wezobunhloli ukhomba ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, kanye nezinguquko ezenzeka kwezwe, ukubalwa kwabantu kanye nokushintshwa kwamandla kagesi, njengokudala umhlaba wokuntuleka kanye nokungazinzi.
- 2010 no-2014: Ukubuyekezwa kwe-Quadrennial Defense. I-QDR ka-2010 ikhombe 'ukuphepha kwamandla nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu' njengezinye zezinto ezine ezidinga ukuthi kuthathwe izinyathelo ezibalulekile, ithi ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuzosebenza 'njengokusheshisa kokungazinzi noma ukungqubuzana, kubeka umthwalo ekuphenduleni ezikhungweni zomphakathi nasemasosheni emhlabeni jikelele'.
- 2015: UK Isu Lokuphepha Likazwelonke kanye Nokubuyekezwa Kwamasu Nokuvikela. Izingcingo zishintsha ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu umshayeli wokungazinzi.
- 2016: IPhepha Elimhlophe mayelana nenqubomgomo yokuphepha yaseJalimane kanye nekusasa leBundeswehr.
- 2016: Iphepha Elimhlophe Lokuvikela lase-Australia ilebula ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu njengesiphindaphindeli sengozini futhi ibikezela ukungazinzi emazweni e-South Pacific.
- 2018: Inqubomgomo Yezokuvikela EseNew Zealand.
- 2020: EU Ukushintshwa Kwesimo Sezulu Nendlela Yezokuvikela. Ihlola amakhono ohambweni lwe-EU ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezimbi futhi igqugquzela ukuhlanganiswa okungcono kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nezici zemvelo ekuhleleni nasekusebenziseni ukuthunyelwa kwe-EU.
- 2021: UMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-UK Indlela Yokulwa Nezulu Nokusimama Kwamasu. Ikhiqizwe njengengxenye yokuziqhakambisa kukahulumeni wase-UK i-pre-COP26, ikhuthaza umkhakha wezokuvikela wase-UK njengomdlali ophambili ekuxazululeni ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu nezingozi zokuphepha.
- 2021: I-NATO Uhlelo Lokusebenza Kwesimo Sezulu Nokuphepha. Uhlongoza amasu okuhlola kangcono ubungozi besimo sezulu nokulungisa izimpahla nokusebenza kwemithelela yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu, kanye nezethembiso ezibuthakathaka zokubhekana nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni yamasosha.
3. Ngabe izinhlangano zokuphepha zikazwelonke zihlelela kanjani futhi zivumelana kanjani nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu?
Izinhlangano zokuphepha zikazwelonke, ikakhulukazi ezempi nezobunhloli, zamazwe acebile anezimboni zihlela ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu ngezindlela ezimbili ezibalulekile: ukucwaninga nokubikezela izimo zesimo esizayo zezingozi nezinsongo ezincike ezimeni ezahlukahlukene zokukhuphuka kwamazinga okushisa; kanye nokuqalisa ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokulungiswa kwesimo sezulu samasosha. I-US ibeka umkhuba wokuhlelwa kokuphepha kwesimo sezulu, ngenxa yobukhulu bayo nokubusa kwayo (i-US uchitha okuningi ekuvikeleni kunamazwe alishumi alandelayo ehlangene).
1. Ukucwaninga nokubikezela izimo zesikhathi esizayo
A
Lokhu kufaka zonke izinhlaka zezokuphepha ezifanele, ikakhulukazi ezombusazwe nezobunhloli, ukuhlaziya imithelela ekhona neyalindelekile emandleni ezempi ezweni, kwingqalasizinda yayo kanye nesimo sezwe lapho izwe lisebenza khona. Ngasekupheleni kwegunya lakhe ngo-2016, uMongameli Obama wadlulela phambili iyalela yonke iminyango nezinhlangano zayo 'ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithelela ehlobene nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu ibhekwa ngokuphelele ekwakhiweni kwemfundiso yezokuphepha kuzwelonke, izinqubomgomo kanye nezinhlelo'. Ngamanye amagama, ukwenza uhlaka lwezokuphepha lukazwelonke lube maphakathi nakho konke ukuhlelwa kwesimo sezulu. Lokhu kubuyiselwe emuva nguTrump, kepha uBiden uthathe lapho kugcine khona u-Obama, wayalela iPentagon ukuthi isebenzisane noMnyango Wezohwebo, iNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, i-Environmental Protection Agency, uMqondisi Wezobunhloli Kazwelonke, iHhovisi LeSayensi kanye neNqubomgomo Yezobuchwepheshe namanye ama-ejensi ukuthuthukisa Ukuhlaziywa Kwengozi Yezulu.
Kusetshenziswa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene wokuhlela, kepha ekuhleleni isikhathi eside, ezempi kudala zithembela ekusetshenzisweni kwezimo ukuhlola ikusasa elihlukile elingaba khona bese kubhekwa nokuthi izwe linamandla adingekayo okubhekana namazinga ahlukahlukene osongo olungaba khona. I-2008 enamandla Ubudala Bemiphumela: Inqubomgomo Yezangaphandle kanye Nemiphumela Yezokuphepha Kuzwelonke Yokuguquka Kwesimo Sezulu Umbiko uyisibonelo esivamile njengoba uchaze izimo ezintathu zemithelela engaba khona ekuvikelekeni kwezwe lase-US ngokususelwa ekukhuleni okungenzeka kokushisa komhlaba wonke kwe-1.3 ° C, 2.6 ° C, no-5.6 ° C. Lezi zimo zidonsa zombili ocwaningweni lwezemfundo - njenge-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) yesayensi yezulu - kanye nemibiko yezobunhloli. Ngokuya ngalezi zimo, ezempi zakha izinhlelo namasu futhi seziqala hlanganisa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu ekumodelaneni kwayo, ukulingisa kanye nokuzivocavoca kwempi. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, i-US European Command ilungiselela ukukhuphuka kwezingxabano zomhlaba kanye nokulwa okungaba khona e-Arctic njengoba ukuncibilika kweqhwa lasolwandle, kuvumela ukubhola kukawoyela nokuthumela kwamanye amazwe esifundeni ukuthi kukhuphuke. EMiddle East, i-US Central Command ifake ukusweleka kwamanzi ezinhlelweni zayo zomkhankaso zesikhathi esizayo.
A
Amanye amazwe acebile alingise lokhu, asebenzisa i-US lens yokubona ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu 'njengesiphindaphindeli sengozi' ngenkathi kugcizelelwa izici ezahlukahlukene. I-EU, ngokwesibonelo, engenagunya lokuzivikela elihlangene lamazwe angamalungu angama-27, igcizelela isidingo sokwenza ucwaningo, ukuqapha nokuhlaziywa okwengeziwe, ukuhlanganiswa okwengeziwe kumasu ezifunda nasezinhlelweni zezingxoxo nomakhelwane, ukwakha ukuphathwa kwezinhlekelele kanye nokusabela ezinhlekeleleni amandla, nokuqinisa ukuphathwa kokufuduka. Isu likaNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela lowe-2021 lase-UK libeka umgomo walo oyinhloko 'ukukwazi ukulwa nokunqoba ezindaweni zomzimba ezinobutha futhi ezingathetheleli', kepha futhi lizimisele ngokugcizelela ukusebenzisana kwalo nobumbano lwamazwe omhlaba.
A
2. Ukulungiselela umbutho wezempi isimo sezulu esishintshile
Njengengxenye yamalungiselelo ayo, umbutho wezempi nawo ufuna ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwawo esikhathini esizayo esimakwe yisimo sezulu esibi nokwenyuka kwezinga lolwandle. Lokhu akuyona into encane. Amasosha ase-US ikhombe izisekelo ze-1,774 ngokuya ngokunyuka kolwandle. Isisekelo esisodwa, iNorfolk Naval Station eVirginia, singesinye sezikhungo ezinkulu zamasosha emhlabeni futhi sihlaselwa yizikhukhula minyaka yonke.
A
Kanye ne efuna ukuvumelanisa izakhiwo zayo, i-US kanye namanye amabutho ezempi kumfelandawonye weNATO nawo abe nentshisekelo yokukhombisa ukuzibophezela kwabo 'ekuluhlaza' izindawo zabo nokusebenza. Lokhu kuholele ekufakweni okukhulu kwamapaneli elanga ezisekelweni zamasosha, amanye amandla okubasa kanye nemishini evuseleleka ngamandla kagesi. Uhulumeni waseBrithani uthi uzibekele imigomo yokulahla ama-50% emithonjeni kaphethiloli esimeme kuzo zonke izindiza zamasosha futhi uzibophezele eMnyangweni Wezokuvikela ukuthi 'kungabikho ukukhishwa okuphelele ngo-2050'.
A
Kepha yize le mizamo ishayelwa ngecilongo njengezimpawu zokuthi umbutho wezempi 'uzihlaza' uqobo (eminye imibiko ibukeka ifana nokuhlanzwa kwenkampani), isisusa esicindezela ngokwengeziwe sokwamukela okuvuselelekayo yiso ukuba sengozini okuncike kuphethiloli wezinsalela idalele ezempi. Ukuthuthwa kwalo kaphethiloli ukugcina ama-hummers, amathangi, imikhumbi namajets egijima kungenye yezinkinga ezihamba phambili zamasosha ase-US futhi bekungumthelela wokuba sengozini enkulu ngesikhathi somkhankaso e-Afghanistan njengoba amathangi kawoyela ahambisa amabutho ase-US ayehlaselwa yiTaliban amabutho. I-US Ucwaningo lwezempi lwathola ukulimala okukodwa kuyo yonke imithwalo kaphethiloli engama-39 e-Iraq kanye neyodwa kuzo zonke izindiza ezingama-24 zase-Afghanistan. Esikhathini eside, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kagesi, okokubasa okuhlukile, amayunithi ezokuxhumana asetshenziswa ngamandla elanga kanye nobuchwepheshe obuvuselelekayo jikelele kunethuba lempi engenabungozi kangako, eguquguqukayo futhi esebenza kangcono. Owayengunobhala Wezempi YaseMelika uRay Mabus ukubeka ngokungagwegwesi: 'Siphokophele kwamanye amandla okubasa eNavy naseMarine Corps ngesizathu esisodwa esikhulu, futhi lokho ukusenza sibe ngabalwa kangcono'.
A
Kodwa-ke, kube nzima kakhulu ukufaka esikhundleni sokusetshenziswa kukawoyela ekuthuthweni kwamasosha (umoya, imikhumbi yempi, izimoto ezihamba phansi) ezakha iningi lamasosha asetshenziswayo. Ngo-2009, uMbutho Wezempi WaseMelika wamemezela 'IGreen Fleet Enkulu', izibophezela emgomweni wokunciphisa amandla ayo kusuka emithonjeni kaphethiloli engewona owembiwa ngo-2020 isinyathelo ngokushesha sembuliwe, njengoba kwacaca ukuthi lokho bekungekho nje izidingo ezidingekayo zama-agrofuels ngisho nangotshalomali olukhulu lwezempi ukukhulisa le mboni. Ngesikhathi sezindleko ezinkulu nokuphikiswa kwezepolitiki, lesi sinyathelo sabulawa. Noma ngabe ibiphumelele, kunobufakazi obuningi bokuthi Ukusetshenziswa kwe-biofuel kunezindleko zemvelo nezenhlalo (njengokukhuphuka kwentengo yokudla) okubukela phansi isimangalo sayo sokuthi siyindlela ehlukile 'eluhlaza' kunowoyela.
A
Ngaphandle kokubandakanyeka kwezempi, amasu okuphepha kuzwelonke abhekana nokusatshalaliswa 'kwamandla athambile' - ubumbano, ubumbano lwamazwe omhlaba kanye nokusebenzisana, umsebenzi wokusiza. Ngakho ukuphepha kwezwe okuningi amasu abuye asebenzise ulimi lokuphepha kwabantu njengengxenye yezinhloso zabo futhi bekhuluma ngezindlela zokuzivikela, ukuvimbela izingxabano nokunye. Isu lokuphepha likazwelonke lase-UK 2015, isibonelo, lize likhulume nangesidingo sokubhekana nezinye zezimbangela zokungavikeleki: 'Inhloso yethu yesikhathi eside ukuqinisa ukuqina kwamazwe ampofu nawantekenteke ezinhlekeleleni, ekushaqekeni nasekuguqukeni kwesimo sezulu. Lokhu kuzosindisa izimpilo futhi kunciphise nengozi yokungazinzi. Kuyigugu futhi elingcono kakhulu lemali ukutshala ekulungiseleleni izinhlekelele nasekuqiniseni kunokuphendula ngemuva komcimbi '. Lawa ngamagama ahlakaniphile, kepha awabonakali ngendlela izinsiza ezenziwa ngayo. Ku-2021, uhulumeni wase-UK usike isabelomali sakhe sosizo phesheya kwezilwandle ngama- £ 4 billion kusuka ku-0.7% wemali engenayo kazwelonke (i-GNI) kuya ku-0.5%, okuthiwa okwesikhashana ukuze anciphise ivolumu yokuboleka ukuze abhekane ne-COVID-19 Inkinga - kepha ngemuva nje kokunyusa kwayo ukusetshenziswa kwezempi ngo- £ 16.5 billion (ukwanda ngo-10% ngonyaka).
Isikweletu sezithombe Cpl uNeil Bryden RAF / Crown Copyright 2014 (I-CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
4. Yiziphi izinkinga ezinkulu ngokuchaza ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu njengengqinamba yezokuphepha?
Inkinga eyisisekelo yokwenza ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kube yinkinga yezokuphepha ukuthi iphendula enkingeni ebangelwe ukungabi nabulungisa okuhleliwe ngezixazululo 'zokuphepha', ezifakwe emcabangweni nasezikhungweni ezenzelwe ukufuna ukuqhubeka nokuqhubeka. Ngesikhathi lapho kukhawulwa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu nokuqinisekisa ushintsho olufanele kudinga ukwabiwa kabusha kwamandla namandla, indlela yezokuphepha ifuna ukuqhubekisela phambili isimo esikhona. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuphepha kwesimo sezulu kunemithelela emikhulu eyisithupha.
1. Iqaphelisa noma iphambukise ukunaka ezimbangela zokuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ivimbe ushintsho oludingekayo lube sesimweni esingalungile. Ngokugxila ekuphenduleni kwimithelela yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokungenelela kwezokuphepha okungase kudingeke, baphambukisa ukunaka kwizimbangela zenkinga yesimo sezulu - amandla ezinkampani kanye nezizwe ezinikele kakhulu ekudaleni ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, iqhaza lezempi elingesinye sezikhungo ezinkulu ze-GHG, kanye nezinqubomgomo zezomnotho ezifana nezivumelwano zokuhwebelana mahhala ezenze abantu abaningi baba sengozini enkulu ekuguqukeni okuhlobene nesimo sezulu. Ababunaki ubudlova obufakwe kumodeli yezomnotho ekhiqizwa emhlabeni wonke, bacabanga ngokuphelele futhi basekele ukuqhutshwa kwamandla namandla okuqhubekayo, futhi bafuna ukumisa izingxabano kanye 'nokungavikeleki'. Futhi abazingabazi iqhaza lezinhlangano zezokuphepha ngokwazo ekusekeleni uhlelo olungalungile - ngakho-ke ngenkathi osomaqhinga bezokuphepha kwesimo sezulu bengakhomba isidingo sokubhekana nokukhishwa kwamasosha e-GHG, lokhu akukaze kudlulise nezicelo zokuvala ingqalasizinda yamasosha noma ukunciphisa kakhulu ezempi nokuphepha isabelomali ukuze ukhokhele izibophezelo ezikhona zokuhlinzeka ngezimali zesimo sezulu emazweni asathuthuka ukuze atshale imali kwezinye izinhlelo ezinjenge-Global Green Deal Yomhlaba Wonke.
2. Kuqinisa izinsimbi zomkhakha wezempi nezokuphepha kanye nomkhakha osuthole ingcebo namandla angakaze abonwe ngemuva komhla ka-9/11. Ukungavikeleki kwesimo sezulu okuqagulwe sekuyizaba ezintsha ezivulekile zokusetshenziswa kwezempi nezokuphepha kanye nezinyathelo eziphuthumayo ezeqa izinkambiso zentando yeningi. Cishe wonke amasu okuphepha kwesimo sezulu aveza isithombe sokungazinzi okwandayo njalo, okufuna impendulo yezokuphepha. Njenge-Admiral yangemuva yempi UDavid Titley wakubeka: 'kufana nokuhileleka empini ethatha iminyaka eyi-100'. Lokhu wakubeka njengenkundla yezenzo zesimo sezulu, kepha futhi ngokwakhona kuyindlela yokuchitha imali ethe xaxa kwezempi nezokuphepha. Ngale ndlela, kulandela iphethini ende yamasosha ifuna izizathu ezintsha zempi, kufaka phakathi ukulwa nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, ubuphekula, izigebengu ezihlasela ngokugqekeza nokunye, okuholele ekutheni isabelomali esikhulayo sokusetshenziswa kwezempi nokuphepha emhlabeni wonke. UMbuso ufuna ukuphepha, okugxilwe olimini lwezitha nezinsongo, kuphinde kusetshenziselwe ukuvikela izinyathelo eziphuthumayo, njengokuthunyelwa kwamasosha nokushaywa komthetho ophuthumayo odlula izinhlangano zentando yeningi futhi uvimbele inkululeko yomphakathi.
3. Kugudluzela isibopho senkinga yesimo sezulu kulabo abahlukumezekile ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu, kubenza 'njengezingozi' noma 'izinsongo'. Ngokubheka ukungazinzi okubangelwa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, abameli bezokuphepha kwesimo sezulu baxwayisa ngobungozi bezindawo ezifakwayo, izindawo ezingakheka kuzo, nabantu ababa nodlame noma abafudukayo. Ngaleso sikhathi, labo ababhekelele kakhulu ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu abagcini nje ngokuthinteka kakhulu kukho, kepha futhi babukwa 'njengezinsongo'. Kuwukungabi nabulungisa okuphindwe kathathu. Futhi kulandela inkambiso ende yezindaba zokuphepha lapho isitha sihlala kwenye indawo. Njengoba isazi uRobyn Eckersley siphawula, 'izinsongo zemvelo yinto abantu bakwamanye amazwe abenza kubantu baseMelika noma ensimini yaseMelika', futhi akuyona into ebangelwa izinqubomgomo zasekhaya zaseMelika noma zaseNtshonalanga.
4. Kuqinisa izintshisekelo zebhizinisi. Ngezikhathi zamakholoni, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ngaphambili, ukuphepha kwezwe kuhlonzwe ngokuvikela izintshisekelo zebhizinisi. Ngo-1840, uNobhala Wezangaphandle wase-UK u-Lord Palmerston wayengathandabuzi: 'Kungumsebenzi kaHulumeni ukuvula nokuvikela imigwaqo yomthengisi'. Le ndlela isakhombisa inqubomgomo yamazwe amaningi angaphandle nanamuhla - futhi iqiniswa ngamandla akhulayo ethonya lobumbano kuhulumeni, kwizifundiswa, ezikhungweni zenqubomgomo nakumagatsha kahulumeni afana ne-UN noma i-World Bank. Kubonakala kumasu amaningi okuphepha kazwelonke ahlobene nesimo sezulu aveza ukukhathazeka okuthile ngemithelela yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu emizileni yemikhumbi, amaketanga okuphakela, kanye nemithelela emibi yesimo sezulu ezindaweni zezomnotho. Ukuphepha kwezinkampani ezinkulu zomhlaba wonke (i-TNCs) kuhunyushwa ngokuzenzakalela njengokuvikeleka kwesizwe sonke, noma ngabe lawo ma-TNC, njengezinkampani zikawoyela, angaba yibo ababambe iqhaza elikhulu ekungavikelekeni.
5. Kwakha ukungazethembi. Ukuthunyelwa kwemikhosi yezokuphepha kuvame ukudala ukungavikeleki kwabanye. Lokhu kusobala, ngokwesibonelo, ekuhlaselweni kwamasosha okuholwa yi-US kanye nokuxhaswa yi-NATO kweminyaka engu-20, okwethulwe ngesithembiso sokuphepha kubuphekula, kepha kwagcina kubhebhethekisa impi engapheli, izingxabano, ukubuya kweTaliban futhi mhlawumbe nokukhuphuka kwamabutho amasha amaphekula. Ngokufanayo, ukusebenza kwamaphoyisa e-US nase kwenye indawo sekuvame ukudala ukungavikeleki okwengeziwe emiphakathini ebandlululiwe ebhekene nokubandlululwa, ukubhekwa nokufa ukuze kugcinwe amakilasi acebile ahlanzekile. Izinhlelo zokuphepha kwesimo sezulu eziholwa amabutho ezokuphepha ngeke zibalekele lokhu kushukumiseka. Njengoba UMark Neocleous ufingqa: 'Konke ukuphepha kuchazwe maqondana nokungavikeleki. Akudingeki nje kuphela ukuthi noma yisiphi isikhalazo kwezokuphepha sibandakanye imininingwane yokwesaba okudala lokho, kepha lokhu kwesaba (ukungavikeleki) kudinga izindlela zokulwa (ezokuphepha) ukwehlisa, ukususa noma ukubamba umuntu, iqembu, into noma isimo esidala ukwesaba '.
6. Kubukela phansi ezinye izindlela zokubhekana nemithelela yesimo sezulu. Lapho nje ukuphepha sekuwuhlaka, umbuzo uhlala uhlale ungavikelekile, kangakanani, nokuthi yiziphi izindlela zokuvikela ezingahle zisebenze - akukaze ngabe ukuphepha kufanele kube yindlela. Udaba luba setha kanambambili kusongo vs ukuphepha, kudinga ukungenelela kombuso futhi kuvame ukuthethelela izenzo ezingajwayelekile ngaphandle kwezinkambiso zokwenza intando yeningi. Ngakho-ke inqabela ezinye izindlela - njengalezo ezifuna ukubheka izimbangela zezinhlelo eziningi, noma ezigxile kumanani ahlukile (isb. Ubulungiswa, ubukhosi obudumile, ukuqondaniswa kwemvelo, ubulungiswa bokubuyisela esimeni), noma ngokusekelwe kuma-ejensi ahlukahlukene nezindlela (isib. Ubuholi bezempilo bomphakathi , izixazululo ezisuselwa emphakathini noma ezenzelwe umphakathi). Iphinda icindezele zona kanye izinhlangano ezifuna lezi zindlela ezihlukile futhi iphonsele inselelo izinhlelo ezingenabulungisa eziqhuba ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu.
Bheka futhi: UDalby, S. (2009) Ezokuphepha Nokuguqulwa Kwezemvelo, Ipolitiki. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Security+and+Environmental+Change-p-9780745642918
Izinzalamizi kanye nokuvikeleka kwesimo sezulu
Isisekelo sendlela yezempi yokuphepha kwezulu ilele uhlelo lwezinzalamizi olwenzile izindlela zempi zokuxazulula izingxabano nokungazinzi. Izinzalamizi zigxile kakhulu ezinhlakeni zamasosha nezokuphepha. Kusobala kakhulu ebuholini besilisa kanye nasekubuseni kwamasosha ombuso wamasosha nawase-para-military, kepha futhi kuhambisana nendlela ezokuphepha ezicatshangelwa ngayo, ilungelo elinikezwe ezempi amasistimu ezepolitiki, kanye nendlela ukusetshenziswa kwempi nezimpendulo zayo akulutho waze wabuza noma ngabe yehluleka ukufeza izethembiso zayo.
Abesifazane nabantu be-LGBT + bathinteka ngokungenakulinganiswa yizingxabano ezihlomile nezimpendulo zempi ezinhlekeleleni. Baphinde bathwale umthwalo ongenakulinganiswa wokubhekana nemithelela yezinkinga ezifana nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu.
Abesifazane kuphawuleka futhi ukuthi bahamba phambili kokubili ukunyakaza kwesimo sezulu nokuthula. Yingakho sidinga ukuhlaziywa kwesifazane ngokuphepha kwesimo sezulu futhi sibheke izixazululo zabesifazane. Njengoba uRay Acheson noMadeleine Rees weWomen's International League for Peace and Freedom baphikisana bathi, 'Njengoba bazi ukuthi impi iyindlela yokugcina yokungazethembi kwabantu, abesifazane balwela izixazululo zesikhathi eside zokungqubuzana futhi basekele uhlelo lokuthula nokuphepha oluvikela bonke abantu' .
Bona futhi: I-Acheson R. noRees M. (2020). 'Indlela yabesifazane yokubhekana nezempi ezeqile
ukuchitha 'ku Ukuphinda ucabange ukusetshenziswa kwemali kwezempi okungavinjelwe, Amaphepha we-UNODA Occasional Papers No. 35, amakhasi 39-56 https://front.un-arm.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/op-35-web.pdf
Abesifazane abalahliwe bephethe izimpahla zabo bafika eBossangoa, eCentral African Republic, ngemuva kokubaleka udlame. Isikweletu sezithombe: UNHCR / B. Inhliziyo (CC BY-NC 2.0)
5. Kungani izinhlangano zomphakathi kanye namaqembu ezemvelo ekhuthaza ukuvikeleka kwesimo sezulu?
Yize kunalezi zinto ezikhathazayo, amaqembu amaningi ezemvelo namanye afune izinqubomgomo zokuphepha kwesimo sezulu, njenge I-World Wildlife Fund, i-Environmental Defence Fund kanye ne-Nature Conservancy (US) ne-E3G eYurophu. Iqembu elisebenza ngqo ngqo emazingeni aphansi i-Extinction Rebellion Netherlands laze lamema nomphathi wamasosha waseDashi oholayo ukuthi abhale ngokuvikeleka kwesimo sezulu encwadini yabo 'yezihlubuki'.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela lapha ukuthi ukuhunyushwa okuhlukile kokuphepha kwesimo sezulu kusho ukuthi amanye amaqembu kungenzeka ukuthi awachazi umbono ofanayo nezinhlangano zokuphepha zikazwelonke. Usosayensi wezepolitiki uMat McDonald ukhomba imibono emine eyehlukene yokuphepha kwesimo sezulu, eyehluka kuye ngokuthi kugxilwe kubani: 'abantu' (ukuphepha kwabantu), 'izizwe-izwe' (ukuphepha kwezwe), 'umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba' (ukuphepha komhlaba) kanye 'i-ecosystem' (ukuphepha kwemvelo). Ukugqagqana nokuhlanganiswa kwale mibono nakho kuyizinhlelo ezivelayo ze imikhuba yokuphepha kwesimo sezulu, izama ukudweba nokuchaza izinqubomgomo ezingavikela ukuphepha kwabantu nokuvikela izingxabano.
Izidingo zamaqembu omphakathi zikhombisa eminye yale mibono ehlukene futhi zivame ukukhathazeka ngokuphepha kwabantu, kepha abanye bafuna ukuhlanganyela kwezempi njengabahlanganyeli futhi bazimisele ukusebenzisa 'ukuphepha kwezwe' ukufeza lokhu. Lokhu kubukeka kusekelwe enkolelweni yokuthi ubudlelwano obunjalo bungafinyelela ekuncishisweni kokukhishwa kwe-GHG yamasosha, kusize ekutholeni ukwesekwa kwezepolitiki emabuthweni ezombusazwe avame ukulondolozwa ukuze kuthathwe izinyathelo eziqinile zesimo sezulu, ngakho-ke kuphoqelele ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu ku izifunda zamandla 'zokuphepha' lapho ekugcineni zizobekwa phambili ngokufanelekile.
Ngezinye izikhathi, izikhulu zikahulumeni, ikakhulukazi uhulumeni waseBlair e-UK (1997-2007) kanye nabaphathi baka-Obama e-US (2008-2016) nabo babone ukulandisa 'kokuphepha' njengecebo lokuthola isenzo sezulu kubadlali bezwe abenqikayo. NjengoNobhala Wezangaphandle wase-UK uMargaret Beckett waphikisana ngo-2007 ngenkathi behlela impikiswano yokuqala ephathelene nokuvikeleka kwesimo sezulu eMkhandlwini Wezokuphepha we-UN, “lapho abantu bekhuluma ngezinkinga zokuphepha bakwenza lokho ngokwekhwalithi ngokwehluka kunoma yiluphi olunye uhlobo lwenkinga. Ezokuphepha zithathwa njengenketho ebalulekile. … Ukumaka izici zokuphepha zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kunendima ekuvuseleleni labo hulumeni okusamele bathathe isinyathelo. ”
Kodwa-ke ngokwenza lokho, imibono ehluke kakhulu yezokuphepha iba mnyama futhi ihlanganiswe. Futhi uma unikezwa amandla alukhuni ezinsizakusebenza zokuphepha ezempi nezikazwelonke, ezithatha noma yikuphi okunye, lokhu kugcina kuqinisa ukulandisa kwezokuphepha kuzwe - imvamisa kunikeza isicwebezeli 'sosizo' noma 'semvelo' sezepolitiki kumasu ezempi nezokuphepha nokusebenza kanye nezintshisekelo zenkampani abafuna ukuvikela nokuvikela.
6. Yikuphi ukucabanga okuyinkinga okwenziwa ngamasu wezokuphepha kwesimo sezulu?
Izinhlelo zokuphepha kwesimo sezulu kwezempi zifaka phakathi ukucabanga okuyinhloko okwakha izinqubomgomo nezinhlelo zazo. Iqoqo elilodwa lokucabanga okukhona kumasu amaningi okuphepha kwesimo sezulu ukuthi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuzodala ukuswela, ukuthi lokhu kuzodala ukungqubuzana, nokuthi izixazululo zokuphepha zizodingeka. Kulolu hlaka lwaseMalthusian, abantu abampofu kakhulu emhlabeni, ikakhulukazi labo abasezindaweni ezishisayo njengaseNingizimu ne-Sahara e-Afrika, babonwa njengomthombo omkhulu wezingxabano. Le Scarcity> Conflict> Paradigm yezokuphepha ibonakala kumasu amaningi, akumangalisi ukuthi isikhungo esakhelwe ukubona umhlaba ngezinsongo. Umphumela, noma kunjalo, uyintambo eqinile yedystopi ekuhleleni kokuphepha kuzwelonke. Okujwayelekile Ividiyo yokuqeqesha iPentagon iyaxwayisa wezwe 'losongo lwe-hybrid' oluqhamuka emakhoneni amnyama amadolobha amabutho angeke akwazi ukuwalawula. Lokhu futhi kuyenzeka empeleni, njengoba kufakazelwe eNew Orleans ngemuva kweSiphepho uKatrina, lapho abantu abazama ukusinda ezimweni ezibucayi baphathwa njengezitha zokulwa futhi wadubula wabulala kunokuba ahlengwe.
Njengoba uBetsy Hartmann esho, lokhu ingena emlandweni omude wobukoloni nobandlululo lokho kugulise abantu ngamabomu kanye namazwekazi onke - futhi kuyakujabulisa ukukwenza lokho esikhathini esizayo ukuthethelela ukuqhubeka kokuthathwa komhlaba nokuba khona kwamasosha. Kuvimbela amanye amathuba afana ne- ukuswela ukusebenzisana okukhuthazayo noma impikiswano ixazululwa ngokwezepolitiki. Futhi, njengoba kukhonjisiwe phambilini, kugwema ngamabomu ukubuka izindlela ukuswela, noma ngezikhathi zokungazinzi kwesimo sezulu, okubangelwa ngumsebenzi wabantu futhi kukhombisa ukwabiwa kabi kwezinsizakusebenza kunokuntuleka okuphelele. Futhi kuthethelela ukucindezelwa kweminyakazo lokho funa futhi uhlanganise ushintsho lohlelo njengezinsongo, njengoba icabanga ukuthi noma ngubani ophikisana nohlelo lwamanje lwezomnotho ubeka ingozi ngokufaka isandla ekungazinzileni.
Bheka futhi: UDeudney, D. (1990) 'Icala elibhekene nokuxhumanisa ukonakaliswa kwemvelo nokuphepha kwezwe', Iminyaka Eyinkulungwane: I-Journal of International Studies. https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298900190031001
7. Ngabe ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuholela ezingxabanweni?
Umcabango wokuthi ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kuzoholela ezingxabanweni usobala emibhalweni yezokuphepha kazwelonke. Ukubuyekezwa koMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-United States ngo-2014, uthi imithelela yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu '… iyizinsongo eziphindaphindayo ezizokwandisa izingcindezi phesheya ezifana nobuphofu, ukonakala kwemvelo, ukungazinzi kwezepolitiki, kanye nokungezwani kwezenhlalo — izimo ezingenza umsebenzi wobuphekula nokunye izinhlobo zodlame '.
Ukubukeka okungenamqondo kuphakamisa izixhumanisi: Amazwe ayi-12 kwangu-20 asengozini enkulu ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu njengamanje ahlangabezana nezingxabano. Ngenkathi ukuhlangana kungafani nembangela, ucwaningo oluphelile Izifundo ezingama-55 ngale ndaba ngoprofesa baseCalifornia uBurke, Hsiang noMiguel izamile ukukhombisa izixhumanisi eziyimbangela, iphikisana ngakho konke ukwanda kwe-1 ° C kwezinga lokushisa, ukungqubuzana phakathi kwabantu kukhuphuke ngo-2.4% nokuxabana kwamaqembu ngo-11.3%. Indlela yabo yokusebenza ine selokhu kwaba yinselelo enkulu. I-2019 kubika ku Nature waphetha: 'Ukwehluka kwesimo sezulu kanye / noma ushintsho luphansi ohlwini lwabashayeli bezingxabano abanethonya elikhulu kukho konke okwenzekile kuze kube manje, kanti ochwepheshe bakubeka njengokungaqiniseki kakhulu ethonyeni lalo'.
Ngokwenzayo, kunzima ukwehlukanisa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kusuka kwezinye izinto eziyimbangela eholela ezingxabanweni, futhi abukho ubufakazi obuncane bokuthi imithelela yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu iyoholela ekutheni abantu basebenzise ubudlova. Ngempela, kwesinye isikhathi ukushoda kunganciphisa udlame njengoba abantu bephoqeleka ukuthi babambisane. Ucwaningo ezindaweni ezingama-drylands esifundeni iMarsabit eNyakatho neKenya, ngokwesibonelo, luthole ukuthi ngesikhathi sesomiso kanye nokushoda kwamanzi udlame lwalungajwayelekile njengoba imiphakathi eyayimpofu yokwelusa yayingathandi ukuqala izingxabano ngalezo zikhathi, futhi futhi yayinemibuso eqinile kodwa eguquguqukayo amanzi asiza abantu bazijwayeze ukuswela kwawo.
Okusobala ukuthi okunquma kakhulu ukuqhuma kwezingxabano yikho kokubili ukungalingani okuyisisekelo okukhona emhlabeni jikelele.ifa lempi ebandayo kanye nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke okungalingani) kanye nezimpendulo zezombusazwe eziyinkinga ezimweni zenhlekelele. Izimpendulo zabakwa-el-fisted noma ezikhohlisayo ezivame ukuba ngezinye zezizathu zokuthi kungani izimo ezinzima ziphenduka izingxabano futhi ekugcineni kube nezimpi. An Ucwaningo oluxhaswe yi-EU ngezingxabano eMedithera, eSahel naseMpumalanga Ephakathi ukhombisile, isibonelo, ukuthi izimbangela eziyinhloko zokungqubuzana kuzo zonke lezi zifunda bekungezona izimo ezinesimo sezulu, kepha kunalokho ukusilela kwentando yeningi, ukuhlanekezelwa nokuthuthuka kwezomnotho kanye nemizamo emibi yokuzijwayeza ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu okugcina kusiba kubi kakhulu isimo.
ISyria ngesinye isibonelo. Izikhulu eziningi zamasosha zilandisa ukuthi isomiso esifundeni ngenxa yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu saholela kanjani ekufudukeni kwabantu basemaphandleni nasemadolobheni kanye nempi yombango eyaba nomphumela. Noma kunjalo labo abasifundisise kabanzi lesi simo okukhombisile ukuthi kwakuyizinyathelo ze-Assad zokunganciphisi ezolimo zokunciphisa uxhaso lwezolimo zaba nomthelela omkhulu kakhulu kunesomiso ekubangeleni ukufuduka kwabantu basemaphandleni. Kodwa-ke uzocindezelwa kanzima ukuthola umhlaziyi wezempi osola impi nge-neoliberalism. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abukho ubufakazi bokuthi ukufuduka kwaba nendima ethile empini yombango. Abafuduki abavela esifundeni esithintwe yisomiso bebengabandakanyeki kakhulu emibhikishweni yasentwasahlobo ka-2011 futhi azikho izimfuno zababhikishi ezihlobene ngqo nesomiso noma ukufuduka. Kwaba yisinqumo sika-Assad ukukhetha ingcindezelo ngenxa yezinguquko ezenziwa lapho kubizwa intando yeningi kanjalo neqhaza labalingisi bezwe bangaphandle kubalwa ne-US okwaphendula imibhikisho enokuthula yaba yimpi yombango eqhubekayo.
Kukhona nobufakazi bokuthi ukuqiniswa kwepharadigm yokulwa nesimo sezulu kungakhuphula amathuba okuba nodlame. Isiza ukubhebhethekisa umjaho wezingalo, isuse ezinye izinto eziyimbangela eholela ekuxabaneni, futhi ibukela phansi ezinye izindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano. Indlela ekhulayo yokuthola Izinkulumo kanye nenkulumo egxile embusweni maqondana nokugeleza kwamanzi anqamula phakathi kweNdiya neChina, isibonelo, kubukele phansi izinhlelo zamanxusa ezikhona zokwabelana ngamanzi futhi kwenza izingxabano esifundeni zibe namathuba amaningi.
Bona futhi: 'Ukucabangisisa ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukungqubuzana nokuphepha', I-Geopolitics, Udaba Olukhethekile, 19 (4). https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/fgeo20/19/4
UDabelko, G. (2009) 'Gwema ihaba, ukwenza izinto ngokweqile lapho isimo sezulu nokuvikeleka kuhlangana', I-Bulletin ye-Atomic Scientists, 24 Agasti 2009.
Isikweletu sezithombe UChristiaan Triebert (CC BY 2.0)
8. Uyini umthelela wokuphepha kwesimo sezulu emingceleni nasekufudukeni?
Ukulandisa kokuphepha kwesimo sezulu kubuswa `` usongo '' olubonakalayo lokufuduka kwabantu abaningi. Umbiko onamandla wase-2007 wase-US, Ubudala Bemiphumela: Inqubomgomo Yezangaphandle kanye Nemiphumela Yezokuphepha Kuzwelonke Yokuguquka Kwesimo Sezulu, ichaza ukufuduka okukhulu ngokuthi 'mhlawumbe inkinga ekhathaza kakhulu ehambisana nokukhuphuka kwamazinga okushisa namazinga olwandle', ixwayisa ukuthi 'izodala ukukhathazeka okukhulu kwezokuphepha kanye nokuqina kwesifunda okwandayo'. Umbiko we-EU we-2008 Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu nokuphepha kwamazwe omhlaba kubalwe ukufuduka okubangelwa yisimo sezulu njengokukhathazeka kwesine okubaluleke kakhulu kwezokuphepha (ngemuva kwengxabano ngezinsizakusebenza, ukulimala komnotho emadolobheni / ogwini, nasezingxabanweni zezwe). Ifune ukuthi 'kuqhutshekwe kuthuthukiswe inqubomgomo ephelele yokufuduka yaseYurophu' ngokubheka 'ukucindezelwa okwengeziwe kokufuduka kwemvelo'.
Lezi zixwayiso ziqinise ifayili le- amandla namandla asetshenziswayo asekela impi yemingcele ukuthi ngisho ngaphandle kwezixwayiso zesimo sezulu bese kuphenduke ukuphikisana nezinqubomgomo zemingcele emhlabeni jikelele. Izimpendulo ezithe xaxa zokufuduka ziye zaholela ekunciphisweni okuhlelekile kwelungelo lamazwe lokufuna ukukhoseliswa, futhi kubangele ukuhlupheka okukhulu nesihluku kubantu abafudukile ababhekene nohambo oluya luba yingozi njengoba bebalekela amazwe abo beyofuna ukukhoseliswa, futhi nangaphezulu izindawo lapho ziphumelela.
Ukwesaba okukhulu mayelana 'nabafuduki besimo sezulu' kuphinde kwahlangana neMpi Yomhlaba Wonke Yezobuphekula ebhebhezele futhi yagunyaza ukwenziwa njalo kwezinyathelo zokuphepha nezindleko zikahulumeni. Ngempela, amasu amaningi okuphepha kwesimo sezulu alinganisa ukufuduka nobuphekula, ethi abafuduki base-Asia, e-Afrika, eLatin America naseYurophu bazoba yindawo evundile yokwenza radicalization kanye nokuqashwa kwamaqembu anenkani. Futhi baqinisa ukulandisa kwabafuduki njengezinsongo, bephakamisa ukuthi ukufuduka kungenzeka kuhlangane nodweshu, udlame kanye nobuphekula nokuthi lokhu kuzodala ukuthi nakanjani kudaleke amazwe nezinxushunxushu lapho amazwe acebile kuzodingeka azivikele kuwo.
Behluleka ukusho ukuthi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu empeleni kunganciphisa kunokuba kubangele ukufuduka, njengoba izehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu zibukela phansi nezimo eziyisisekelo zokuphila. Behluleka futhi ukubheka izimbangela zesakhiwo sokufuduka kanye nesibopho samazwe amaningi acebe kakhulu emhlabeni okuphoqa abantu ukuthi bathuthe. Impi kanye nokungqubuzana kungenye yezimbangela ezinkulu zokufuduka kanye nokungalingani kwezomnotho okuhlelekile. Kodwa-ke amasu okuphepha kwesimo sezulu avika ingxoxo ngezivumelwano zezomnotho nezokuhweba ezenza ukungasebenzi nokulahlekelwa ukuthembela kokudla okuyisisekelo, njenge-NAFTA eMexico, izimpi ezilwela izinhloso zombuso (nezentengiselwano) ezinjengeLibya, noma ukucekelwa phansi kwemiphakathi kanye nemvelo ebangelwe yi-TNC, njengezinkampani zezimayini zaseCanada eCentral kanye naseNingizimu Melika - konke lokhu kungukufuduka kukaphethiloli. Behluleka futhi ukugqamisa ukuthi amazwe anezinsizakusebenza eziningi zezimali futhi abamba kanjani isibalo esincane sababaleki. Emazweni ayishumi aphezulu emhlabeni athola ababaleki ngamagama alinganayo, elilodwa kuphela, iSweden, izwe elinothile.
Isinqumo sokugxila ezixazululweni zamasosha ekufudukeni esikhundleni sezixazululo ezihlelekile noma ezinesihawu siholele ekwandeni okukhulu kwezimali kanye nokulwa nemingcele emhlabeni wonke ngokulindela ukwanda okukhulu kokufuduka okubangelwa yisimo sezulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwemali yomngcele waseMelika nokufuduka kusuke ku- $ 9.2 billion kuya ku- $ 26 billion phakathi kuka-2003 no-2021. IFrontex inyuswe isabelomali sayo kusuka ku- € 5.2 million ngo-2005 kuya ku- € 460 million ngo-2020 nge- € 5.6 billion ebekelwe i-ejensi phakathi kuka-2021 no-2027. Imingcele manje 'ivikelwe' ngu Izindonga ezingama-63 emhlabeni jikelele.
A
Futhi amabutho ezempi asebenzisana kakhulu nokuphendula abafuduki kokubili emingceleni yezwe futhi ngokuya kude nasekhaya. Amazwe aseMelika ajwayele ukuthumela imikhumbi yempi yasolwandle nonogada baseMelika ukuzoqapha iCaribbean, i-EU selokhu yasebenzisa i-ejensi yayo yemingcele, iFrontex, ukuyosebenza namabutho asemazweni angamalungu kanye namazwe angomakhelwane ukuzulazula iMedithera, kanti iAustralia isebenzise amasosha aso amabutho okuvikela ababaleki ukuba bangangeni ogwini lwawo. I-India isebenzise inani elikhulayo lama-Indian Border Security Force (BSF) agents avunyelwe ukusebenzisa udlame emngceleni walo osempumalanga neBangladesh okuyenza ibe ngelinye lamazwe abulala kakhulu emhlabeni.
A
Bheka futhi: Uchungechunge lwe-TNI mayelana nokulwa nemingcele kanye nemboni yezokuphepha emingceleni: Border Wars https://www.tni.org/en/topic/border-wars
UBoas, I. (2015) Ukufuduka Kwesimo Sezulu Nokuphepha: Ukuvikeleka Njengesiqhinga Kwipolitiki Yokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu. Umzila. https://www.routledge.com/Climate-Migration-and-Security-Securitisation-as-a-Strource-in-Climate/Boas/p/book/9781138066687
9. Yini iqhaza lamasosha ekwakheni isimo sezulu esibucayi?
Esikhundleni sokubheka ezombusazwe njengesixazululo senkinga yesimo sezulu, kubaluleke kakhulu ukubheka iqhaza layo ekunikeleni enkingeni yesimo sezulu ngenxa yamazinga aphezulu okukhishwa kwe-GHG neqhaza lawo elibalulekile ekusekeleni umnotho wephethiloli.
Ngokombiko we-US DRM, IPentagon ingumsebenzisi oyedwa omkhulu kunabo bonke osebenzisana nophethiloli emhlabeni, kepha nokho ngaphansi kwemithetho yamanje akudingeki ukuthi kuthathwe izinyathelo ezinqala ukunciphisa ukukhishwa okukhishwa ngokuhambisana nolwazi lwesayensi. A funda ku-2019 kulinganiselwa ukuthi ukukhishwa kwe-Pentagon's GHG kwakungamathani ayizigidi ezingama-59, okukhulu kunakho konke ukukhishwa ngo-2017 yiDenmark, iFinland neSweden. Ososayensi Bomthwalo Womhlaba Wonke kubalwe ukuthi ukukhishwa kwamasosha ase-UK kube ngamathani ayizigidi eziyi-11, okulingana nezimoto eziyizigidi eziyisithupha, kanye nokukhishwa kwe-EU kube amathani ayizigidi ezingama-6 neFrance enikela kwingxenye yesithathu yamanani. Lezi zifundo zonke izilinganiso ezilondolozayo ezinikezwe ukungabi khona kwedatha esobala. Izinkampani ezinhlanu zezikhali ezizinze emazweni angamalungu e-EU (i-Airbus, uLeonardo, i-PGZ, iRheinmetall, neThales) kuphinde kwatholakala ukuthi ndawonye sezikhiqize okungenani amathani ayizigidi eziyi-24.8 ama-GHG.
Izinga eliphakeme lokukhishwa kwe-GHG yamasosha kungenxa yengqalasizinda enwetshiwe (amasosha imvamisa angumnikazi womhlaba omkhulu emazweni amaningi), ukufinyelela okubanzi komhlaba jikelele - ikakhulukazi kwe-US, enezikhungo zamasosha ezingaphezu kuka-800 emhlabeni jikelele, eziningi zazo ezithintekayo imisebenzi yokulwa nabashushisi abathembele kuphethiloli - kanye nokusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwezinsalela zezinsalela zezinhlelo eziningi zezokuthutha ezempi. Indiza eyodwa yokulwa i-F-15, ngokwesibonelo ishisa imiphongolo engama-342 (amalitha ayi-14,400) kawoyela ngehora, futhi cishe akunakwenzeka ukuyishintsha ngezinye izindlela zamandla avuselelekayo. Izinsiza zempi ezinjengezindiza nemikhumbi zinemijikelezo yokuphila ende, ezivalela ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni iminyaka eminingi ezayo.
Umthelela omkhulu ekukhishweni, noma kunjalo, yinhloso enkulu yamasosha okuvikela izwe lawo ukufinyelela ezinsizakalweni zamasu, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokushelela kwemali nokulawula ukungazinzi nokungalingani okubangelwa yikho. Lokhu kuholele ekulweni kwezindawo ezinothe ngezinsizakusebenza ezinjengeMiddle East neGulf States, kanye nemizila yemikhumbi ezungeze iChina, futhi yenze namasosha abe yinsika yokuphoqa yomnotho eyakhiwe ngokusetshenziswa kwamafutha ezimbiwa phansi futhi azibophezele ekungenamkhawulo ukukhula komnotho.
Ekugcineni, ezempi zithinta ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu ngokusebenzisa izindleko zamathuba okutshala imali embuthweni wezempi kunokutshala imali ekuvimbeleni ukonakala kwesimo sezulu. Izabelomali zamasosha sezicishe zaphindeka kabili selokhu kwaphela iMpi Yomshoshaphansi yize zinganikezi zixazululo ezinkingeni ezinkulu zanamuhla njengokuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ubhadane lwezifo, ukungalingani kanye nobuphofu. Ngesikhathi lapho iplanethi idinga ukutshalwa kwemali enkulu kunazo zonke ekuguqulweni komnotho ukunciphisa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, umphakathi utshelwa kaningi ukuthi azikho izinsiza zokwenza lokho okudingwa yisayensi yezulu. ECanada, ngokwesibonelo uNdunankulu uTrudeau waziqhayisa ngokuzibophezela kwakhe kwesimo sezulu, kepha uhulumeni wakhe wasebenzisa u- $ 27 billion eMnyangweni Wezokuvikela Kuzwelonke, kepha wasebenzisa kuphela u- $ 1.9 billion eMnyangweni Wezemvelo Nezinguquko Zesimo Sezulu ngonyaka we-2020. Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, iCanada yachitha $ 9.6 billion wokuvikela kanye nezigidi ezingama- $ 730 kuphela kwezemvelo nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ngakho-ke kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule njengoba inkinga yesimo sezulu isiye yambi kakhulu, amazwe asebenzisa imali ethe xaxa ezimalini zawo nasezikhaliweni kunokuthatha izinyathelo ukuvikela ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu okuyinhlekelele nokuvikela iplanethi.
Bheka futhi: uLorincz, T. (2014), Ukuncishiswa kwamandla okwenza i-decarbonisation ejulile, IPB.
A
UMeulewaeter, C. et al. (2020) Impi Yezempi kanye Nenkinga Yezemvelo: ukubonakaliswa okudingekayo, Isikhungo Delas. http://centredelas.org/publicacions/miiltarismandenveloalcrisis/?lang=en
10. Umbutho wezempi nokulwa kuhlanganiswe kanjani nomnotho kawoyela nowokukhipha?
Ngokomlando, impi ivame ukuvela emzabalazweni wezikhulu zokulawula ukufinyelela kwimithombo yamandla yamasu. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi emnothweni kawoyela nowezimbiwa phansi osuse izimpi zamazwe omhlaba, izimpi zombango, ukwanda kwamaqembu ezempi kanye namaphekula, izingxabano ngokuthunyelwa kwamapayipi noma ngamapayipi, kanye nokuphikisana okukhulu kwezombusazwe ezindaweni ezibalulekile kusukela eMiddle East kuze kube manje olwandle i-Arctic (njengoba ukuncibilika kweqhwa kuvula ukufinyelela koovimba abasha begesi nemizila yokuthumela).
Ucwaningo olulodwa lukhombisa lokho phakathi kwekota eyodwa nengxenye yezimpi zangaphakathi selokhu kuqale inkathi ebizwa ngokuthi yiminyaka kawoyela yesimanje ngo-1973 yayihlobene nowoyela, ukuhlasela kwe-Iraq okwakuholwa yi-2003 kwaba yisibonelo esibi. Uwoyela nawo - ngokoqobo nangokomfanekiso - ugcobise imboni yezingalo, uhlinzeka ngezinsizakusebenza nesizathu sokuthi amazwe amaningi aqhubeke nokusebenzisa izikhali. Ngempela, ikhona ubufakazi bokuthi ukuthengiswa kwezikhali kusetshenziswa amazwe ukusiza ukuvikela nokugcina ukutholakala kukawoyela. Isivumelwano sezikhali esikhulu kunazo zonke e-UK - isivumelwano se-'Al-Yamamah '- kuvunyelwene ngo-1985, abathintekayo i-UK ihlinzeka izingalo eminyakeni eminingi eSaudi Arabia - ingahlonishwa ngamalungelo abantu - ibuyisela imiphongolo engu-600,000 kawoyela ongahluziwe ngosuku. I-BAE Systems ithole amashumi ezigidigidi kulokhu kuthengiswa, okusiza ukuxhasa ukuthengwa kwezingalo kwe-UK.
Emhlabeni jikelele, ukukhuphuka kwesidingo sezimpahla eziyinhloko kuholele ekutheni ukunwetshwa komnotho okhipha izifunda nezindawo ezintsha. Lokhu kusongele ubukhona kanye nobukhosi bemiphakathi futhi kwaholela ekuphikisweni nokungqubuzana. Impendulo bekuvame ukucindezelwa ngamaphoyisa ngesihluku nobudlova bezempi, emazweni amaningi asebenzisana kakhulu nosomabhizinisi bendawo nabakwamanye amazwe. EPeru, ngokwesibonelo, Emalungelo Emhlaba Emhlaba (I-ERI) iveze izivumelwano eziyi-138 ezisayinwe phakathi kwezinkampani ezisebenzisa imali kanye namaphoyisa ngesikhathi sika-1995–2018 'ezivumela amaPhoyisa ukuthi ahlinzekele izinsizakalo zokuphepha ezizimele ezikhungweni nakwezinye izindawo… ngamaphrojekthi wokuthola imali ngenzuzo'. Icala lokubulawa kwesishoshovu somdabu saseHonduras uBerta Cáceres ngamaphoyisa ahlobene nohulumeni asebenza nenkampani yedamu iDesa, lingenye yamacala amaningi emhlabeni wonke lapho ukuhlangana kwesidingo sonxiwankulu emhlabeni jikelele, izimboni zokukhishwa kanye nodlame lwezepolitiki kudala indawo ebulalayo yezishoshovu namalungu omphakathi anesibindi sokumelana nalokhu. IGlobal Witness ibilokhu ilandelela leli gagasi elikhulayo lobudlova emhlabeni jikelele - ibike ukuthi kubulawe abantu abangu-212 abavikela umhlaba kanye nabavikeli bezemvelo ngonyaka we-2019 - okuyisilinganiso esingaphezu kwesine ngesonto.
Bheka futhi: Orellana, A. (2021) I-Neoextractivism nodlame lombuso: Ukuvikela abavikeli eLatin America, Isimo Samandla 2021. I-Amsterdam: Isikhungo Sezizwe Zonke.
Isikweletu sezithombe i-coulloud / flickr (I-CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
Impi namafutha eNigeria
Mhlawumbe akukho lapho ukuxhumana phakathi kukawoyela, ezempi kanye nengcindezelo kubonakala kakhulu kunaseNigeria. Imibuso yamakholoni ebusayo kanye nohulumeni abalandelanayo selokhu kwathola inkululeko basebenzisa amandla ukuqinisekisa ukugeleza kukawoyela nengcebo kubantu abancane abancane. Ngo-1895, ibutho lasolwandle laseBrithani lashisa uBras ukuze liqinisekise ukuthi iRoyal Niger Company ithola igunya lokuhweba ngamafutha esundu eMfuleni iNiger. Balinganiselwa ku-2,000 1994 abantu abashonile. Muva nje, ngo-2,000 uhulumeni waseNigeria wasungula iRivers State Internal Security Task Force ukucindezela imibhikisho enokuthula e-Ogoniland yokulwa nemisebenzi engcolisayo yeShell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC). Izenzo zabo ezinesihluku e-Ogoniland zizodwa zaholela ekufeni kwabantu abangaphezu kuka-XNUMX XNUMX kanye nokubhaxabulwa, ukudlwengulwa nokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu abaningi abaningi.
Uwoyela ubhebhezele udlame eNigeria, okokuqala ngokunikela ngezinsizakusebenza zohulumeni bamasosha nabeziphathimandla ukuthatha amandla ngokubambisana kwamafemu kawoyela aphesheya. Njengoba esinye isikhulu sebhizinisi laseNigeria iShell sishilo, 'Enkampanini yezentengiselwano ezama ukwenza imali, udinga indawo ezinzile… Iziphathimandla zingakunika lokho'. Ngubudlelwano bokufanelana: izinkampani zibalekela ukubhekwa ngentando yeningi, futhi amasosha ayaqiniswa futhi aqiniswa ngokunikeza ukuphepha. Okwesibili, kudale izizathu zokuphikisana ngokwabiwa kwemali engenayo kawoyela kanye nokuphikisana nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo okubangelwe yizinkampani zikawoyela. Lokhu kwaqhuma kwaba ukumelana kuhlomile kanye nodweshu e-Ogoniland kanye nempendulo enolaka futhi enonya yezempi.
Yize kube nokuthula okuntekenteke selokhu kwaba khona kusukela ngo-2009 lapho uhulumeni waseNigeria avuma ukukhokhela labo ababeyizishoshovu imali yanyanga zonke, imibandela yokuphinda iqale ingxabano isekhona futhi iyenzeka kwezinye izifunda zaseNigeria.
Lokhu kusekelwe kuBassey, N. (2015) 'Sasicabanga ukuthi kunguwoyela, kepha kwakuyigazi: Ukumelana nomshado weCorporate-Military eNigeria naseBeyond', ekuqoqweni kwama-eseyi ahambisana noN. Buxton noB. Hayes (Eds.) (2015) Abaphephile Nabaxoshiwe: Indlela Amasosha Namabhizinisi Abumba Ngayo Umhlaba Oguqulwe Isimo Sezulu. IPluto Press neTNI.
Ukungcoliswa kukawoyela esifundeni saseNiger Delta. Isikweletu sezithombe: Ucheke / Wikimedia (CC BY-SA 4.0)
11. Impi nempi kunamthelela muni emvelweni?
Isimo sezempi nempi ukuthi sibeka phambili izinhloso zokuphepha zikazwelonke ngaphandle kokukhipha konke okunye, futhi kuza nohlobo lokwehluka okusho ukuthi amasosha avame ukunikezwa inkululeko indiva ngisho nemithetho elinganiselwe nemikhawulo yokuvikela imvelo. Ngenxa yalokhu, zombili amabutho ezempi nezimpi kushiye ifa elonakalisayo lemvelo. Akukona nje kuphela ukuthi amasosha asebenzise amazinga aphezulu okubasa ezimbiwa phansi, futhi asebenzise izikhali ezinobuthi nezingcolisa kakhulu nezikhali zamasosha, ingqalasizinda ebhekiswe kuyo (uwoyela, imboni, izinsizakalo zendle nokunye) ngomonakalo ongapheli wezemvelo futhi kushiywe izindawo ezigcwele ubuthi obuqhume futhi obungaqediwe nezikhali.
Umlando wobukhosi baseMelika nawo ungomunye wokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo kubandakanya ukungcoliswa kwenuzi okuqhubekayo eMarshall Islands, ukuthunyelwa kweAgent Orange eVietnam kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-uranium eseyaphela e-Iraq naseYugoslavia yangaphambili. Izindawo eziningi ezingcoliswe kakhulu e-US yizikhungo zamasosha futhi zibhalwe ohlwini lwe-National Priority Super Fund ye-Environmental Protection Agency.
Amazwe athinteke yimpi nezingxabano nawo aba nemithelela yesikhathi eside kusukela ekuwohlokeni kokubusa okucekela phansi imithethonqubo yezemvelo, kuphoqa abantu ukuthi babhubhise izindawo zabo ukuze baphile, futhi kukhuthaze ukukhuphuka kwamaqembu ezempi avame ukukhipha izinsiza (uwoyela, amaminerali njll) besebenzisa imikhuba ebhubhisa ngokweqile kwezemvelo futhi yephula amalungelo abantu. Akumangalisi ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi impi ibizwa ngokuthi 'intuthuko esimeme emuva'.
12. Akudingeki yini ezempi ukuthola izimpendulo zosizo?
Isizathu esikhulu sokutshalwa kwemali emasosheni ngesikhathi esibucayi sezulu ukuthi bazodingeka ukubhekana nezinhlekelele ezihlobene nesimo sezulu, futhi izizwe eziningi sezivele zithumele amasosha ngale ndlela. Ngemuva kweSiphepho uHaiyan esidale umonakalo ePhilippines ngoNovemba 2013, amasosha aseMelika isetshenziswe esiqongweni sayo, Izindiza zamasosha ezingama-66 nemikhumbi yempi engu-12 kanye nabasebenzi bezempi abacishe babe yi-1,000 2021 ukusula imigwaqo, ukuhambisa abasebenzi bokusiza, ukusabalalisa izimpahla zosizo nokukhipha abantu. Ngesikhathi sezikhukhula eJalimane ngoJulayi XNUMX, ibutho laseJalimane [Bundeswehr] isize ukuqinisa izivikelo zezikhukhula, ukutakula abantu nokuhlanza njengoba amanzi ancipha. Emazweni amaningi, ikakhulukazi emazweni ahola kancane naphakathi, amasosha njengamanje angaba ukuphela kwesikhungo esinamandla, abasebenzi kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuphendula ezehlakalweni eziyinhlekelele.
Ukuthi ezempi zingadlala indima yokusiza akusho ukuthi yisikhungo esihle kakhulu salo msebenzi. Abanye babaholi bezempi baphikisana nokubandakanyeka kwamasosha emizamweni yokusiza bakholelwa ukuthi kuphazamisa amalungiselelo empi. Noma bengayamukela le ndima, kunezingozi zokuba amasosha angene ezimpendweni zosizo, ikakhulukazi ezimweni zokungqubuzana noma lapho izimpendulo zosizo zihambisana khona nezinhloso zamasu ezempi. Njengoba isazi senqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US u-Erik Battenberg evuma ngokusobala kumagazini we-congressional, uMgqumeni ukuthi 'usizo lwezinhlekelele oluholwa ngamasosha aluyona nje imfuneko yokusiza abantu - futhi lungasebenza ngokubaluleka kwamasu amakhulu njengengxenye yenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US'.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi usizo lwezenhlalakahle luza ne-ajenda efihliwe kakhulu - ubuncane bokukhipha amandla athambile kepha imvamisa ifuna ukubumba izifunda namazwe ngenhloso yokufeza izintshisekelo zezwe elinamandla noma kungabiza intando yeningi namalungelo abantu. I-US inomlando omude wokusebenzisa usizo njengengxenye yemizamo yokulwa nokuvukela umbuso 'izimpi ezingcolile' eziningana eLatin America, e-Afrika nase-Asia ngaphambili, phakathi nangesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Emashumini amabili edlule, amabutho ezempi ase-US naseNATO abambe iqhaza elikhulu emisebenzini yamasosha neyomphakathi e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq ehambisa izikhali kanye namandla emizamweni yokusiza nokwakha kabusha. Lokhu kuvame ukubaholela ekwenzeni okuphambene nomsebenzi wokusiza abantu. E-Iraq, kwaholela ekuhlukunyezweni kwamasosha njenge ukuhlukunyezwa okubanzi kweziboshwa enkambini yamasosha aseBagram e-Iraq. Ngisho nasekhaya, ukuthunyelwa kwamasosha ku INew Orleans ibaholele ekutheni badubule abahlali ababedinga usizo kubhebhethekiswa ubandlululo nokwesaba.
Ukubandakanyeka kwezempi nakho kungakunciphisa ukuzimela, ukungathathi hlangothi nokuphepha kwabasebenzi bezinsiza zosizo, kubenze babe sethubeni lamaqembu abavukeli. Usizo lwezempi luvamise ukugcina lubiza kakhulu kunokwenziwa kwezinsiza zomphakathi, kudluliselwe izinsiza zombuso ezinqunyelwe kwezempi. I- ukuthambekela kubangele ukukhathazeka okujulile phakathi kwama-ejensi afana neRed Cross / Crescent kanye noDokotela ngaphandle kweMingcele.
Kodwa-ke, ezempi zicabanga indima ebanzi yokusiza abantu ngesikhathi sobunzima besimo sezulu. Umbiko wango-2010 weSikhungo Sokuhlaziywa Kwamanzi, Ukuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu: Imiphumela Engaba Khona Ekufuneni Usizo Lwezempi Lase-US kanye Nempendulo Yezinhlekelele, uthi ingcindezi yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu ayizukufuna kuphela usizo olwengeziwe lwezempi, kepha futhi izodinga ukuthi ingenelele ukuzinzisa amazwe. Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kube yisizathu esisha sempi ehlala njalo.
Akungabazeki ukuthi amazwe azodinga amaqembu asebenzayo okusiza izinhlekelele kanye nobumbano lwamazwe omhlaba. Kepha lokho akudingeki kuboshelwe embuthweni wamasosha, kepha esikhundleni salokho kungabandakanya amandla aqinisiwe noma amasha omphakathi anenhloso kuphela yokusiza engenazo izinhloso eziphikisanayo. ICuba, ngokwesibonelo, ngezinsizakusebenza ezilinganiselwe futhi ngaphansi kwezimo zokuvinjelwa, ine ithuthukise isakhiwo esisebenza kahle kakhulu soMnyango Wezokuvikela Okushumekwe emphakathini ngamunye okuhlanganiswe nokuxhumana okusebenzayo kwezwe kanye nezeluleko zochwepheshe besimo sezulu kuyisizile yasinda eziphephweni eziningi ngokulimala okumbalwa nokufa kunabomakhelwane bayo abacebile. Ngenkathi iSiphepho uSandy sishaya iCuba ne-US ngo-2012, kwafa abantu abayi-11 kuphela eCuba kanti bangu-157 abashona eMelika. IJalimane nayo inesakhiwo somphakathi, Ama-Technisches Hilfswerk / THW(I-Federal Agency for technical Relief) ikakhulu enabasebenzi bokuzithandela esivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuphendula inhlekelele.
13. Izinkampani zezikhali nezokuphepha zifuna kanjani ukuzuza ezinkingeni zesimo sezulu?
'Ngicabanga ukuthi [ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu] kuyithuba langempela lemboni [ye-Aerospace and Defence]', kusho uLord Drayson ngo-1999, ngaleso sikhathi owayenguNgqongqoshe Wezombuso wase-UK Wezesayensi Nezokusungula kanye noNgqongqoshe Wezwe Wezobuchwepheshe Bokuthengwa Kwezokuvikela. Wayengalenzi iphutha. Imboni yezikhali nokuvikeleka idlondlobale emashumini eminyaka amuva nje. Ukuthengiswa okuphelele kwemboni yezikhali, isibonelo, iphindwe kabili phakathi kuka-2002 no-2018, kusuka ku- $ 202 billion kuya ku- $ 420 billion, nezimboni eziningi ezinkulu zezikhali ezifana U-Lockheed Martin no-Airbus bahambisa ibhizinisi labo kakhulu kuzo zonke izinkundla zokuphepha ezivela ekuphathweni kwemingcele ekubhekweni kwasekhaya. Futhi imboni ilindele ukuthi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokungavikeleki okuzokudala kuzokukhulisa kakhulu. Embikweni kaMeyi 2021, Izimakethe zentengiso zabikezela inzuzo ekhulayo yomkhakha wezokuphepha ezweni ngenxa 'yezimo zezulu ezinamandla, ukwanda kwenhlekelele yemvelo, ukugcizelela kukahulumeni kuzinqubomgomo zokuphepha'. Imboni yezokuphepha emngceleni yi kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule unyaka ngamunye ngama-7% futhi kubanzi imboni yezokuphepha yasekhaya ngama-6% minyaka yonke.
Imboni izuza ngezindlela ezahlukene. Okokuqala, ifuna ukwenza imali emizameni yamasosha amakhulu yokwakha ubuchwepheshe obusha obungathembeli kumandla okubasa futhi amelana nemithelela yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Isibonelo, ngonyaka ka-2010, uBoeing wazuza inkontileka eyizigidi ezingama- $ 89 ePentagon ukuthuthukisa okwakuthiwa yi-'SolarEagle 'drone, neQinetiQ kanye neCentre for Advanced Electrical Drives base-University of Newcastle e-UK ukwakha indiza uqobo - inethuba lokubonakala kokubili njengobuchwepheshe 'obuluhlaza' kanye namandla okuhlala phezulu isikhathi eside njengoba kungadingeki ukuthi ifake uphethiloli. U-Lockheed Martin e-US isebenza ne-Ocean Aero ukwenza imikhumbi-ngwenya esebenzisa amandla elanga. Njengama-TNC amaningi, izinkampani zezikhali nazo ziyafuna ukukhuthaza imizamo yazo yokwehlisa umthelela kwezemvelo, okungenani ngokusho kwemibiko yabo yaminyaka yonke. Ngokunaka ukubhujiswa kwemvelo kwezingxabano, ukuhlanzwa kwabo okuluhlaza kugcina sekungamaphuzu ngePentagon ngo-2013 $ 5 million ukwenza izinhlamvu ezingaholi ukuthi ngamagama okhulumela ibutho lase-US 'angakubulala noma ukuthi ungadubula ilitshe ngakho futhi lokho akuyona ingozi kwezemvelo'.
Okwesibili, kulindeleke izinkontileka ezintsha ngenxa yokwanda kwezabelomali zohulumeni ngokulindela ukungavikeleki okuzayo okuvela enkingeni yesimo sezulu. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kokuthengiswa kwezikhali, imishini yokuqapha kanye neyezokuqapha, ezamaphoyisa kanye nemikhiqizo yezokuphepha ezweni. Ngo-2011, ingqungquthela yesibili ye-Energy Environmental Defence and Security (E2DS) eyayiseWashington, DC, yayijabule ngamathuba ebhizinisi angaba khona okwandisa imboni yezokuvikela ezimakethe zezemvelo, ethi ayiphindwe kasishiyagalombili ubukhulu bemakethe yezokuvikela, nokuthi 'umkhakha we-Aerospace, Defence and Security ulungiselela ukubhekana nalokho okubukeka kuzoba yimakethe ebaluleke kakhulu eduzane selokhu kwavela ngamandla ibhizinisi lezokuphepha lomphakathi / izwe cishe eminyakeni eyishumi edlule'. U-Lockheed Martin ungene umbiko wayo wokusimama wezi-2018 umemezela amathuba, bethi 'izinkampani ezizimele nazo zineqhaza ekuphenduleni ukungazinzi kwezepolitiki nezehlakalo ezingasongela umnotho nemiphakathi'.
14. Uyini umthelela wezindaba zokuphepha kwesimo sezulu ngaphakathi kanye nasemaphoyiseni?
Imibono yezokuphepha kuzwelonke ayikaze nje ibe ngezinsongo zangaphandle, zinjalo futhi mayelana nezinsongo zangaphakathi, kufaka phakathi izintshisekelo zomnotho ezibalulekile. Isibonelo, iBritish Security Service Act ka-1989, icacile ekugunyazeni abezokuphepha umsebenzi 'wokuqapha inhlalakahle yezomnotho' yesizwe; Umthetho Wemfundo Yezokuphepha Kazwelonke wase-US ka-1991 ngokufanayo wenza ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kokuphepha kwezwe kanye 'nenhlalakahle yezomnotho yase-United States'. Le nqubo yashesha ngemuva kuka-9/11 lapho amaphoyisa abonwa njengolayini wokuqala wezokuvikela izwe.
Lokhu kuhunyushwe ngokuthi kusho ukuphathwa kwezinxushunxushu zomphakathi kanye nokulungela noma ikuphi ukungazinzi, lapho ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kubonwa njengesici esisha. Ngakho-ke kube ngomunye umshayeli wokwenyusa imali yezinsizakalo zezokuphepha kusuka emaphoyiseni kuya emajele kuya konogada bemingcele. Lokhu kwenziwe ngaphansi kwemantra entsha 'yokuphathwa kwezinkinga' kanye 'nokusebenzisana', ngemizamo yokuhlanganisa kangcono izinhlaka zombuso ezithintekayo kwezokuphepha ezifana nokuhleleka komphakathi kanye 'nezinxushunxushu zomphakathi' (amaphoyisa), 'ukuqwashisa ngesimo' (ubuhlakani ukubuthana), ukuqina / ukulungela (ukuhlela umphakathi) kanye nokuphendula okuphuthumayo (kufaka phakathi abaphenduli bokuqala, ukulwa nobuphekula; ukuvikelwa kwamakhemikhali, okwenziwa ngemvelo, imisebe ye-radiology kanye nokuvikelwa kwenuzi; ukuvikelwa kwengqalasizinda okubucayi, ukuhlela ezempi, njalo njalo) ngaphansi komyalo omusha izakhiwo.
Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi lokhu kuhambisane nokukhushulwa kwempi yamabutho ezokuphepha angaphakathi, lokhu kusho ukuthi amandla okuphoqa aya ngokuya ehlose ukungena ngaphakathi njengangaphandle. E-US, isibonelo, uMnyango Wezokuvikela une idlulise ngaphezu kwezingu- $ 1.6 billion zemishini yezempi eyengeziwe eminyangweni yezwe lonke kusukela ngo-9/11, ngohlelo lwayo lwe-1033. Le mishini ifaka ngaphezu kwe-1,114 izimoto ezingamelana nezimayini, izivikelo zezikhali, noma ama-MRAPs. Amaphoyisa nawo athenga inani elandayo lemishini yokubheka kubandakanya ama-drones, izindiza zokuqapha, ubuchwepheshe bokulandela ngomakhalekhukhwini.
Ubusosha budlala ekuphenduleni kwamaphoyisa. Ukugasela kwe-SWAT okwenziwe ngamaphoyisa ase-US kuye kwasabalala 3000 ngonyaka kuma-1980s kuya ku-80,000 ngonyaka ngo-2015, ikakhulukazi i- ukuseshwa kwezidakamizwa kanye nabantu abanemibala ebhekiswe ngokungalingani. Emhlabeni wonke, njengoba kuhlolwe phambilini amafemu nezinkampani ezizimele zokuphepha zivame ukubandakanyeka ekucindezeleni nasekubulaleni izishoshovu zemvelo. Iqiniso lokuthi impi ibhekela kakhulu izishoshovu zesimo sezulu kanye nezemvelo, ezinikele ekunqandeni ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, kugcizelela ukuthi izixazululo zokuphepha zehluleka kanjani ukubhekana nezimbangela kodwa zingajulisa inkinga yezulu.
Le mpi ingena nasezimpendulo eziphuthumayo. UMnyango Wezokuphepha Kwasekhaya imali 'yokulungiselela ubuphekula' ngo-2020 ivumela izimali ezifanayo ukuthi zisetshenziselwe 'ukuzilungiselela okuthuthukile kwezinye izingozi ezingahlobene nezenzo zobuphekula'. I- Uhlelo lwaseYurophu Lokuvikelwa Kwengqalasizinda Ebucayi (EPCIP) ibuye iqhubeke necebo layo lokuvikela ingqalasizinda emithelelweni yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu ngaphansi kohlaka 'lokulwa nobuphekula'. Kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-2000, amazwe amaningi acebile adlulise izenzo zamandla eziphuthumayo ezingasetshenziswa uma kwenzeka izinhlekelele zesimo sezulu futhi zinabubanzi futhi zikhawulelwe ekuphenduleni kwentando yeningi. I-2004 UK's Civil Contingencies Act 2004, isibonelo ichaza 'isimo esiphuthumayo' njenganoma yimuphi 'umcimbi noma isimo' 'esisongela ukulimala okukhulu enhlalakahleni yabantu' noma 'emvelweni' 'yendawo e-UK'. Ivumela ongqongqoshe ukwethula 'izimiso eziphuthumayo' ezinamandla angenamkhawulo ngaphandle kokuya ephalamende - kufaka phakathi ukuvumela umbuso ukuthi uvimbele imihlangano, uvimbele ukuhamba, futhi unqande 'eminye imisebenzi ecacisiwe'.
15. I-ajenda yokuphepha kwesimo sezulu izakha kanjani ezinye izinkundla ezinjengokudla namanzi?
Ulimi nohlaka lwezokuphepha selungene lwangena kuyo yonke imikhakha yempilo yezepolitiki, yezomnotho neyenhlalo, ikakhulukazi maqondana nokuphathwa kwemithombo yemvelo esemqoka njengamanzi, ukudla namandla. Njengokuphepha kwesimo sezulu, ulimi lokuvikelwa kwemithombo lusetshenziswa ngezincazelo ezahlukahlukene kepha lunezingibe ezifanayo. Kuqhutshwa umuzwa wokuthi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuzokhulisa ukuba sengozini kokutholakala kwalezi zinsiza ezibucayi nokuthi ukuhlinzeka 'ngokuphepha' kubaluleke kakhulu.
Kunobufakazi obuqinile impela bokuthi ukutholakala kokudla namanzi kuzothinteka ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. I-IPCC ka-2019 umbiko okhethekile ngokushintshwa kwesimo sezulu noMhlaba ibikezela ukwanda kwabantu abengeziwe abayizigidi eziyi-183 abasengozini yendlala ngonyaka ka-2050 ngenxa yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu. I- IGlobal Water Institute iqagela ukuthi abantu abayizigidi ezingama-700 emhlabeni wonke bangaba namakhaya ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamanzi okukhulu ngo-2030. Okuningi kwalokhu kuzokwenzeka emazweni asezindaweni ezishisayo ezinemali ephansi ezothinteka kakhulu ngokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu.
Kodwa-ke, kuyabonakala ukuthi abalingisi abaningi abavelele baxwayisa ngokungavikeleki kokudla, amanzi noma amandla ' khuluma izingqondo ezifanayo zobuzwe, ezempi nezenkampani okubusa izingxoxo zezokuphepha kwesimo sezulu. Abameli bezokuphepha bathatha ukusweleka futhi baxwayise ngobungozi bokushoda kwezwe, futhi bavame ukukhuthaza izixazululo zezinkampani eziholwa yimakethe futhi kwesinye isikhathi bavikele ukusetshenziswa kwezempi ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha. Izixazululo zabo zokungavikeleki zilandela iresiphi ejwayelekile egxile ekwandiseni ukunikezela- ukwandisa umkhiqizo, ukukhuthaza utshalomali oluzimele kakhulu nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha ukunqoba izithiyo. Endaweni yokudla, isibonelo, lokhu sekuholele ekuveleni kweClimate-Smart Agriculture egxile ekwandiseni isivuno sesitshalo esimweni sokushintsha kwamazinga okushisa, kwethulwa ngemibimbi efana ne-AGRA, lapho izinkampani ezinkulu zezolimo zidlala indima ephambili. Mayelana namanzi, kubhebhethekise ukusetjenziswa kwamanzi kanye nokwenza amanzi abe wedwa, ngenkolelo yokuthi imakethe ibekwe phambili ukubhekana nokuntuleka nokuphazamiseka.
Ngaleso sikhathi, ukungabi nabulungisa okukhona kwezinhlelo zamandla, ukudla namanzi kuyazitshwa, akufundwe kukho. Ukuntuleka kwanamuhla kokutholakala kokudla namanzi akuwona umsebenzi wokushoda, futhi kubangelwa yindlela izinhlelo ezilawulwa kakhulu yizinkampani zokudla, amanzi namandla ezibeka phambili inzuzo ngaphezu kokufinyelela. Lolu hlelo luvumele ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile, amasistimu alimaza imvelo, kanye namaketanga wokuphakela asaphazayo alawulwa yidlanzana lezinkampani ezinakekela izidingo zabambalwa futhi lincisha ukufinyelela ngokuphelele kuningi. Ngesikhathi sesimo sezulu esibucayi, lokhu kungabi nabulungisa okuhlelekile ngeke kuxazululwe ngokwanda kokuphakelwa ngoba lokho kuzokwandisa ukungabi nabulungisa. Izinkampani ezine nje i-ADM, i-Bunge, iCargill neLouis Dreyfus ngokwesibonelo zilawula amaphesenti angama-75 kuya kwangu-90 okuhweba okusanhlamvu emhlabeni jikelele. Kodwa-ke uhlelo lokudla oluholwa yinkampani hhayi nje kuphela yize inzuzo enkulu yehluleka ukubhekana nendlala ethinta izigidi ezingama-680, liphinde libe ngomunye wabanikeli abakhulu ekukhishweni komoya, manje okwakha phakathi kuka-21-37% wemiphumela ephelele ye-GHG.
Ukwehluleka kombono oholwa yinkampani kwezokuphepha kuholele ekunyakazeni kwezakhamizi eziningi ekudleni nasemanzini ukuthi kudliwe ukudla, amanzi nobukhosi, intando yeningi kanye nobulungiswa ukuze kubhekwane ngqo nezinkinga zokulingana ezidingekayo ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala okulinganayo ezinsizakalweni ezisemqoka, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokungazinzi kwesimo sezulu. Iminyakazo yokubusa kokudla, ngokwesibonelo, ifuna ilungelo labantu lokukhiqiza, lokusabalalisa kanye nokudla ukudla okuphephile, okunempilo nokwesiko ngezindlela ezizinzile endaweni nasezindaweni eziseduze - zonke izindaba ezinganakwa yigama elithi 'ukuvikeleka kokudla' futhi ikakhulukazi eziphikisayo kumkhankaso womhlaba wonke wezolimo ngenzuzo.
Bona futhi: IBorras, S., Franco, J. (2018) Ubulungiswa Besimo Sezulu Sezolimo: Okubalulekile kanye nethuba, E-Amsterdam: Isikhungo Sezizwe Zonke.
Izandla zisuka eMhlabeni (2016), Ukupholisa iplanethi: Imiphakathi engaphambili ihola umzabalazo: Amazwi avela kuGlobal Convergence of Land and Water Struggles
Isikweletu sezithombe UFelipe Werneck - Ascom / Ibama (CC BY 2.0)
16. Singakwazi yini ukuhlenga igama elithi ukuphepha?
Ezokuphepha ziyoba yinto abaningi abazoyidinga njengoba ikhombisa isifiso somhlaba wonke sokubheka nokuvikela izinto ezibalulekile. Kubantu abaningi, ukuphepha kusho ukuba nomsebenzi ohloniphekile, ukuba nendawo yokuhlala, ukufinyelela kwezokunakekelwa kwezempilo nemfundo, nokuzizwa uphephile. Ngakho-ke kulula ukuqonda ukuthi kungani izinhlangano zomphakathi bezinqena ukudedela igama elithi 'ukuphepha', lifuna esikhundleni sokwandisa incazelo yayo ukufaka nokubeka phambili izinsongo zangempela enhlalakahleni yabantu neyemvelo. Kuyaqondakala futhi ngesikhathi lapho cishe bengekho osopolitiki abaphendula enkingeni yesimo sezulu ngobukhulu obuyifanele, lapho abezemvelo bezofuna ukuthola amafreyimu amasha kanye nabalingani abasha ukuzama ukuthola isenzo esidingekayo. Uma singathatha indawo yokuhunyushwa okuphephile kwezempi ngombono ogxile kubantu wokuphepha kwabantu lokhu bekungaba inqubekela phambili enkulu.
Kunamaqembu azama ukwenza lokhu njenge-UK Ukucabanga kabusha Ukuphepha isinyathelo, iRosa Luxemburg Institute nomsebenzi wayo emibonweni yokuphepha kwesobunxele. I-TNI nayo yenze umsebenzi othile kulokhu, icacisa i elinye isu lokulwa nobuphekula. Kodwa-ke kunzima indawo enikezwe umongo wokungalingani kwamandla amakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Ukufiphala kwencazelo ezokuphepha ngaleyo ndlela kuvame ukufeza izintshisekelo zabanamandla, ngokuhumusha okulwa nombuso nobumbano okunqoba eminye imibono efana nokuphepha kwabantu kanye nemvelo. Njengoba uprofesa Wezobudlelwano Namazwe Omhlaba u-Ole Weaver ekubeka, 'ngokuqamba intuthuko ethile inkinga yezokuphepha, "umbuso" ungafuna ilungelo elikhethekile, ekugcineni, eliyohlala lichazwa nguhulumeni kanye nezikhulu zalo'.
Noma, njengoba kusho isazi sokuvikela ezokuphepha uMark Neocleous, 'Imibuzo yokuvikela amandla ezenhlalo nezombusazwe inamandla okwehlisa amandla okuvumela umbuso ukuthi uthathe isinyathelo sangempela sezepolitiki maqondana nezingqinamba okukhulunywa ngazo, ukuhlanganisa amandla ezinhlobo ezikhona zokubusa umphakathi, futhi ethethelela ukujikeleza okufishane kwezinqubo zentando yeningi ezincanyana kakhulu. Esikhundleni sokuvikela izingqinamba, ngakho-ke, kufanele ukuthi sifune izindlela zokuzifaka ipolitiki ngezindlela ezingezona ezokuphepha. Kuyafaneleka ukukhumbula ukuthi enye incazelo yokuthi "uvikelekile" "ayikwazi ukubaleka": kufanele sigweme ukucabanga ngamandla ombuso nempahla yangasese ngezigaba ezingasenza sikwazi ukweqa kuzo '. Ngamanye amagama, kunempikiswano eqinile yokushiya izinhlaka zokuphepha ngemuva futhi zamukele izindlela ezihlinzeka ngezixazululo ezihlala njalo enkingeni yesimo sezulu.
Bheka futhi: Neocleous, M. and Rigakos, GS eds., 2011. Ukuvikela ukuphepha. Izincwadi zeRed Quill.
17. Yiziphi ezinye izindlela zokuphepha kwesimo sezulu?
Kusobala ukuthi ngaphandle koshintsho, imithelela yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu izokwakhiwa amandla afanayo adala inkinga yesimo sezulu kwasekuqaleni: amandla enkampani agxilile kanye nokujeziswa, umbutho wezempi, umbuso wezokuphepha oqhubeka ucindezela, ukwanda kobuphofu nokungalingani, izinhlobo ezentengayo zentando yeningi kanye nemibono yezepolitiki evuza ukuhaha, ukuzimela kanye nokuthenga. Uma lokhu kuqhubeka nokulawula inqubomgomo, imithelela yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu nayo ngeke ilingane futhi ingabi nabulungisa. Ukuze kuhlinzeke ukuphepha kuwo wonke umuntu osenkingeni yamanje yesimo sezulu, futhi ikakhulukazi abasengozini enkulu, kungaba ukuhlakanipha ukubhekana kunokuba siqinise lawo mabutho. Kungakho izinhlangano eziningi zenhlalo zibhekisa kubulungiswa besimo sezulu kunokuvikeleka kwesimo sezulu, ngoba okudingekayo ukuguqulwa kohlelo - hhayi nje ukuthola iqiniso elingenabulungisa ukuze liqhubeke liye phambili.
Ngaphezu kwakho konke, ubulungiswa buzodinga uhlelo oluphuthumayo nolubanzi lokwehlisa ukungcola kwamazwe acebe kakhulu futhi angcolisa kakhulu emugqeni weGreen New Deal noma i-Eco-Social Pact, eqaphela isikweletu sesimo sezulu abasikweleta amazwe kanye nemiphakathi yaseNingizimu Afrika. Kungadinga ukwabiwa kabusha okukhulu komnotho emazingeni kazwelonke nakwamanye amazwe kanye nokubekwa eqhulwini kwalabo abasengozini enkulu emthelela wokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Izezimali zesimo sezulu esingesihle amazwe acebile kakhulu athembisile (kepha nokho ukuletha) emazweni anemali ephansi naphakathi akwanele ukwenza lo msebenzi. Imali iphambukisiwe kusukela kwamanje Ukusetshenziswa kwemali eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama- $ 1,981 embulungeni yonke kungaba yisinyathelo sokuqala esihle sokubhekisa ekuphenduleni okususelwa kubumbano emiphumeleni yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ngokufanayo, intela yenzuzo yebhizinisi elingasolwandle ingakhulisa u- $ 200- $ 600 billion ngonyaka ekusekeleni imiphakathi esengozini ethinteka kakhulu ekuguqukeni kwesimo sezulu.
Ngaphandle kokwabiwa kabusha komhlaba, sidinga ngokuyisisekelo ukuqala ukubhekana namaphuzu abuthakathaka ohlelweni lomnotho lomhlaba olungenza imiphakathi ibe sengozini ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuntengantenga kwesimo sezulu. UMichael Lewis noPat Conaty phakamisa izici eziyisikhombisa ezibalulekile ezenza umphakathi ube 'oqinile': ukwehluka, imali yezenhlalakahle, imvelo enempilo, ukuqamba, ukusebenzisana, amasistimu ejwayelekile okuphendula, kanye nokuziphendulela (lokhu kusho ukuklama uhlelo lapho kuphuka into eyodwa, alwenzi kuthinta konke okunye). Olunye ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi imiphakathi elingana kakhulu nayo iyakwazi ukumelana nezikhathi zenhlekelele. Konke lokhu kukhomba isidingo sokufuna uguquko oluyisisekelo lomnotho wamanje womhlaba jikelele.
Ubulungiswa besimo sezulu budinga ukubeka labo abazothinteka kakhulu ukungazinzi kwesimo sezulu phambili kanye nobuholi bezixazululo. Lokhu akukhona nje ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izixazululo ziyabasebenzela, kodwa futhi ngoba imiphakathi eminingi ebhekelwa phansi isivele inazo ezinye zezimpendulo zenkinga esibhekene nayo sonke. Ukunyakaza kwabampofu, ngokwesibonelo, ngezindlela zabo zezolimo akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi basebenzisa izindlela zokukhiqiza ukudla okukhonjiswe ukuthi zikwazi ukumelana nezolimo kwezolimo nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, futhi kugcina nekhabhoni eningi emhlabathini, nokwakha imiphakathi ekwazi ukuma ndawonye izikhathi ezinzima.
Lokhu kuzodinga intando yeningi yokwenza izinqumo nokuvela kwezinhlobo ezintsha zobukhosi ezizodinga ukwehliswa kwamandla nokulawulwa kwamasosha nezinkampani kanye nokwandiswa kwamandla nokuziphendulela kwizakhamizi nasemiphakathini.
Ekugcineni, ubulungiswa besimo sezulu bufuna indlela egxile kuzinhlobo zokuxazulula izingxabano ezinokuthula nezingenabo ubudlova. Izinhlelo zokuphepha kwesimo sezulu zondla ngezindaba zokwesaba nezwe elingama-zero lapho kungasinda iqembu elithile kuphela. Bacabanga ukungqubuzana. Ubulungiswa besimo sezulu bubheka izixazululo esivumela ukuthi sonke siphumelele ngokubambisana, lapho izingxabano zixazululwa ngokungenabudlova, futhi abavikeleke kakhulu abasengozini.
Kukho konke lokhu, singathembela ethembeni lokuthi kuwo wonke umlando, izinhlekelele zivame ukukhipha okungcono kakhulu kubantu, kwakheka imiphakathi emincane, yesikhashana eyakhelwe ngqo kubumbano, intando yeningi kanye nokuziphendulela okwenziwe yi-neoliberalism kanye ne-Authoritarianism esezinhlelweni zezombusazwe zanamuhla. URebecca Solnit ukubhalisile lokhu ku IPharadesi Esihogweni lapho ahlola khona izinhlekelele ezinkulu ezinhlanu ngokujula, kusukela ekuzamazameni komhlaba kweSan Francisco ngo-1906 kuya ezikhukhuleni zango-2005 eNew Orleans. Uyaphawula ukuthi yize imicimbi enjalo ingakaze ibe mihle uqobo lwayo, futhi 'ingadalula nokuthi yini enye umhlaba ongaba yiyo - iveze amandla alelo themba, lokho kuphana kanye nobumbano. Kwembula ukusizana njengesimiso sokusebenza esizenzakalelayo kanye nomphakathi njengento ekulindelwe ezimpikweni lapho ingekho esiteji '.
Bona futhi: Ukuthola okuningi kuzo zonke lezi zihloko, thenga incwadi: N. Buxton and B. Hayes (Eds.) (2015) Abaphephile Nabaxoshiwe: Indlela Amasosha Namabhizinisi Abumba Ngayo Umhlaba Oguqulwe Isimo Sezulu. IPluto Press neTNI.
Ukubonga: Siyabonga kuSimon Dalby, Tamara Lorincz, Josephine Valeske, Niamh Nakanye UBhriain, Wendela de Vries, Deborah Eade, Ben Hayes.
Okuqukethwe kulo mbiko kungacashunwa noma kukhiqizwe kabusha ngezinhloso ezingezona ezentengiselwano inqobo nje uma umthombo ushiwo ngokugcwele. I-TNI ingajabula ukuthola ikhophi noma isixhumanisi sombhalo lapho lo mbiko ucashunwe noma usetshenziswe khona.
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