By TNI, Okthoba 25, 2021
Lo mbiko uthola ukuthi abakhiqizi abakhulu emhlabeni bachitha isilinganiso esiphindwe izikhathi ezingu-2.3 emingceleni yokuhlomisa ngezimali zesimo sezulu, futhi sichitha isikhathi esiphindwe ka-15 kulabo abaphula umthetho kakhulu. Lolu donga “lweGlobal Climate Wall” luhlose ukuvala amazwe anamandla kubafuduki, kunokubhekana nezimbangela zokufuduka.
Isifinyezo esiphezulu
Amazwe acebe kakhulu emhlabeni akhethe ukuthi abhekana kanjani nesimo sezulu somhlaba wonke - ngokufaka impi emingceleni yawo. Njengoba lo mbiko ukhombisa ngokusobala, lawa mazwe - okuyiwona ngokomlando abhekene nenkinga yesimo sezulu - achitha imali eningi ekuhlomiseni imingcele yawo ukuze avimbele abokufika ngaphandle kokubhekana nenkinga ephoqa abantu ukuthi basuke ezindlini zabo kwasekuqaleni.
Lokhu kuwumkhuba womhlaba wonke, kodwa amazwe ayisikhombisa ikakhulukazi – abhekene nama-48% okuphuma kwesisi esingcolisa umoya emhlabeni (GHG) – esehlangene achitha okungenani imali ephindwe kabili emingceleni kanye nokugcinwa kwemithetho yokungena kwabokufika (ngaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingama-33.1 zamaRandi) njengakwezezimali zesimo sezulu. $14.4 billion) phakathi kuka-2013 no-2018.
Lawa mazwe akhe 'i-Climate Wall' ukuze agweme imiphumela yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, lapho izitini zivela ezintweni ezimbili ezihlukene kodwa ezihlobene: okokuqala, ukwehluleka ukuhlinzeka ngezimali ezithenjisiwe zesimo sezulu ezingasiza amazwe ekudambiseni futhi avumelane nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. ; futhi okwesibili, impendulo yezempi ekufudukeni enweba ingqalasizinda yomngcele kanye nokugada. Lokhu kunikeza inzuzo ekhulayo embonini yezokuphepha emngceleni kodwa ukuhlupheka okungachazeki kubabaleki nabafuduki abenza uhambo oluya luba yingozi - futhi olubulalayo - lokufuna ukuphepha emhlabeni oguquguqukayo.
Ukutholwa okusemqoka:
Ukufuduka okubangelwa isimo sezulu manje sekungokoqobo
- Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuya ngokuya kuyimbangela yokufuduka nokufuduka. Lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yesehlakalo esithile esiyinhlekelele, njengesiphepho noma isikhukhula, kodwa futhi nalapho imithelela enqwabelene yesomiso noma ukuphakama kwezinga lolwandle, isibonelo, kancane kancane yenza indawo ingahlali muntu futhi iphoqelele imiphakathi yonke ukuba ithuthele.
- Iningi labantu abasuswa ezindaweni zabo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngenxa yesimo sezulu noma cha, bahlala emazweni abo, kodwa inani lizowela imingcele yamazwe ngamazwe futhi lokhu kungenzeka kwande njengoba kunomthelela wokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuzo zonke izifunda kanye nemvelo.
- Ukufuduka okubangelwa isimo sezulu kwenzeka ngokungafani emazweni anemali engenayo ephansi futhi kuhlangana futhi kusheshise nezinye izimbangela eziningi zokufuduka. Kubunjwe ukungabi nabulungiswa kwesistimu okudala izimo zokuba sengozini, udlame, ukunganaki kanye nezinhlaka zomphakathi ezibuthakathaka eziphoqa abantu ukuba bashiye amakhaya abo.
Amazwe acebile achitha imali eningi ekulweni nemingcele yawo kunokuhlinzeka ngemali yesimo sezulu ukuze amazwe ampofu kakhulu akwazi ukusiza abafuduki.
- Ama-GHG ayisikhombisa amakhulu kakhulu - i-United States, iJalimane, i-Japan, i-United Kingdom, i-Canada, i-France ne-Australia - ngokuhlangene bachitha okungenani imali ephindwe kabili emingceleni kanye nokuqinisa umthetho wokungena kwabokufika (ngaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingama-33.1 zamaRandi) kunakwezezimali zesimo sezulu ($14.4) billion) phakathi kuka-2013 no-2018.1
- I-Canada yachitha izikhathi ezingu-15 ngaphezulu (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.5 uma kuqhathaniswa namaRandi ayizigidi eziyikhulu); I-Australia ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-100 (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-13 uma kuqhathaniswa namaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-2.7); i-US cishe ngokuphindwe ka-200 (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-11 uma kuqhathaniswa namaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-19.6); kanye ne-UK cishe ngokuphindwe kabili (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.8 uma kuqhathaniswa namaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.7).
- Ukusetshenziswa kwemali emngceleni ngabakhiqizi abakhulu abayisikhombisa be-GHG kukhuphuke ngo-29% phakathi kuka-2013 no-2018. E-US, ukusetshenziswa kwemali emngceleni nokuphoqelelwa kwabokufika kuphindwe kathathu phakathi kuka-2003 no-2021. E-Europe, isabelomali se-ejensi yasemngceleni ye-European Union (EU), i-Frontex, inyuke ngo-2763% kusukela yasungulwa ngo-2006 kwaze kwaba ngu-2021.
- Lokhu kuhlaselwa kwemingcele ngokwengxenye kusekelwe kumasu kazwelonke okuphepha kwesimo sezulu okuthi kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-2000 apenda abantu abafudukayo 'njengezinsongo' kunokuba izisulu zokungabi nabulungisa. Imboni yezokuphepha emngceleni isize ukukhuthaza le nqubo ngokunxenxa ipolitiki egcwele amafutha, okuholela ezinkontilekeni ezengeziwe zemboni yasemngceleni kanye nezimo ezinobutha zababaleki nabafuduki.
- Izimali zesimo sezulu zingasiza ekwehliseni umthelela wokuguquka kwesimo sezulu futhi zisize amazwe ajwayelane naleli qiniso, okuhlanganisa nokweseka abantu abadinga ukufuduka noma ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe. Nokho amazwe acebe kakhulu ahlulekile ngisho nokugcina izithembiso zawo zamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu ngonyaka ezimalini zesimo sezulu. Izibalo zakamuva ze-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) zibike ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-100 ezimalini zesimo sezulu ngo-79.6, kodwa ngokocwaningo olushicilelwe yi-Oxfam International, kanye nokubika ngokweqile, kanye nemalimboleko esikhundleni sezibonelelo kuyabhekwa, umthamo wangempela wezimali zesimo sezulu ungase ube ngaphansi kwengxenye yalokho okubikwa ngamazwe athuthukile.
- Amazwe anokukhishwa kwegesi okungokomlando okuphezulu kakhulu aqinisa imingcele yawo, kanti lawo aphansi kakhulu yiwo ahlaselwa kakhulu ukufuduka kwabantu. ISomalia, ngokwesibonelo, inesibophezelo ku-0.00027% wengqikithi ekhishwayo kusukela ngo-1850 kodwa ibe nabantu abangaphezu kwesigidi (amaphesenti angu-6) abasuswa yinhlekelele ehlobene nesimo sezulu ngo-2020.
Imboni yezokuphepha emngceleni yenza inzuzo ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu
- Imboni yezokuphepha emngceleni isivele yenza inzuzo emalini enyukile emalini esetshenzisiwe emingceleni nasekuphoqeleleni ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe futhi ilindele inzuzo eyengeziwe ngokuntengantenga okulindelekile ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Isibikezelo sika-2019 seResearchAndMarkets.com sibikezele ukuthi iMakethe Yezokuphepha Komphakathi Yomhlaba Wonke izokhula isuka ku-$431 billion ngo-2018 iye ku-$606 billion ngo-2024, kanye nezinga lokukhula lonyaka elingu-5.8%. Ngokombiko, enye into ebangela lokhu 'ukukhula kwezinhlekelele zemvelo ezihlobene nesimo sezulu'.
- Osonkontileka abaphezulu basemngceleni baqhosha ngokuthi banamandla okukhulisa imali yabo ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. URaytheon uthi 'isidingo semikhiqizo yayo yezempi nezinkonzo njengoba ukukhathazeka kwezokuphepha kungase kuphakame njengoba imiphumela yesomiso, izikhukhula, neziphepho zenzeka ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu'. I-Cobham, inkampani yaseBrithani edayisa izinhlelo zokugada futhi engomunye wosonkontileka abakhulu bezokuphepha emngceleni wase-Australia, ithi 'ushintsho ezinsizeni zamazwe [sic] kanye nokuhlala kungakhuphula isidingo sokugadwa kwemingcele ngenxa yokufuduka kwabantu'.
- Njengoba i-TNI inemininingwane kweminye imibiko eminingi ochungechungeni lwayo lwe-Border Wars,2 imboni yezokuphepha emngceleni iyanxenxa futhi imele ukulwa nomngcele kanye nenzuzo evela ekwandeni kwayo.
Imboni yezokuphepha emngceleni iphinde ihlinzeke ngokuvikeleka embonini kawoyela engomunye wababambe iqhaza elikhulu enkingeni yesimo sezulu futhi ihlale ezikhundleni eziphezulu zomunye nomunye.
- Amafemu amakhulu kakhulu ayi-10 emhlabeni kaphethiloli wezinto ezimbiwa phansi aphinde abe nenkontileka yezinkonzo zamafemu afanayo aphethe izinkontileka zokuphepha emngceleni. I-Chevron (ikleliswe endaweni yenombolo 2 yomhlaba) izinkontileka noCobham, G4S, Indra, Leonardo, Thales; I-Exxon Mobil (isikhundla sesi-4) ne-Airbus, i-Damen, i-General Dynamics, i-L3Harris, i-Leonardo, i-Lockheed Martin; I-BP (6) ne-Airbus, G4S, Indra, Lockheed Martin, Palantir, Thales; kanye neRoyal Dutch Shell (7) ene-Airbus, Boeing, Damen, Leonardo, Lockheed Martin, Thales, G4S.
- I-Exxon Mobil, isibonelo, yenza inkontileka i-L3Harris (omunye wosonkontileka basemngceleni we-US abaphezulu abayi-14) ukuthi inikeze 'ukwazisa kwesizinda sasolwandle' ngokumba kwayo endaweni yase-Niger delta eNigeria, isifunda esihlaselwe ukufuduka kwabantu abaningi ngenxa yokungcoliswa kwemvelo. I-BP inenkontileka ne-Palantir, inkampani ehlinzeka ngokuphikisana ngesofthiwe yokugada ezikhungweni ezifana ne-US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), ukuze kuthuthukiswe 'inqolobane yazo yonke imithombo esetshenziswayo idatha yomlando kanye nesikhathi sangempela sokumba'. Inkontileka ye-Border G4S inomlando omude uma kuqhathaniswa wokuvikela amapayipi kawoyela, okuhlanganisa nepayipi le-Dakota Access e-US.
- Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinkampani zikaphethiloli kanye nosonkontileka abaphezulu bezokuphepha emngceleni kubonakala nawukuthi izikhulu zomkhakha ngamunye zihlala emabhodini omunye nomunye. E-Chevron, isibonelo, lowo owayeyi-CEO kanye noSihlalo we-Northrop Grumman, u-Ronald D. Sugar kanye nowayeyi-CEO ka-Lockheed Martin u-Marilyn Hewson basebhodini layo. Inkampani yase-Italy kawoyela negesi i-ENI inoNathalie Tocci ebhodini layo, phambilini obenguMeluleki Okhethekile ku-EU High Representative Mogherini kusukela ngo-2015 kuya ku-2019, owasiza uhlaka lwe-EU Global Strategy oluholele ekwandiseni ukukhishwa ngaphandle kwemingcele ye-EU emazweni esithathu.
Lokhu kuhlangana kwamandla, ingcebo kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinkampani zikaphethiloli kanye nemboni yezokuphepha emngceleni kukhombisa ukuthi ukungasebenzi kwesimo sezulu kanye nezimpendulo ezihambisana nempi emiphumeleni yako kusebenza kanjani ngokubambisana. Zombili izimboni zenza inzuzo njengoba izinsiza eziningi ziphambukiselwa ekubhekaneni nemiphumela yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kunokubhekana nezimbangela zako. Lokhu kuza ngenani elibi lomuntu. Kungabonakala ekwenyukeni kwenani lokufa kwababaleki, izimo ezidabukisayo emakamu amaningi ababaleki nasezikhungweni zokuboshwa, ukududulana okunodlame okuvela emazweni aseYurophu, ikakhulukazi lawo asemngceleni weMedithera, kanye nase-US, ezimweni eziningi zokuhlupheka nonya olungadingekile. I-International Organisation for Migration (IOM) ibala ukuthi bangu-41,000 abafuduki abashonile phakathi kuka-2014 no-2020, nakuba lokhu kwamukelwa kabanzi njengokubukelwa phansi okukhulu njengoba kushona izimpilo eziningi olwandle nasezingwadule ezikude njengoba abafuduki kanye nababaleki bethatha imizila eyingozi ngokuya kwezokuphepha. .
Ukubekwa eqhulwini kwemingcele yezempi ngaphezu kwezimali zesimo sezulu ekugcineni kubeka engcupheni isimo sezulu esibi esintwini. Ngaphandle kokutshalwa kwezimali okwanele ukusiza amazwe ekudambise futhi avumelane nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, le nkinga izodala umonakalo owengeziwe wabantu futhi isiphule izimpilo eziningi. Kodwa, njengoba lo mbiko uphetha, ukusetshenziswa kwemali kukahulumeni kuwukuzikhethela kwezombusazwe, okusho ukuthi ukukhetha okuhlukile kungenzeka. Ukutshala imali ekunciphiseni isimo sezulu emazweni ampofu kakhulu nasengozini enkulu kungasekela inguquko emandleni ahlanzekile - futhi, kanye nokuncishiswa okujulile kwesisi esikhishwa yizizwe ezinkulu ezingcolisa umoya - kunikeza umhlaba ithuba lokugcina amazinga okushisa engaphansi kuka-1.5°C kusukela ngo-1850, noma ngaphambi kwalokho amazinga ezimboni. Ukweseka abantu abaphoqeleka ukuthi bashiye amakhaya abo nezinsiza nengqalasizinda ukuze bakhe kabusha izimpilo zabo ezindaweni ezintsha kungabasiza ukuthi bavumelane nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu futhi baphile ngesithunzi. Ukufuduka, uma kusekelwe ngokwanele, kungaba yindlela ebalulekile yokujwayela isimo sezulu.
Ukuphatha ukufuduka ngendlela efanele kudinga ukuguqulwa kwendlela kanye nokwenyuka okukhulu kwezimali zesimo sezulu, inqubomgomo enhle yomphakathi kanye nokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu kuwukuphela kwendlela enobulungiswa yokuziphatha yokweseka labo abahluphekayo esimweni esibucayi abangabambanga iqhaza ekusidaleni.
