Okukhethekile: Imidiya yawela ogibeni lwe-neoconservative, futhi.
Iminyaka eminingi, izikhungo ezinkulu zase-US kusukela kuPentagon kuya kuKhomishana ye-9/11 bezilokhu zicindezela umugqa wokuthi i-Iran yabambisana ngasese ne-Al Qaeda ngaphambi nangemva kokuhlasela kwamaphekula kwe-9/11. Kodwa ubufakazi balezo zimangalo buhlala buyimfihlo noma budwetshiwe, futhi buhlala bungabazeka kakhulu.
Nokho, ekuqaleni kukaNovemba, abezindaba abavamile bathi “banesibhamu sabo sokubhema”—umqulu we-CIA obhalwe isikhulu esingaziwa se-Al Qaeda futhi wadedelwa kanye nemibhalo engu-47,000 engakaze ibonwe eyashaqwa endlini ka-Osama bin Laden e-Abbottabad, ePakistan. .
The Associated Press kubika ukuthi lo mbhalo we-Al Qaeda "ubonakala uqinisa izinsolo ze-US zokuthi i-Iran yeseka inethiwekhi eyeqisayo eyaholela ekuhlaselweni kwamaphekula kwangoSepthemba 11." I Wall Street Journal wathi lo mbhalo "uhlinzeka ngemininingwane emisha ngobudlelwano be-Al Qaeda ne-Iran, iphakamisa umfelandawonye ophusile owavela ngenxa yenzondo okwabelwana ngayo nge-United States neSaudi Arabia."
I-NBC News ibhale ukuthi lo mbhalo wembula ukuthi, "ngamaphuzu ahlukahlukene ebudlelwaneni… okusho ukuthi i-Al Qaeda isinqabile lesi siphakamiso. Owayengumkhulumeli we-Obama National Security Council uNed Price, ebhalela I-Atlantic,aqhubekele phambili, egomela ukuthi lo mbhalo uhlanganisa i-akhawunti "yesivumelwano neziphathimandla zase-Iran zokusingatha nokuqeqesha amalungu e-Saudi-Al Qaeda inqobo nje uma evumelene ngokwakha itulo ngokumelene nesitha sabo esivamile, izintshisekelo zaseMelika esifundeni saseGulf."
Kodwa akukho nowodwa kuleyo mibiko yabezindaba owawusekelwe ekufundweni ngokucophelela kokuqukethwe yincwadi. Incwadi yolimi lwesi-Arabhu enamakhasi ayi-19, eyahunyushwa ngokugcwele TAC, ayikusekeli ukulandisa kwabezindaba kobufakazi obusha bokubambisana kwe-Iran-Al Qaeda, ngaphambi noma ngemva komhla ka-9/11, nhlobo. Ayinikezi ubufakazi bosizo oluphathekayo lwase-Iran ku-Al Qaeda. Ngokuphambene nalokho, iqinisekisa ubufakazi bangaphambilini bokuthi iziphathimandla zase-Irani zasheshe zaqoqa labo basebenzi be-Al Qaeda abahlala ezweni lapho sebekwazi ukubalandela, futhi babavalela bodwa ukuvimbela noma yikuphi ukuxhumana okuqhubekayo namayunithi e-Al Qaeda ngaphandle kwe-Iran.
Okubonisayo ukuthi izisebenzi ze-Al Qaeda zaholela ekukholelweni ukuthi i-Iran yayinobungane ezenzweni zabo futhi zamangala lapho abantu babo beboshwa ngamagagasi amabili ngasekupheleni kuka-2002. ngenkathi ikhulisa ubuhlakani mayelana nokuba khona kwe-Al Qaeda e-Iran.
Noma kunjalo, le akhawunti, okubonakala sengathi yabhalwa ithimba le-Al Qaeda eliphakathi ngo-2007, ibonakala iqinisa ukulandisa kwangaphakathi kwe-Al Qaeda ukuthi iqembu lamaphekula linqabile ukuhlambalaza kwe-Iranian futhi lalikuqaphile lokho elikubona njengokungathembeki engxenyeni ye-Al Qaeda. ama-Irani. Umbhali uthi ama-Irani anikeze amalungu e-Saudi Al Qaeda ayengene ezweni "imali nezikhali, noma yini abayidingayo, nokuqeqeshwa ne-Hezbollah ukuze athole izintshisekelo zaseMelika eSaudi Arabia naseGulf."
Kepha alikho igama lokuthi ngabe zikhona yini izingalo noma imali yase-Iranian eyake yanikezwa ama-Al Qaeda fighters. Futhi umbhali uyavuma ukuthi amaSaudis okukhulunywa ngawo ayephakathi kwalabo ababedingisiwe ngesikhathi beboshwa kanzima, okwenza kube nokungabaza ngokuthi ngabe sikhona isivumelwano esake saba khona.
Umbhali uphakamisa ukuthi i-Al Qaeda yenqabile usizo lwase-Iranian ngomgomo. “Asizidingi,” egcizelela. “Sibonga uNkulunkulu, singakwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kwabo, futhi akukho okungavela kubo ngaphandle kobubi.”
Leyo ngqikithi ngokusobala ibalulekile ekugcineni ubunikazi benhlangano nokuziphatha. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kulo mbhalo, umbhali uzwakalisa intukuthelo ejulile ngalokho ababenomuzwa wokuthi kwakungukusebenzelana kabili kwe-Iranian ngo-2002 kuya ku-2003. "Bakulungele ukudlala-isenzo," ubhala ngama-Irani. “Inkolo yabo ingamanga futhi ithule. Futhi imvamisa bakhombisa okuphambene nalokho okusengqondweni yabo…. Kuwufuzo kubo, ekujuleni kwesimilo sabo.”
Umbhali ukhumbula ukuthi izisebenzi ze-Al Qaeda ziyalwe ukuthi zithuthele e-Iran ngoMashi 2002, izinyanga ezintathu ngemuva kokusuka e-Afghanistan ziye e-Wazistan noma kwenye indawo ePakistan (umbhalo, ngendlela, awusho lutho nganoma yimuphi umsebenzi e-Iran ngaphambi kuka-9/11) . Uyavuma ukuthi iningi lamasosha akhe angena e-Iran ngokungemthetho, nakuba amanye awo athola ama-visa kunxusa lase-Iran eKarachi.
Phakathi kwalaba bamuva kwakukhona u-Abu Hafs al Mauritani, isazi samaSulumane esayalelwa ubuholi be-shura ePakistan ukuthi sifune imvume yase-Iran ukuze amaqhawe e-Al Qaeda nemindeni adlule e-Iran noma ahlale lapho isikhathi eside. Ubehambisana nabasebenzi abasezingeni eliphakathi nabaphansi, okubalwa nababesebenzela u-Abu Musab al Zarqawi. I-akhawunti iphakamisa ngokusobala ukuthi uZarqawi yena ubehlala ecashile ngemuva kokungena e-Iran ngokungemthetho.
U-Abu Hafs al Mauratani ufinyelele ukuqondana ne-Iran, ngokusho kwe-akhawunti ye-Al Qaeda, kodwa ibingahlangene nokuhlinzeka ngezikhali noma imali. Kwakuyisivumelwano esasibavumela ukuthi bahlale isikhathi esithile noma badlule ezweni, kodwa kuphela ngaphansi kombandela wokuthi bagcine izimo zokuphepha eziqinile: kungabikho mihlangano, ukusetshenziswa komakhalekhukhwini, ukunyakaza okuzodonsa amehlo. I-akhawunti iveza leyo mikhawulo ekwesabeni kwe-Iranian ukuziphindiselela kwe-US-okungangabazeki ukuthi bekuyingxenye yesisusa. Kepha kuyacaca ukuthi i-Iran ibuke i-Al Qaeda njengosongo lwezokuphepha lwamaSalafist oluyingozi nakuyona.
I-akhawunti engaziwa yabasebenzi be-Al Qaeda iwucezu lolwazi olubalulekile ngenxa yokugcizelela kwe-neoconservatives ukuthi i-Iran ibambisane ngokugcwele ne-Al Qaeda. Lo mbhalo uveza ukuthi wawuyinkimbinkimbi kunalokho. Ukube iziphathimandla zase-Irani zenqabile ukwamukela iqembu le-Abu Hafs elihamba nepasipoti ngemibandela yobungane, bekuzoba nzima kakhulu ukuqoqa ubuhlakani ngezibalo ze-Al Qaeda ezazizi ukuthi zingene ngokungemthetho futhi bezicasha. Ngalezo zivakashi ezisemthethweni ze-Al Qaeda ezigadiwe, zikwazile ukuhlonza, ukuthola futhi ekugcineni ziqoqe i-Al Qaeda efihliwe, kanye nalabo abeze namapasi.
Iningi labavakashi be-Al Qaeda, ngokombhalo we-Al Qaeda, lizinze eZahedan, inhloko-dolobha yesiFundazwe saseSistan naseBaluchistan lapho iningi labantu lingamaSunni futhi likhuluma isiBaluchi. Ngokuvamile bephula imikhawulo yezokuphepha ebekwe ama-Irani. Bakha izixhumanisi namaBaluchis—aphawula ukuthi nawo ayengamaSalafi—futhi baqala ukubamba imihlangano. Abanye babo baze bathintana ngokuqondile ngocingo nezidlamlilo zeSalafist eChechnya, lapho ukungqubuzana kwakudlondlobala ngokushesha. USaif al-Adel, owayengomunye wabaphambili be-Al Qaeda e-Iran ngaleso sikhathi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi wadalula ukuthi iqembu le-Al Qaeda ngaphansi komyalo ka-Abu Musab al Zarqawi laqala ngokushesha ukuhlela kabusha ukubuyela e-Afghanistan.
Umkhankaso wokuqala wase-Iran wokuqoqa abasebenzi be-Al Qaeda, umbhali wemibhalo athi wawugxile ku-Zahedan, wafika ngoMeyi noma ngoJuni 2002—zingakapheli izinyanga ezintathu bengenile e-Iran. Ababoshiwe babeboshwa noma badingiselwe emazweni akubo. UNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle waseSaudi uncome i-Iran ngo-Agasti ngokudlulisa abasolwa abangu-16 be-Al Qaeda kuhulumeni waseSaudi ngoJuni.
NgoFebhuwari 2003 ezokuphepha zase-Iran zaqala igagasi elisha lokuboshwa. Kulokhu bathumbe amaqembu amathathu amakhulu ezisebenzi ze-Al Qaeda eTehran naseMashad, okuhlanganisa noZarqawi nabanye abaholi abaphezulu ezweni, ngokusho kombhalo. Saif al Adel kamuva kwembulwa kokuthunyelwe kuwebhusayithi ye-pro-Al Qaeda ngo-2005 (kubikwe ephephandabeni eliphethwe yi-Saudi I-Asharq al-Awsat), ukuthi ama-Irani aphumelele ukuthumba amaphesenti angama-80 eqembu elihlangene neZarqawi, nokuthi “kubangele ukwehluleka kwamaphesenti angama-75 ohlelo lwethu.”
Umbhali ongaziwa ubhala ukuthi inqubomgomo yokuqala yase-Iran kwakuwukuxosha labo ababoshiwe nokuthi uZarqawi wayevunyelwe ukuya e-Iraq (lapho enza khona itulo lokuhlasela amaShia kanye namabutho omfelandawonye waze washona ngo-2006). Kodwa-ke, uthi, inqubomgomo yashintsha ngokuzumayo futhi ama-Irani ayeka ukudingiswa, esikhundleni salokho akhetha ukugcina ubuholi obuphezulu be-Al Qaeda esitokisini-mhlawumbe njengama-bargaining chips. Yebo, i-Iran yadingisela abasolwa abangu-225 be-Al Qaeda kwamanye amazwe, kuhlanganise ne-Saudi Arabia, ngo-2003. Kodwa abaholi be-Al Qaeda babegcinwe e-Iran, hhayi njenge-bargaining chips, kodwa ngaphansi kwezokuphepha eziqinile ukuze babavimbele ekuxhumaneni namanethiwekhi e-Al Qaeda kwenye indawo. isifunda, okuyinto Izikhulu zokuphatha uBush zigcine zivumile.
Ngemuva kokuboshwa nokuboshwa kwezibalo eziphezulu ze-al Qaeda, ubuholi be-Al Qaeda bathukuthele kakhulu e-Iran. NgoNovemba 2008, oshayasibhamu abangaziwa uthathwe isikhulu senxusa lase-Iran ePeshawar, ePakistan, kwathi ngoJulayi 2013, izisebenzi ze-al Qaeda eYemen zathumba isikhulu sase-Iranian. Ngo-March 2015, Iran kubikaudedele izikhulu ezinhlanu ze-al Qaeda ejele, okuhlanganisa no-Said al-Adel, ukuze kukhululwe inxusa eYemen. Embhalweni othathwe enkompolo yase-Abbottabad washicilelwa yi-West Point's Counter-Terrorism Center ngo-2012, isikhulu esiphezulu se-Al Qaeda. wabhala, “Sikholelwa ukuthi imizamo yethu, ehlanganisa ukudlondlobala komkhankaso wezepolitiki nabezindaba, izinsongo esizenzile, ukuthunjwa komngane wabo ongumeluleki wezohwebo e-Iranian Consulate ePeshawar, kanye nezinye izizathu ezibethusile ngokusekelwe kulokho abakubonayo (thina akwazi), ukuba phakathi kwezizathu ezabaholela ekusheshiseni (ukukhululwa kwalezi ziboshwa).”
Kunesikhathi lapho i-Iran yayibheka i-Al Qaeda njengomfelandawonye. Kwakungesikhathi futhi ngokushesha ngemva kwempi ye-mujahedin ngokumelene namasosha aseSoviet e-Afghanistan. Leso, kwakuyisikhathi lapho i-CIA yayisekela imizamo ka-bin Laden. Kodwa ngemuva kokuthi amaTaliban ethathe izintambo eKabul ngo-1996—ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuba amasosha aseTaliban ebulale osopolitiki base-Iran abangu-11 eMazar-i-Sharif ngo-1998—umbono wase-Iran nge-Al Qaeda washintsha kakhulu. Kusukela lapho, i-Iran isiyibheka ngokusobala njengenhlangano yamaphekula eyeqisayo kanye nesitha sayo esifungelwe. Okungashintshile ukuzimisela kombuso wezokuphepha kuzwelonke wase-US kanye nabasekeli bakwa-Israyeli ukugcina inganekwane yokusekelwa okungapheli kwe-Iranian kwe-Al Qaeda.
UGareth Porter uyintatheli ezimele futhi owine uMklomelo we-Gellhorn ka-2012 wobuntatheli. Ungumbhali wezincwadi eziningi, okuhlanganisa I-Crisis eyenziwe: I-Untold Story ye-Iran Nuclear Scare (Izincwadi Zomhlaba Nje, 2014).
