Izikelemu Zomlilo Eziyingozi: Ukufuna Izisombululo Ezisivele Zikhona

NguPat Old, uDisemba 3, 2019

Ukucwaninga kwamasosha amagwebu okulwa nomlilo anobungani bemvelo ngenkathi ezinye izindlela ezikhona zikhona - futhi zisetshenziswa umhlaba wonke.

Ingxenye yenkulumo-ze kaMnyango Wezokuvikela yamuva, Amakhemikhali Wokucwaninga Kwamafutha we-Naval Sesha Foam Yokucima Umlilo engenzi Amandla e-PFAS iyaqhubeka nokuqhubekisa ukulandisa okungamanga kwePentagon ukuthi amagwebu angenawo u-fluorine okwamanje atholakalayo emakethe ayindlela engafanelekile kumagagasi we-carcinogenic abawasebenzisa njengamanje ekuziqhubeni nasekuzijeziseni eziphuthumayo.

Umbutho wamasosha aseMelika usebenzisa amagwebu angenamanzi akha amafilimu (i-AFFF) ukucisha imililo yamafutha, ikakhulukazi leyo efaka izindiza. I-DOD ibika kuNovemba, i-2019 i-athikili:

“Isithako esiyisisekelo esenza amagwebu aphumelele kangaka yi-fluorocarbon owayesebenza ngokweqile, kusho uKatherine Hinnty, unjiniyela wamakhemikhali e-Naval Ilabhorethri eWashington. Inkinga ngama-fluorocarbons ukuthi azilulazi uma sezisetshenzisiwe. Futhi lokho akukuhle kubantu, yena uthe. "

Lokhu kuzwakala kungokoqobo, kepha kuyisitatimende esibuhlungu esivela esikhungweni esazi ukuthi lawa makhemikhali anobuthi ezizukulwaneni ezimbili, angcolise izindawo eziningi zomhlaba ngawo, futhi ahlose ukuqhubeka nokuwasebenzisa. Kuyasangana ukuthi umhlaba omningi usudlulele ngale kwamagundane abangela umdlavuza futhi usuqale ukusebenzisa amandla angajwayelekile engenafulawa amagwebu ngenkathi amasosha aseMelika ezimisele ngokuqhubeka nokusebenzisa kwayo izidumbu. 

Kufanele siqonde ukuqonda kwe-Pentagon's pathology. Ngemuva kwesitatimende sikanjiniyela wamakhemikhali angenhla, i-DOD ichaza isiluleko se-EPA "sokuphila kokuphuza amanzi wezinto ezimbili emndenini wePFAS: i-perfluorooctane sulfonate, noma i-PFOS, ne-perfluorooctanoic acid, noma i-PFOA."  

Abavikeli bezempi nabezinkampani ekusetshenzisweni kwamagwebu acisha umlilo, anobuthi angena emhlabathini futhi angcolise amanzi okuphuza endawo avame ukugxila ekusetshenzisweni kwePFOS nePFOA. Lezi izinhlobo ezimbili ezonakalisa kakhulu emndenini jikelele wezinto ezingaphezu kwe-5,000 okusolwa ukuthi yi-carcinogenic PFAS (per-and poly fluoroalkyl) izinto.) Labo abasifaka ubuthi bangathanda ukuthi singazi ukuthi mangaki amabhiliyoni wamalitha amanzi ezindaweni zethu zamanzi - noma amagceke angama-cubic womhlabathi wethu angcoliswe yilawa makhemikhali amabili, kanye namanye amakhemikhali abulalayo e-PFAS.

Ngakho-ke, bawudicilela phansi lo mlayezo futhi bafuna ukuyeka ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili zePFAS ngenkathi beqhubeka nokusebenzisa ezinye izinto ezi-carcinogenic. Nakhu ukuthi bakubeka kanjani:  

“Nakulo nyaka, amaNavy avuselele Ukucaciswa Kwezempi kwe-AFFF imikhawulo ye-PFOS ne-PFOA emazingeni aphansi kakhulu angabonakala futhi asusa i isidingo se-fluorine. I-Naval Research Laborator izama ukuthola a ukumiselela i-AFFF kusebenza ngempumelelo lapho kucima imililo yamafutha kodwa ayiqukethe iPFAS. ”

Ukushintshwa kwakamuva okususa imfuneko ye-fluorine kuguqula ukubekeka okukhona kusukela ku-1967. I-Navy ekuqaleni yasungulwa I-Milpec -F-24385,  the imininingwane eqondile yamasosha ku-Foam film Ukwenza Foam, inikeze amandla okusebenzisa amagwebu abangela umdlavuza obhebhethekisiwe. Lokhu kungabonakala njengenqubekela phambili, yize abezempi bekude kakhulu nokuswayipha amagwebu asetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke.

Iningi lomhlaba lilandela ukuhola kwe-International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) ukuphatha ukuphatha nokuphatha ukuhamba kwezindiza kwamanye amazwe. I-ICAO igunyaze amagwebu ambalwa angenamlilo okushisa umlilo (owaziwa ngeF3) afane nokusebenza kwe-AFFF esetshenziswa amasosha aseMelika. Ama-fox we-F3 asetshenziswa kabanzi ezikhumulweni zezindiza ezinkulu emhlabeni wonke, kufaka phakathi nezindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba wonke ezinjengeDubai, Dortmund, Stuttgart, London Heathrow, iManchester, Copenhagen, ne-Auckland Koln, neBonn. Zonke izikhumulo zezindiza ezinkulu ze-27 e-Australia zishintshele ku-F3 foams. Izinkampani zemikhakha ezimele ezisebenzisa i-F3 foams zifaka i-BP ne-ExxonMobil.

AbaseYurophu kanye nama-goliath asezimboni bakhathalela kakhulu impilo kanye nokuphepha komhlaba wabo kune-Pentagon. 

AbaseYurophu abasebenza ne-ICAO bazwakalisa ngasese ukukhathazeka ohlelweni lwaseMelika olubeka ngokucacile inzuzo yenhlangano ngaphezulu kwempilo yomphakathi. Iphaneli yesazi eqoqwe yi-International Pollutants Elimination Network, (IPEN), eqoqwe eRoma e2018. I-IPEN iyinethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke yama-NGO anentshisekelo yomphakathi asebenzela ndawonye umhlaba lapho amakhemikhali anobuthi engasenziwa noma asetshenziswe ngezindlela ezilimaza impilo yabantu kanye nemvelo. Iphaneli libike ngamagundane angenalutho elingena-fluorine. Umbiko wabo uswayipha ukunganaki kwamaMelika ngalolu bhubhane lwezempilo lomuntu. 

"Kukhona ukumelana okukhulu okuvela ezintshisakalweni ezivunyelwe kanye namaqembu wokunxusa emelela imboni yamakhemikhali yase-US kulezi zinguquko, eziningi Ukugomela okungenasisekelo noma okungelona iqiniso nezinganekwane, kubukela phansi ukusebenza ngempumelelo kanye nokusebenza kahle noma ukuphepha kwama-foams angenawo u-fluorine. "

Kukhona impi yamagama phakathi kwabaseYurophu nabaseMelika mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwalezi zidumbu, isusiwe ngokuphelele imithombo yemithombo yezindaba yase-US. Imiphumela yezempilo yabantu emhlabeni wonke iyamangaza. 

Imvamisa kune-zinger kulawa makhumula yi-DOD futhi nansi lena kumakhemikhali aseNavy afuna i-foam engenawo u-fluorine: 

“Yize i-EPA ikhombe i-PFOS ne-PFOA njengengaba yingozi kuyo Iseluleko sabo kwezempilo, uHinnty uthe, ezinye i-PFAS zingathathwa njengezinobungozi esikhathini esizayo. Ngakho-ke, ochwepheshe bamakhemikhali e-Naval Research Laboratory bafuna amagwebu angenayo i-fluorine, noma i-F3, ukubuyiselwa esikhundleni okuyingozi empilweni nokuthi ungacisha imililo ngokushesha, kusho yena. ”

"Eminye i-PFAS ingathathwa njengeyingozi ngokuzayo?" Lesi esinye isitatimende esidabukisayo ngoba izikhungo eziningi zemfundo ephakeme kanye nososayensi, kanye nohulumeni basekhaya kanye nabezinhlangano, bashintshele ezikhundleni ezingezona izidumbu ezingekho emthethweni, ezingenayo i-fluorine. Lokho kungenxa yokuthi banaka isayensi futhi bahamba ukuze bavikele abantu babo. 

IPentagon ikhuluma ngokunye lapha. Lapho bebhala, "Enye i-PFAS ingathathwa njengeyingozi esikhathini esizayo," ababhekiseli kusayensi. Bazi isayensi elahlekile iminyaka engama-50. Esikhundleni salokho, babhekisa ku-EPA noma kuCongress kanye nemimoya engalindelekile yoshintsho lwezepolitiki. Ukuhlupheka kwabantu kanye nokubhujiswa kwemvelo ngeke kuthikameze izenzo zePentagon, kepha i-EPA noma iCongress kungenzeka ngelinye ilanga.  

Amasosha ayaqonda ukuthi ukuvumela amagwebu kusuka ekushayeleni imililo ejwayelekile ukuba kungene emhlabathini kubeka engcupheni enkulu impilo yomphakathi ezizukulwaneni eziningi ezizayo. Bayazi ukuthi ama-carcinogens ahamba ngaphansi komhlaba ukungcolisa imithombo yokuphuza kamasipala neyangasese, ihlinzeka indlela eqondile yokungena komuntu. Babona ukudlula kwe-PFAS kusuka kubisi lukamama kuye kumama wakhe osanda kuzalwa. Bayazi ukuthi kubangela umdlavuza wezinso, isibindi nomdlavuza futhi kubangela ukuhlupheka okwesabekayo nezifo eziningi zezifo zezingane. Bayazi futhi abanandaba. 

Ukuphela kwale ngxenye yenkulumo-ze-DOD ehlobene nePDAS ithi amasosha asazoqhubeka nocwaningo lwawo amagwebu angenawo u-fluorine, "uSpencer Giles, uchwepheshe wamakhemikhali ocwaningweni waseNaval Research Laboratory ozinze eWashington, uthe uma into ikhombisa ukuthembisa, izonikezwa ilebhu yamaNavy eMaryland, lapho kuhlolwa khona ukushiswa okukhulu. ”

I-Naval Research Laborator, Chesapeake Bay Detachment (NRL-CBD)

Leyo labelo yiNaval Research Laboratory, eChesapeake Bay Detachment (NRL-CBD) eChesapeake Beach, eMaryland, indawo enokungcola kakhulu cishe ngamakhilomitha we-35 eningizimu mpumalanga yeWashington. I-NRL-CBD ihlinzeka izikhungo ku-NRL eWashington ocwaningweni lokucindezela umlilo.

Umlando wezempi wale ndawo, ngombono omuhle ngaphezu kweChesapeake, ubuyela emuva ngonyaka we-1941. Kusukela lapho, uMbutho Wezempi wasebenzisa isiza ukwenza ucwaningo oluningi olonakalisa imvelo, kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwe-uranium yemvelo, i-uranium eseyaphela. , kanye ne-thorium. INavy yaqhuba i-DU ezifundweni ezinomthelela omkhulu we-velocity ku Ukwakha i-218C ne-227 yokwakha.  Ukusetshenziswa kokugcina kwe-DU eChesapeake Beach bekukwindla ka-1992. Ukusetshenziswa kwePFAS ocwaningweni lokucima umlilo, nokho, kuyicala lezemvelo elibi kakhulu leNavy kule ndawo enhle yaseMaryland. 

Kusukela i-1968, Indawo Yokuqeqesha Umlilo isetshenziselwe ukuvivinya ama-ejenti wokucima umlilo ngomlilo oqale ngemithombo ehlukahlukene yamafutha. Lezi zivivinyo zenziwa ngokwakha umlilo kufishi lokuhlola ukhonkolo ngokushiswa okuvulekile kwemikhiqizo kaphethiloli okuhlanganisa uphethiloli, udizili nophethiloli we-jet-propulsion. Ngokombiko wePFAS owenziwa yiCh2M Hill e2017:

Le misebenzi isebenzisa izindawo ezimbili ezivulekile zokushisa nezindawo ezimbili zokubhema. Umlilo abacindezeli abahloliwe bafaka i-AFFF [ifilimu elinamanzi], i-PKP (i-potassium bicarbonate), ama-halons, ne-foam yeprotheni (“isobho lebhontshisi”). Ngokuvamile, amanzi angcolile aqukethe lezi zixazululo adonswa emgodini wokubamba futhi kuvunyelwe ukungena kancane enhlabathini.  

Lokhu kuyicala lokulwa kwabantu nomhlaba. 

Ku-2018 i-DOD ifake i-Chesapeake Bay Detachment ku uhlu lwezindawo zamasosha ezingcoliswe kakhulu yi-PFAS.  Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba aboniswe ukuthi aqukethe izingxenye ze-241,010 ngethililiyoni (ppt) yePFOS / PFOA.

I-EPA kanye nesifundazwe saseMaryland akunayo imithetho ephoqelekile yokulawula ukungahlonishwa kwezempi, nokulimaza. Okwamanje, ezinye izithiya zinciphisa amakhemikhali angaphansi komhlaba ngamazinga ngaphansi kwe-20 ppt. Amazinga aphakeme ngokumangazayo we-NRL-CBD aphawuleka ngokumangazayo, ikakhulukazi isisekelo ngaphandle komzila. Sekuyizizukulwane ezimbili ubuchwepheshe be-Navy buhamba ukusuka eWashington buyela "ogwini" ukuyokwenza ucwaningo olunamandla. 

I-Navy igcine iphrofayili ephansi kulokhu kungcola. Iningi labantu eChesapeake Beach alazi ngale nkinga, ngenkathi abezindaba baseSouthern Maryland beyilandile kakhulu le ndaba. Akukaze kube khona ukubukelwa phansi komphakathi kohlelo lokuhlolela ubuhlakani beNavy yemithombo yangasese emphakathini osondele lapho.  

Kuyo yonke izwe, abakwaNavy bahlole bakhethe imithombo emiphakathini esondelene nezisekelo zabo. Ebhishi laseChesapeake amaNavy awakaze ahlole imithombo yomakhelwane abasondelene nayo abahlala cishe ngamamitha we-1,000 kusuka emgodini oshisayo owawusetshenziswe amashumishumi eminyaka.

kulesi I-2017 exchangeAbamele iMaryland Dept. yezeMvelo kanye ne-Naval command baxoxa ukuthi ngabe ukungcola okuvela e-aquifer yasemanzini, okungukuthi, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba asondele kakhulu ngaphezulu komhlaba, aqala ku-3 'kuye ku-10' ngaphansi komhlaba, angafinyelela emgodini ojulile, imithombo eminingi kuleyo ndawo ikha amanzi kuyo. AbakwaNavy bathi imithombo yasekhaya esenyakatho neChesapeake Beach base "kukholakala ukuthi ihlolwe ePiney Point Aquifer," nokuthi lokhu kungaphansi kweyunithi eboshiwe, "okukholakala ukuthi iyaqhubeka ngemuva kwesikhathi futhi ivaleke ngokuphelele."

Kucacile, ukuthi iMpi Yezempi iphikisana ngokuthi ayikho indlela engcoliswa ngayo engangena echibini elingaphansi ngenkathi uMnyango Wezemvelo waseMaryland uthi "akunakuchazwa ngokusobala ukuthi le ndawo ingaphansi kophawu oluvimbayo futhi oluqhubekayo ngokuqhubekayo." Kokunye amazwi, umbuso uthi kungenzeka ukuthi ama-carcinogens avela ekuqeqeshweni ngomlilo afinyelele kubantu baphuze amanzi.

Sekukonke, uMbutho Wezempi wasampula imithombo engama-40 eseduze. Imithombo emithathu kokungu-40 isiyonke itholakale iqukethe i-PFAS, yize uMkhumbi Wezempi ungakhiphi amazinga aqondile. Ngokusobala, ama-aquifers awahlukaniswa "yiyunithi eqhubekayo futhi evalelwe ngokuphelele," Ngaphandle kwalokho bekungeke kutholakale ukungcoliswa. 

Kube nokuvuka okungazelelwe eMelika phezu kwala makhemikhali ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule, yize amabutho ephunyuke ngezinga elikhulu lokuhlolisiswa. 

Abezindaba bayephuza ukukwenza, kanti iPentagon isakaza iwebhu ekhohlisayo.