NguDavid Swanson, ngo-Okthoba 5, 2020
Ikhishwe kusuka Ukushiya iMpi Yezwe II Ngemuva
Ngokusobala uHitler wayelungiselela impi esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba ayiqale. UHitler wavuselela iRhineland, eyathatha i-Austria, futhi wasongela iCzechoslovakia. Izikhulu eziphezulu embuthweni wezempi waseJalimane kanye “nozobunhloli” bahlela ukuketula umbuso. Kodwa uHitler wazuza udumo ngazo zonke izinyathelo ayezithatha, futhi ukungabi khona kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokuphikiswa okuvela eBrithani noma eFrance kwamangaza futhi kwabalulaza abahleli bombuso. Uhulumeni wamaNgisi wayewazi ngamatulo okuketula umbuso futhi wayezazi izinhlelo zempi, nokho wakhetha ukungabasekeli abaphikisi bezombangazwe bamaNazi, ukungabeki abahleli bombuso, ukungangeni empini, ukungasabisi ngokungena empini, hhayi ukuvimba iJalimane, ukungathathi hlangothi ngokungathí sina ngokuyeka izikhali nokuhlinzeka ngeJalimane, hhayi ukusekela i-Kellogg-Briand Pact ngezinqubo zenkantolo njengalezo ezazizokwenzeka ngemva kwempi yaseNuremberg kodwa okungenzeka ukuthi zenzeke ngaphambi kwempi (okungenani nabamangalelwa. ngokungabikho) ngokuhlaselwa kwe-Italy e-Ethiopia noma ukuhlasela kweJalimane eCzechoslovakia, hhayi ukufuna ukuthi i-United States ijoyine iNhlangano Yezizwe, hhayi ukufuna ukuthi iNhlangano Yezizwe yenze okuthile, hhayi ukusabalalisa umphakathi waseJalimane ngokusekela ukuphikiswa okungenabudlova, hhayi ukuphuma. labo abasongelwa ngokuqothulwa kohlanga, bangasikiseli umhlangano wokuthula wembulunga yonke noma ukusungulwa kweZizwe Ezihlangene, futhi bangakunaki okushiwo iSoviet Union.
ISoviet Union yayihlongoza isivumelwano ngokumelene neJalimane, isivumelwano neNgilandi neFrance ukuze kusebenze ndawonye uma ihlaselwa. I-England neFrance babengenasithakazelo ngisho nakancane. ISoviet Union yazama le ndlela iminyaka eminingi yaze yajoyina iNhlangano Yezizwe. Ngisho nePoland yayingenasithakazelo. ISoviet Union kwaba ukuphela kwesizwe esahlongoza ukungena futhi silwele iCzechoslovakia uma iJalimane iyihlasela, kodwa iPoland - obekufanele ngabe yazi ukuthi yayilandela ukuhlaselwa kwamaNazi - yenqaba ukuthi amaSoviets afinyelele eCzechoslovakia. IPoland, kamuva nayo eyahlaselwa iSoviet Union, kungenzeka ukuthi yayinovalo lokuthi amasosha aseSoviet ngeke adabule kuyo kodwa ayithathe. Nakuba uWinston Churchill ebonakala sengathi wayeyilangazelele impi neJalimane, uNeville Chamberlain akazange nje wenqaba ukubambisana neSoviet Union noma ukuthatha isinyathelo esinobudlova noma esingenalo ubudlova egameni leCzechoslovakia, kodwa empeleni wayefuna ukuba iCzechoslovakia ingamelani, futhi empeleni yanikezwa. Izimpahla zaseCzechoslovakian eNgilandi zidlulela kumaNazi. Kubonakala sengathi u-Chamberlain wayesohlangothini lwamaNazi ngaphezu kwalokho okwakungaba nengqondo emzamweni wokuthula, isizathu sokuthi izithakazelo zebhizinisi ayevame ukuzenzela zona azizange zihlanganyele ngokuphelele. Ngasohlangothini lwakhe, uChurchill wayeyithanda kakhulu i-fascism kangangokuthi izazi-mlando zamsola ngokuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi wacabanga ukufaka uMbusi waseWindsor owayezwela amaNazi njengombusi wamaFascist eNgilandi, kodwa ukuthambekela kukaChurchill okunamandla amashumi eminyaka kubonakala sengathi bekuyimpi yokuthula.
Isikhundla seningi lohulumeni waseBrithani kusukela ngo-1919 kwaze kwaba sekuphakameni kukaHitler nangale kwalokho sasiwukweseka okungaguquki ekuthuthukisweni kukahulumeni olwela amalungelo eJalimane. Noma yini eyayingenziwa ukuze kugcinwe amakhomanisi nama-leftists esemandleni eJalimane kwakusekelwe. OwayenguNdunankulu waseBrithani noMholi weLiberal Party uDavid Lloyd George ngo-September 22, 1933, waphawula: “Ngiyazi ukuthi kuye kwaba nonya olunyantisayo eJalimane futhi sonke siyalugxeka futhi siyalugxeka. Kodwa izwe elidlula ekuvukeleni umbuso lihlale linecala lezigigaba ezihlasimulisa umzimba ngenxa yokuphathwa kobulungiswa okubanjwa lapha nalaphaya yisihlubuki esithukuthele.” Uma imibuso Ehlangene yayigumbuqela ubuNazi, uLloyd George waxwayisa, “ubukhomanisi obudlulele” babuyothatha indawo yabo. “Akunakuba umgomo wethu lowo,” ephawula.[i]
Ngakho-ke, leyo kwakuyinkathazo ngobuNazi: ama-apula ambalwa amabi! Umuntu kufanele abe nokuqonda ngezikhathi zenguquko. Futhi, ngaphandle kwalokho, abaseBrithani babekhathele yimpi ngemva kweWWI. Kodwa into ehlekisayo ukuthi ngokushesha ekupheleni kweWWI, lapho kungekho muntu owayengase adinwe kakhulu yimpi ngenxa yeWWI, kwenzeka inguquko - eyodwa enesabelo sayo sama-apula amabi ayengabekezelelwa ngokumangalisayo: inguquko eRussia. Lapho kwenzeka uguquko lwaseRussia, i-United States, iBrithani, iFrance, kanye nabalingani bathumela imali yokuqala ngo-1917, kwase kuba amasosha ngo-1918, eRussia ukuze asekele uhlangothi oluphikisana nempi yempi. Ngo-1920 lezi zizwe eziqondayo nezithanda ukuthula zalwa eRussia emzamweni ongaphumelelanga wokuketula uhulumeni wamavukela-mbuso waseRussia. Nakuba le mpi ingavamile ukuyenza ibe izincwadi zemibhalo zase-US, abantu baseRussia bavame ukuyikhumbula njengesiqalo seminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu yokuphikiswa nobutha obuphikelelayo obuvela e-United States naseNtshonalanga Yurophu, umbimbi phakathi ne-WWII noma kunjalo.
Ngo-1932, uKhadinali Pacelli, owaba nguPapa Pius XII ngo-1939, wabhala incwadi eya I-Zentrum noma i-Center Party, inhlangano yesithathu ngobukhulu e-Germany. UKhadinali wayekhathazekile mayelana nokukhula okungenzeka kobukhomanisi eJalimane, futhi weluleka i-Center Party ukuthi isize ukwenza u-Hitler ishansela. Kusukela lapho kuqhubeke I-Zentrum wasekela uHitler.[Ii]
UMongameli uHerbert Hoover, owalahlekelwa uwoyela waseRussia ngenxa yenguquko yaseRussia, wayekholelwa ukuthi iSoviet Union yayidinga ukuchotshozwa.[Iii]
UMbusi waseWindsor, owayeyinkosi yaseNgilandi ngo-1936 waze wahoxa ukushada noWallis Simpson owayeshade nehlazo ngaphambilini waseBaltimore, waphuza itiye noHitler endaweni kaHitler eBavaria entabeni ngo-1937. ukulungiselela iMpi Yezwe II, futhi “wahlola” amasosha amaNazi. Badla noGoebbels, Göring, Speer, kanye noNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle uJoachim von Ribbentrop. Ngo-1966, uMbusi wakhumbula ukuthi, “[UHitler] wangenza ngabona ukuthi iRed Russia yayiwukuphela kwesitha, nokuthi iGreat Britain kanye neYurophu yonke yayinesithakazelo ekukhuthazeni iJalimane ukuba imashe imelene nempumalanga futhi ibhubhise ubukhomanisi unomphela. . . . . Ngangicabanga ukuthi thina ngokwethu sizokwazi ukubukela njengoba amaNazi namaRed elwa wodwa.”[Iv]
Ingabe “ukushweleza” kuwukulahla okufanele kwabantu abashisekela kangaka ukuba izibukeli ekubulaweni kwabantu abaningi?[V]
Kukhona imfihlo encane engcolile ecashe ku-WWII, impi engcolile kangangokuthi ubungeke ucabange ukuthi ingaba nemfihlo encane engcolile, kodwa yilesi: isitha esiphezulu saseNtshonalanga ngaphambili, phakathi, nangemva kwempi kwakuyinhlekelele yamaKhomanisi aseRussia. . Okwalandela uChamberlain eMunich kwakungekhona nje ukuthula phakathi kweJalimane neNgilandi, kodwa futhi impi phakathi kweJalimane neSoviet Union. Bekuwumgomo osunesikhathi eside, umgomo ophusile, kanye nomgomo owagcina ufinyelelwe. AmaSoviet azama ukwenza isivumelwano neBrithani neFrance kodwa ajikiswa. UStalin wayefuna amasosha aseSoviet ePoland, iBrithani neFrance (kanye nePoland) ayengeke ayamukele. Ngakho, iSoviet Union yasayina isivumelwano sokungalwi neJalimane, hhayi umfelandawonye wokujoyina noma iyiphi impi neJalimane, kodwa isivumelwano sokungahlaselani, kanye nesivumelwano sokuhlukanisa iMpumalanga Yurophu. Kodwa-ke, iJalimane yayingaqondile. UHitler wayemane efuna ukusala yedwa ukuze ahlasele iPoland. Waba njalo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, amaSoviet afuna ukudala isivimbeli futhi andise umbuso wawo ngokuhlasela amazwe aseBaltic, eFinland nasePoland.
Iphupho laseNtshonalanga lokuwisa amaKhomanisi aseRussia, nokusebenzisa izimpilo zamaJalimane ukulenza, lalibonakala liseduze kakhulu. Kusukela ngo-September ka-1939 kuya ku-May ka-1940, i-France ne-England zazilwa ngokusemthethweni neJalimane, kodwa empeleni zingayilwi impi enkulu. Isikhathi saziwa izazi-mlando ngokuthi "iMpi Yefoni". Eqinisweni, iBrithani neFrance zazilindele iJalimane ukuba ihlasele iSoviet Union, futhi yakwenza lokho, kodwa ngemva kokuhlasela iDenmark, iNorway, iHolland, iBelgium, iFrance neNgilandi. IJalimane yalwa iWWII emikhawulweni emibili, entshonalanga nasempumalanga, kodwa ikakhulukazi empumalanga. Abanye abangu-80% abalimala baseJalimane bebesempumalanga. AmaRussia alahlekelwe, ngokwezibalo zaseRussia, izimpilo eziyizigidi ezingama-27.[vi] Nokho, usongo lwamakhomanisi lwasinda.
Lapho iJalimane ihlasela iSoviet Union ngo-1941, uSenator wase-US uRobert Taft waveza umbono owawubanjwe ezinhlakeni zezombangazwe kanye nezakhamuzi nezikhulu zebutho lezempi laseMelika lapho ethi uJoseph Stalin "wayengumashiqela ononya kunabo bonke emhlabeni," futhi wathi “ukunqoba kobukhomanisi . . . kungaba yingozi kakhulu kunokunqoba kwe-fascism.”[vii]
USenator Harry S Truman uthathe lokho okungase kubizwe ngokuthi umbono olinganiselayo, nakuba ungalingani kangako phakathi kokuphila nokufa: “Uma sibona ukuthi iJalimane iyanqoba kufanele sisize iRussia futhi uma iRussia iwina kufanele sisize iJalimane, futhi ngaleyo ndlela asivumele. babulala abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka, nakuba ngingafuni ukubona uHitler enqoba ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo.”[viii]
Ngokuvumelana nombono kaTruman, lapho iJalimane ingena ngokushesha eSoviet Union, uMongameli Roosevelt wahlongoza ukuthumela usizo eSoviet Union, lapho isiphakamiso wathola ukulahlwa okunonya kwabangakwesokudla kwezombusazwe zase-US, kanye nokuphikiswa okuvela kuhulumeni wase-US.[ix] I-United States yathembisa usizo kumaSoviet, kodwa izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zayo - okungenani kulesi sigaba - ayizange ifike.[X] AmaSoviet enza umonakalo omkhulu embuthweni wamaNazi ukwedlula zonke ezinye izizwe zihlangene, kodwa ayezabalaza emzamweni. Esikhundleni sosizo olwaluthenjisiwe, iSoviet Union yacela imvume yokugcina, ngemva kwempi, izindawo eyayizithumbe eMpumalanga Yurophu. IBrithani yanxusa i-United States ukuthi ivume, kodwa i-United States, okwamanje, yenqaba.[xi]
Esikhundleni sosizo oluthenjisiwe noma imvume yendawo, uStalin wenza isicelo sesithathu sabaseBrithani ngo-September 1941. Kwakuyilokhu: yilwa impi enkulu! U-Stalin wayefuna ukuvula i-front yesibili ngokumelene namaNazi entshonalanga, ukuhlasela kweBrithani eFrance, noma amasosha aseBrithani athunyelwe ukusiza empumalanga. AmaSoviet ayenqatshelwe noma yiluphi usizo olunjalo, futhi achaza lokhu kwenqaba njengesifiso sokuwabona eba buthaka. Futhi baba buthaka; nokho banqoba. Ekwindla ka-1941 nangobusika obulandelayo, iButho Lezempi LaseSoviet laphendukela amaNazi ngaphandle kwaseMoscow. Ukunqotshwa kwamaJalimane kwaqala ngaphambi kokuba i-United States ingene ngisho empini, nangaphambi kwanoma yikuphi ukuhlasela kweFrance kwasentshonalanga.[xii]
Lokho kuhlasela kwakuyisikhathi eside, eside ukufika. NgoMeyi ka-1942 uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle WaseSoviet uVyacheslav Molotov wahlangana noRoosevelt eWashington, futhi bamemezela izinhlelo zokuvulwa kwecala elingasentshonalanga ngalelo hlobo. Kodwa kwakungeke kube njalo. UChurchill wancenga uRoosevelt ukuthi esikhundleni salokho ahlasele iNyakatho Afrika naseMpumalanga Ephakathi lapho amaNazi ayesongela izithakazelo zamakoloni aseBrithani namafutha.
Nokho, ngokuphawulekayo, ehlobo lika-1942, umzabalazo wamaSoviet ngokumelene namaNazi wathola umbiko omuhle kangaka kwabezindaba e-United States, kangangokuthi ubuningi obunamandla bathanda ukuvulwa kwe-US neBrithani kwesibili. Izimoto zaseMelika zaziphethe izitikha ezibhalwe ukuthi “Second Front Now.” Kepha ohulumeni baseMelika nabaseBrithani basishaya indiva lesi sidingo. AmaSoviet, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ayelokhu edudula amaNazi emuva.[xiii]
Uma ufunda nge-WWII kumamuvi aseHollywood kanye nesiko elidumile lase-US, ubungeke wazi ukuthi inqwaba yokulwa namaNazi yenziwa amaSoviet, ukuthi uma impi inomnqobi ophezulu ngokuqinisekile kwakuyiSoviet Union. Futhi ngeke wazi ukuthi amanani amakhulu amaJuda asinda ngoba afuduka empumalanga ngaphakathi kweSoviet Union ngaphambi kweWWII noma abalekela empumalanga ngaphakathi kweSoviet Union njengoba amaNazi ehlasela. Ngo-1943, ngezindleko ezinkulu nhlangothi zombili, amaRussia adudula amaJalimane abuyela eJalimane, namanje ngaphandle kosizo olukhulu oluvela entshonalanga. NgoNovemba ka-1943, eTehran, uRoosevelt noChurchill bathembisa uStalin ukuhlasela kweFrance ngentwasahlobo elandelayo, futhi uStalin wathembisa ukulwa neJapane ngokushesha nje lapho iJalimane ihluliwe. Nokho, kwaze kwaba ngo-June 6, 1944, lapho amasosha Ahlangene afika eNormandy. Ngaleso sikhathi, amaSoviet ayesethathe ingxenye enkulu yeYurophu Ephakathi. I-United States neBrithani yayijabule ngokuthi amaSoviet abulale futhi afe iminyaka eminingi, kodwa ayengafuni ukuthi amaSoviet afika eBerlin futhi amemezele ukunqoba yedwa.
Lezi zizwe ezintathu zavumelana ngokuthi bonke abazinikele kufanele baphelele futhi kufanele benziwe kubo bobathathu ndawonye. Kodwa-ke, e-Italy, eGreece, eFrance nakwezinye izindawo i-United States neBrithani yanquma iRussia cishe ngokuphelele, yavinjelwa amaKhomanisi, yavalela amaNazi abantu abaphikisana nesokunxele, futhi yabeka kabusha ohulumeni bamalungelo amaNtaliyane, ngokwesibonelo, ababiza ngokuthi "i-fascism ngaphandle kwe-fascism. Mussolini.”[xiv] Ngemva kwempi, ngawo-1950, i-United States, “ku-Operation Gladio,” “yayiyoshiya emuva” izinhloli namaphekula nabacekeli bombuso emazweni ahlukahlukene aseYurophu ukuze ivimbele noma yiliphi ithonya lamakhomanisi.
Ekuqaleni okwakuhlelelwe usuku lokuqala lomhlangano kaRoosevelt noChurchill noStalin eYalta, i-US kanye neBrithani baqhumisa ngamabhomu idolobha laseDresden flat, lacekela phansi izakhiwo zalo kanye nemidwebo yalo kanye nezakhamuzi zakhona, ngokusobala njengendlela yokusongela iRussia.[xv] I-United States yabe isithuthukisa futhi yasetshenziswa emadolobheni aseJapane amabhomu enuzi, isinqumo esasiqhutshwa, ngokwengxenye, isifiso sokubona iJapane inikezela e-United States iyodwa, ngaphandle kweSoviet Union, kanye nesifiso sokusongela iSoviet Union.[xvi]
Ngokushesha ngemva kokuba iJalimane izinikele, uWinston Churchill wahlongoza ukusebenzisa amasosha amaNazi kanye namasosha ahlangene ukuze ahlasele iSoviet Union, izwe elalisanda kwenza umsebenzi omningi wokunqoba amaNazi.[xvii] Lesi bekungesona isiphakamiso sangaphandle. I-US kanye namaBrithani ayefune futhi azuza ukuzinikela okuyingxenye yamaJalimane, ayegcine amasosha aseJalimane ehlomile futhi ekulungele, futhi ayexoxile abaphathi baseJalimane ngezifundo ezifundwe ekuhlulekeni kwabo ngokumelene namaRussia. Ukuhlasela amaRussia ngokushesha nje kwakuwumbono owakhuthazwa uJenene George Patton, kanye no-Admiral Karl Donitz ongene esikhundleni sikaHitler, ingasaphathwa eka-Allen Dulles kanye ne-OSS. UDulles wenza ukuthula okuhlukile neJalimane e-Italy ukuze anqume amaRussia, futhi waqala ukucekela phansi intando yeningi eYurophu ngokushesha futhi wanikeza amandla amaNazi angaphambili eJalimane, kanye nokuwangenisa ebuthweni laseMelika ukuze agxile ekulweni neRussia.[xviii]
Lapho amasosha ase-US nawaseSoviet ehlangana okokuqala eJalimane, ayengakatshelwa ukuthi ayesempini. Kodwa emqondweni kaWinston Churchill babenjalo. Engakwazi ukuqala impi eshisayo, yena noTruman nabanye baqala ebandayo. I-United States yasebenza ukuze iqinisekise ukuthi izinkampani zaseNtshonalanga Jalimane zizokwakha kabusha ngokushesha kodwa zingakhokhi izinxephezelo zempi ezikweletwa iSoviet Union. Ngenkathi amaSoviets ayezimisele ukuhoxa emazweni afana neFinland, isidingo sabo sokuvimba phakathi kweRussia neYurophu saba lukhuni njengoba iMpi Yomshoshaphansi ikhula futhi yafaka phakathi "i-nuclear diplomacy" ye-oxymoronic. I-Cold War yayiyintuthuko edabukisayo, kodwa yayingaba yimbi kakhulu. Yize bekunguye yedwa obephethe izikhali zenuzi, uhulumeni wase-US, oholwa nguTruman, wadweba amasu empi yenuzi enolaka eSoviet Union, waqala ukukhiqiza nokugcina izikhali zenuzi namaB-29 ukuze azikhulule. Ngaphambi kokuthi amabhomu enuzi ayefiswa angu-300 eselungile, ososayensi baseMelika banikeze ngasese izimfihlo zamabhomu eSoviet Union - umnyakazo okungenzeka ukuthi ufeze lokho ososayensi abathi babekuhlosile, ukubuyisela ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi ngokuma.[xix] Ososayensi namuhla bazi okwengeziwe ngemiphumela engaba khona yokuwisa amabhomu enuzi angu-300, ahlanganisa ubusika benuzi emhlabeni wonke kanye nendlala enkulu yesintu.
Ubutha, izikhali zenuzi, amalungiselelo empi, amasosha aseJalimane, konke kusekhona, futhi manje kunezikhali eMpumalanga Yurophu kuze kufike emngceleni weRussia. IMpi Yezwe Yesibili yayingamandla acekela phansi ngendlela emangalisayo, nokho naphezu kwendima eyadlalwa kuyo yiSoviet Union ayizange yenze umonakalo ongapheli noma awenzanga umonakalo ongapheli emizwa emelene neSoviet eWashington. Ukushabalala kwakamuva kweSoviet Union nokuphela kobukhomanisi kwaba nomthelela ongemuhle ngendlela efanayo ebutheni obugxilile futhi obunenzuzo ngeRussia.
Ikhishwe kusuka Ukushiya iMpi Yezwe II Ngemuva.
Isifundo se-inthanethi samasonto ayisithupha ngalesi sihloko iqala namuhla.
AMANOTHI:
[i] FRASER, “Umbhalo ogcwele we-Commerce and Financial Chronicle: September 30, 1933, Umq. 137, No. 3562,” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/commercial-financial-chronicle-1339/september-30-1933-518572/fulltext
[Ii] UNicholson Baker, Intuthu Yomuntu: Ukuqala Kokuphela Kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, k. 32.
[Iii] UCharles Higham, Ukuhweba Nezitha: Ukuvezwa Kwecebo Lemali LamaNazi NamaMelika 1933-1949 (Dell Publishing Co., 1983) p. 152.
[Iv] UJacques R. Pauwels, Inganekwane yeMpi Enhle: IMelika Emhlabeni Wesibili Impi (James Lorimer & Company Ltd. 2015, 2002) p. 45.
[V] The New York Times inekhasi elimayelana Nokunxeshezelwa kwamaNazi elinamazwana omfundi abekwe unomphela ngezansi kwalo (akukho mazwana engeziwe avunyelwe) abathi isifundo asifundwanga ngoba u-Vladimir Putin Wacekelwa phansi eCrimea ngo-2014. Iqiniso lokuthi abantu baseCrimea bavotela kakhulu ukujoyina iRussia. , ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi babesongelwa amaNeo-Nazi, akukhulunywa ndawo: https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/30/sept-30-1938-hitler-granted-the-sudentenland-by-britain-france-and-italy
[vi] I-Wikipedia, "Izisulu Zempi Yezwe II," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_casualties
[vii] UJohn Moser, i-Ashbrook, iYunivesithi yase-Ashland, "Izimiso Ngaphandle Kohlelo: USenator Robert A. Taft kanye Nenqubomgomo Yangaphandle YaseMelika," Septemba 1, 2001, https://ashbrook.org/publications/dialogue-moser/#12
[viii] Isikhathi Magazine, “Izindaba Zikazwelonke: Isikhumbuzo Sosuku Lwesikhumbuzo,” uMsombuluko, Julayi 02, 1951, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,815031,00.html
[ix] U-Oliver Stone noPeter Kuznick, Umlando Ongaziwa we-United States (USimon & Schuster, 2012), iphe. 96.
[X] U-Oliver Stone noPeter Kuznick, Umlando Ongaziwa we-United States (Simon & Schuster, 2012), amakhasi 97, 102.
[xi] U-Oliver Stone noPeter Kuznick, Umlando Ongaziwa we-United States (USimon & Schuster, 2012), iphe. 102.
[xii] U-Oliver Stone noPeter Kuznick, Umlando Ongaziwa we-United States (USimon & Schuster, 2012), iphe. 103.
[xiii] U-Oliver Stone noPeter Kuznick, Umlando Ongaziwa we-United States (USimon & Schuster, 2012), amakhasi 104-108.
[xiv] UGaetano Salvamini noGiorgio La Piana, Le nguqulo yase-Italia (1945).
[xv] Brett Wilkins, Amaphupho Ajwayelekile, "Izilo kanye Nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu: Ukucabanga ngeDresden, February 1945," February 10, 2020, https://www.commondreams.org/views/2020/02/10/beasts-and-bombings-reflecting-dresden-february- 1945
[xvi] Bheka Isahluko 14 of Ukushiya iMpi Yezwe II Ngemuva.
[xvii] UMax Hastings, Imeyili Yansuku zonke, "Ukusebenza okungenakucatshangwa: Indlela uChurchill ayefuna ngayo ukuqasha amasosha amaNazi ahluliwe futhi axoshe iRussia eMpumalanga Yurophu," Agasti 26, 2009, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1209041/Operation-unthinkable-How- UChurchill-wanted-recruit-defeated-Nazi-troops-drive-Russia-Eastern-Europe.html
[xviii] UDavid Talbot, I-Devil's Chess Board: U-Allen Dulles, i-CIA, kanye noRise of America's Secret Government, (ENew York: HarperCollins, 2015).
[xix] UDave Lindorff, "Ukucabangisisa kabusha nge-Manhattan Project Spies kanye neMpi Yomshoshaphansi, i-MAD - neminyaka engama-75 ingekho impi yenuzi - ukuthi imizamo yabo yasipha isipho," Agasti 1, 2020, https://thiscantbehappening.net/rethinking-manhattan-project- izinhloli-nempi-ehlanya-neminyaka engama-75-yengekho-impi-yenuzi-imizamo-yabo-asiphiwe-
