NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Okthoba 12, 2020
“Singabokuqala!” Izwe laseMelika lidumile ihluleka ukuhola umhlaba kunoma yini efiselekayo, kepha kuholela umhlaba ezintweni eziningi, futhi omunye wabo kuphenduka ubuthi ePacific naseziqhingini zawo. Futhi nge-United States, ngisho amasosha aseMelika.
Incwadi entsha kaJon Mitchell, ebizwa Ukufaka ubuthi ePacific: Ukulahlwa Kwemfihlo Kwamasosha aseMelika ePlutonium, Izikhali Zamakhemikhali, ne-Agent Orange, exoxa lendaba. Njengazo zonke izinhlekelele ezinjalo, lesi sakhula kakhulu ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II futhi saqhubeka kusukela lapho.
UMitchell uqala ngesiqhingi sase-Okunashima lapho iJapan yakhiqiza khona izikhali zamakhemikhali phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Ngemuva kwempi, i-United States ne-Japan bazilahla izinto olwandle, bazinamathela emihumeni bazivala zazivalelwa, base bengcwaba emhlabathini - kulesi siqhingi, eduze kwaso, nakuzo zonke izingxenye ezihlukene zaseJapan. Ukubeka okuthile kungabonakali kwakuzokwenza ukuthi kunyamalale, noma okungenani kuthwalise kanzima izizukulwane ezizayo nezinye izinhlobo zezinto nakho - okwakubonakala sengathi kuyenelisa lokho.
“Phakathi kuka-1944 no-1970,” kusho uMitchell, “Amasosha ase-US alahla amakhilogremu ayizigidi ezingama-29 entambo yesinaphi nezinzwa, namathani ayi-454 emfucumfucu yemisebe ayifaka olwandle. Kwelinye lamagama athandwa yiPentagon, i-Operation CHASE (Cut Holes and Sink 'Em) yayihilela ukupakisha imikhumbi ngezikhali ezivamile nezamakhemikhali, ukuyihambisa olwandle nokuyiklwebha emanzini ajulile. ”
I-United States ayigcinanga nje ngokunqamula amadolobha amabili aseJapan nendawo ebanzi lapho imisebe yasakazeka khona, kepha nezinye iziqhingi eziningi. IZizwe Ezihlangene empeleni zinikeze iziqhingi e-United States ukuze zigcinwe ziphephile futhi zithuthukiswe "ngentando yeningi," futhi yabenza babanjwa - kufaka phakathi i-Bikini Atoll izwe elalinesizotha sokuqamba isudi yokubhukuda ngemuva, kodwa hhayi ukuyivikela, hhayi ukunxephezela abantu abaphoqelelwe ukuba baphume futhi abakwazi ukubuya ngokuphepha (bazama kusuka ngo-1972 kuya ku-1978 ngemiphumela emibi). Iziqhingi zama-atoll ahlukahlukene, lapho zingabhujiswanga ngokuphelele, zonakaliswe ngemisebe: inhlabathi, izitshalo, izilwane, nolwandle oluzungezile ne-sealife. Imfucumfucu enemisebe ekhiqizwayo ibingeyona inkinga, ngiyabonga!, Ngoba konke obekudingeka ukufihla ukuthi kungabonakali, ngokwesibonelo ngaphansi kwedome likakhonkolo eRunit Island ebeliqinisekisiwe ukuthi lizohlala iminyaka engama-200,000 kepha selivele liyaqhekeka.
E-Okinawa amanye amathani we-2,000 we-WWII odnance engaqediwe ahlala emhlabathini, abulale ngezikhathi ezithile, futhi kungenzeka kuthathe eminye iminyaka engama-70 ukuhlanza. Kepha lokho kuncane kwezinkinga. Lapho i-United States isiqedile ukulahla iNapalm namabhomu, yaguqula i-Okinawa yaba yikholoni eyayibiza ngokuthi "inqwaba yezimila ePacific." Ihambise abantu emakamu okufundela ukuze ikwazi ukwakha izisekelo nezindawo zokugcina izinhlamvu nezindawo zokuhlola izikhali. Ihambise abantu abangu-250,000 kubantu abangu-675,000, isebenzisa izindlela ezinesizotha njengesisi esikhalisa unyembezi.
Ngenkathi ifutha izigidi zamalitha e-Agent Orange namanye amakhemikhali abulalayo eVietnam, amasosha aseMelika ayewathumela amasosha nezikhali zawo e-Okinawa, lapho isikole esiphakathi sathola ingozi yezikhali zamakhemikhali kungakapheli amahora angama-48 amasosha okuqala ethunyelwa siye eVietnam, futhi kwaba kubi kakhulu lapho. I-USA ivivinye izikhali zamakhemikhali nezemvelo kuma-Okinawans nasemasosheni ase-US e-Okinawa. Ezinye zezikhali zamakhemikhali ezigcinwe zathunyelwa kuJohnston Atoll ngemuva kokuthi i-Oregon ne-Alaska bezinqabile. Eminye yaphosa olwandle (ezitsheni esezikhathele manje), noma zashiswa, noma zangcwatshwa, noma zathengiselwa abantu bendawo abangaqaphile. Iphonse nezikhali zenuzi olwandle ngase-Okinawa ngengozi, kabili.
Izikhali ezakhiwe zahlolwa e-Okinawa zathunyelwa eVietnam, kufaka phakathi i-napalm enamandla ngokwanele ukushisa inyama ngaphansi kwamanzi, kanye negesi enamandla ye-CS. Imithi yokubulala ukhula enemibala isetshenziswe ngasese ekuqaleni, ngoba i-United States ibingazi ukuthi ingahle ithembele emhlabeni ukwamukela isimangalo sayo sokuthi ukukhomba izitshalo kunabantu (ngaphandle kokulimala kwesibambiso) kwenza kube semthethweni ukusebenzisa izikhali zamakhemikhali . Kodwa ukubulala ukhula kwabulala yonke impilo. Benza amahlathi athule. Babulala abantu, babagulisa, babanikeza nezinkinga zokuzalwa. Basakwenza namanje. Futhi le nto yafafazwa e-Okinawa, yagcinwa e-Okinawa, yangcwatshwa e-Okinawa. Abantu babhikishe, njengoba nabantu bezokwenza. Futhi ngo-1973, eminyakeni emibili ngemuva kokuvinjelwa kokusetshenziswa kwama-defoliants abulalayo eVietnam, amasosha ase-US awasebenzise ngokumelene nababhikishi abangenalo udlame e-Okinawa.
Vele, umbutho wezempi wase-US uqambe amanga, futhi waqamba amanga, futhi waqamba amanga ngokuningi ngalolu hlobo lwento. Ku-2013, e-Okinawa, abantu abasebenza enkundleni yebhola lezinyawo bemba imiphongolo eyi-108 ye-Agent lokhu nalombala wobuthi. Ebhekene nobufakazi, amasosha aseMelika aqhubeka nokuqamba amanga.
“Yize omakadebona baseMelika bethola ubulungiswa kancane kancane,” kubhala uMitchell, “aluzange lube khona usizo olunjalo kubantu base-Okinawans, futhi uhulumeni waseJapan akenzanga lutho ukubasiza. Ngesikhathi sempi yaseVietnam, abantu base-Okinawans abayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisihlanu basebenza kulezi zikhungo, kodwa abakaze bahlolelwe izinkinga zezempilo, futhi abalimi base-Iejima noma abahlali abahlala eduze kwaseCamp Schwab, i-MCAS Futenma, noma indawo yokulahla inkundla yebhola likanobhutshuzwayo. ”
Amasosha aseMelika abematasa ethuthukela ekungcoliseni umhlaba. Igcwala umhlaba wonke, kufaka phakathi ne-United States, nge-dioxin, i-uranium eseyaphela, i-napalm, amabhomu eqoqo, imfucumfucu yenuzi, izikhali zenuzi, ne-ordnance engaqediwe. Izisekelo zayo ngokuvamile zifuna ilungelo lokusebenza ngaphandle komthetho. Izindawo zayo zomlilo (ukubuyekeza impi) amasayithi anobuthi ezindaweni ezizungezile ezinamanzi abulalayo. Phakathi kuka-1972 no-2016, amakamu uHansen noSchwab e-Okinawa nawo adale imililo yehlathi ecishe ibe ngama-600. Bese kuba nokulahla uphethiloli ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane, amabhanoyi ashayisa izakhiwo, nazo zonke izinhlobo zama-SNAFU anjalo.
Futhi-ke kukhona igwebu lokucisha umlilo kanye namakhemikhali angunaphakade avame ukubizwa ngePFAS, futhi abhalwe kabanzi nguPat Elder lapha. Amasosha ase-US afake ubuthi emanzini amaningi aphansi e-Okinawa ngokusobala, yize azi ngobungozi kusukela ngo-1992 noma phambilini.
U-Okinawa akahlukile. I-United States inezisekelo emazweni azungeze iPacific nakumakholoni ayi-16 lapho abantu babamba khona isikhundla sebanga lesibili - izindawo ezifana neGuam. Ibuye ibe nezisekelo ezibhubhisa kakhulu ezindaweni ezenziwe izifundazwe, njengeHawaii ne-Alaska.
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