Ngeminyaka engama-70 yokufika kwe-D-Day, uBrian Williams wahola i-NBC Nightly News. Ngale ndlela: “Ekusakazweni kwethu namuhla kusihlwa, sibingelele amaqhawe ahlasele amabhishi lapha e-Normandy…” Kuyindawo evamile emhlabeni wethu waseMelika, lelo gama elithi “amaqhawe” kulawo amasosha ase-US noma, njengoba kushiwo njalo, “amaqhawe alimele” ethu alabo abalimala kwenye yezimpi zethu eziningi. Nokho, kulokhu, ngenxa yokuthi yayisetshenziswa kodokotela beMpi Yezwe II, impi kababa, yangimisa endleleni yami. Umzuzwana nje, angikwazanga ukuzibamba ngicabanga ukuthi ubaba wayezothini, ukube kukhona owayembizile - noma yimuphi wamaphoyisa asemoyeni eBurma “abeyisikhulu sezokusebenza” kwawo - iqhawe. Yize sekuphele amashumi amathathu eminyaka eshonile, angingabazi nakancane ukuthi ubengacabanga ukuthi kuyinhlekisa. EMpini Yezwe I, amasosha aseMelika ayaziwa ngokuthi “ama-doughboy.” EMpini Yezwe II, ngokuvamile (futhi ngokuziqhenya) babebizwa ngokuthi “izinja” noma i-GI (“ngodaba lukahulumeni”) uJoes, futhi ukufana kwabo kwesakhamuzi nesosha kwakuboniswa ngezibalo eziqinile kodwa ezilahliwe zikaWilly noJoe, UBill Mauldin isikhathi sempi esithandekayo amasosha ezinyawo zekhathuni kwisiqubulo eside esiya eBerlin.
Futhi lokho kwakulifanelekela ibutho lezempi elivamile, ibutho elibuthelwe empini. Kwaba phansi emhlabeni. Kwakuyindlela owawuchaza ngayo abantu ababeshiye ukuphila kwezakhamuzi ngazo zonke izinhloso zokubuyela kuyo ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, ababecabanga ukuthi umbutho wezempi wawuyisidingo esibi sesikhathi esibi emlandweni kanye naleyo mpi, indlela embi kodwa edingekayo okufanele ihambe ngayo. Ngalezo zinsuku, amaqhawe ayengaba igama elingaziwa, uhlobo owawuhlotshaniswa nalo, uthi, amaPrussia.
Ubaba wavolontiya ngemva nje kokuhlaselwa kwePearl Harbor futhi akazange akhishwe esikhundleni kuze kuphele impi, kodwa - ngikhumbula kahle eminyakeni eyalandela - ngenkathi eziqhenya ngenkonzo yakhe, wagcina ukungathandi okujwayelekile nokunempilo kwaseMelika (ukubeka ngesizotha) ngalokho akubiza ngokuthi “ibutho elivamile” futhi uGeorge Washington wayezobiza “ibutho elimile.” Ubeyomangala ngendlela yamanje yempi yaseMelika kanye nomkhathi wenkulumo-ze esiphila kuwo manje uma kuziwa ekudumiseni nasekuphakamiseni amasosha ase-US ngaphezu kwawo wonke umphakathi. Ubengeke acabange ukuthi inkosikazi kamengameli izongena ohlelweni lukamabonakude oludumile — ngikhuluma ngoMichelle Obama ku- “Nashville” — bese uyixuba nabalingiswa benganekwane ukuze ubancome okweshumi nambili amaqhawe aseMelika kanye nenkonzo yawo esizweni.
EVietnam, leli gama lalingelona iqhawe, lalingu “grun”. Ukuphakanyiswa kwesosha laseMelika ezulwini lokudumisa nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kweza ngokuphawulekayo ngemva kokuphela kwebutho lezakhamuzi, ikakhulukazi nalokho okwase kuthathe umhlalaphansi uLieutenant Colonel Lieutenant Air Force kanye. I-TomDispatch ejwayelekile UWilliam Astore ubiza umcabango omusha we-Fortress America weminyaka yangemva kwe-9/11 kanye nomhlaba ohlale ugcwele impi yempi eqhubekayo ehambisana nayo.
Ukube nje ngangingalubamba ucingo, ngishayele ubaba, futhi ngezwa amagama akhethekile ayengaba nawo ngenxa yesikhundla sakhe esisanda kuphakanyiswa “njengeqhawe” laseMelika, emashumini ayisikhombisa eminyaka ngemva kweNormandy. Kodwa ngokungakwazi, ngalolo suku lwe-D-Day ngenza into engcono kakhulu elandelayo futhi ngabiza umngane oneminyaka engu-90 ubudala, owayesemkhunjini osuka kwelinye lalawo mabhishi agcwele igazi njengoba ukuhlasela kuqala. Lapho ecabanga ngaleyo minyaka engu-70 ngokuziqhenya okuthile, wakhumbula ukuthi into amasosha ahamba ngezinyawo eMpi Yezwe II ayeyizonda kakhulu kwakuwukubingelela noma ukuthi “mnumzane” ezikhulwini. Abekho amaqhawe - futhi abanalo uthando lwempi yaphakade. Uma sibeka enye indlela, njengoba sisuka kude ekunqobeni kwethu kwezempi okukhulu kokugcina, okufanekiselwa izehlakalo zangoJuni 6, 1944, kwaba yilapho ulimi oluchazayo, noma mhlawumbe lokucakwa mhlophe, indlela entsha yempi yaseMelika, luphakeme kakhulu. ukwehluleka okumsulwa, ingase ibe nokufana okuncane. Tom
Umalume Sam Akakufuni — Usevele Unawe
Amaqiniso Ezempi E-Fortress America
By UWilliam J. Astore
Ngachitha iminyaka emine yasekolishi ku-Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) ngabe sengikhonza iminyaka engu-20 eMbuthweni Wasemoyeni wase-US. Ezempi, ikakhulukazi ekuqeqeshweni okuyisisekelo, awunakho ubumfihlo. Uhulumeni ungumnikazi wakho. “Ungudaba lukahulumeni,” enye nje i-GI, inombolo ebhalwe phansi enohlobo lwegazi lakho nenkolo uma kwenzeka udinga ukumpontshelwa igazi noma imicikilisho yokugcina. Uyajwayela. Lokho kuzidela kobumfihlo bomuntu ngamunye kanye nokuzimela komuntu siqu yinani olikhokhayo ngokujoyina amasosha. Heck, ngithole umsebenzi omuhle kanye nempesheni kuwo, ungangikhaleli, America.
Kodwa leli zwe selishintshe kakhulu selokhu ngajoyina i-ROTC ngo-1981, lanyatheliswa iminwe, lathayishelwa igazi, futhi ngaphoqwa futhi ngafakwa. (Ngangidinga ukuhoxiswa kwezokwelapha kwe-myopia.) Namuhla, e-Fortress America, sonke, ngandlela thize, siyinkinga kahulumeni ngendlela exakile. isimo sokubhekwa wahlanya.
Ngokungafani nalokho iphosta yokuqasha kudala, uMalume uSam akasakufuni — usenawe. Ubhaliselwe esimweni sokuphepha kazwelonke saseMelika. Lokho kuningi kubonakala kusuka U-Edward Snowden izambulo. Imeyili yakho? Ingafundwa. Izingcingo zakho? Metadata ngabo kuyabuthwa. I-smartphone yakho? Kuyinto ephelele idivayisi yokulandelela uma uhulumeni edinga ukukuthola. Ikhompyutha yakho? I-Hackable futhi iyalandeleka. Iseva yakho? Kunjalo enkonzweni yabo, hhayi eyakho.
Iningi labafundi basekolishi engibafundise muva nje bathatha i-a ukulahlekelwa ubumfihlo ngokuvunyelwa. Abazi ukuthi yini elahlekile ezimpilweni zabo ngakho-ke abakwazisi lokho abalahlekile noma, uma bekhathazeka ngakho, baziduduze ngokucabanga komlingo - amazwi anjengokuthi “Sengikwenzile. akukho okungalungile, ngakho akukho engingakufihla.” Banombono omncane wokuthi ohulumeni bangaba namandla kangakanani ngencazelo yegama elithi “okungalungile.”
Cabanga ngathi sonke esibuthiwe, cishe noma ngaphansi, enguqulweni entsha ye-Fortress America, yezwe elihlale ligcwele impi, elivikelekile. Uqasha imuvi? Kungani ungakhethi eyokuqala Captain America futhi umbone enqoba amaNazi futhi, isikhumbuzo sempi yokugcina esiyinqobile ngempela? Ingabe uye waya epaki ye-baseball ngosuku lweSikhumbuzo? Yini engaba eMelika noma emsulwa? Ngakho ngethemba ukuthi anibanakanga bonke labo amakepisi namayunifomu afihliwe abadlali bakho obathandayo bebegqoke okunye okungapheli kokuhlonipha amasosha ethu nomakadebona.
Asizwe ukukhononda umfaniswano wezempi ezinkundleni zokudlala zaseMelika. Phela, awazi yini ukuthi ukuzijabulisa kwangempela kweMelika kule minyaka edlule bekuyiyo impi futhi kuningi?
Yiba Umqeqeshi Omuhle
Cabanga ngendida. Impi yaseVietnam yadala ibutho lesakhamuzi elingalawuleki elalibonisa isakhamuzi esingalawuleki nesihlubukayo. Lokho kwafakazela okungaphezu kwalokho amasosha ase-US kanye nezikhulu zethu ezibusayo ezingakuthatha. Ngakho uMongameli uNixon waqeda uhlaka e 1973 futhi yenza isakhamuzi saseMelika nesosha saba ngcono, isimo esihle esasiphikelele amakhulu amabili eminyaka, into yesikhathi esidlule. “Amasosha angamavolontiya,” ochwepheshe, abuthwa noma ayengelwa ukuba asenzele umsebenzi. Akukho msindo, akukho ngxabano, futhi bekulokhu kunjalo kusukela lapho. Inala yempi, kodwa asikho isidingo sokuba "warrior,” ngaphandle kwalapho usayina emugqeni wamachashazi. Yindlela entsha yaseMelika.
Kodwa kwavela ukuthi kwakukhona inani elilinganayo lokuphrinta okuhle esivumelwaneni esakhulula abantu baseMelika kulezo zibopho zempi ezizimele. Ingxenye yokuxoxisana kwakuwukuthi "ukweseka abahle" (noma kunalokho "amasosha ethu") ngokungaguquki futhi bonke abanye abathintekayo bathuliswe, ukugcina ukuthula kwakho, ukuba iqhawe elijabulisayo esimweni esisha sezokuphepha kazwelonke, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwe-9 / 11, ikhule yaba ngamanani amakhulu edola labakhokhintela. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyathanda noma awuthandi, ubhaliselwe kuleyo ndima, ngakho-ke joyina ulayini wabaqashi futhi uthathe indawo yakho efanele endaweni yamasosha.
Uma unesibindi, bheka ngaphesheya ngokuya ngokuya kuqiniswe futhi kuqashwe ngeso lokhozi imingcele esabelana ngayo neCanada neMexico. (Uyakhumbula lapho wawuwela leyo mingcele ngaphandle kokuhlupheka, ngisho nepasipoti noma ikhadi le-ID? Ngiyakwenza.) Bheka labo drones, ikhaya elivela ezimpini futhi selivele lingena ngaphakathi noma maduze nje lizofika esibhakabhakeni sendawo yangakini - ngokusobala ukuze lilwe nobugebengu. Khokha inhlonipho efanele ngokukhula kwakho amaphoyisa ahlomile ngezikhali zabo ezizenzakalelayo, zabo amaqembu akhethekile e-SWAT, kanye nabo aguquliwe ama-MRAP (izimoto ezivikelwe ezingavimbeli amabhomu). Lezi zimoto zakudala zase-Iraqi Freedom manje seziyinsalela yezempi enikezwayo noma ithengiswe ngemali eshibhile eminyangweni yamaphoyisa endawo. Qaphela ukugcina imiyalo yabo ye-draconian efana nejele "i-lockdowns” endaweni yakini noma idolobha, izimemezelo zesikhashana zomthetho wezempi, konke ngenxa yokuphepha nokuvikeleka kwakho.
Yiba ibutho elihle futhi wenze lokho otshelwa khona. Ungangeni ezindaweni zomphakathi uma uyalwa ukuba wenze njalo. Funda ukushaya indesheni ngobuhlakani. (Kungesinye sezifundo zokuqala engazifunda njengebutho lezempi.) Cha, hhayi lokho kubingelela komunwe ophakathi nendawo, wena imvubu esikhulile. Nikeza okufaneleyo kwabanegunya. Kungcono ufunde ukuthi kanjani.
Noma mhlawumbe awudingi ngisho nokukwenza, njengoba okuningi esikwenzayo manje ngokuzenzakalelayo kwakhiwe ukuze kunikeze thina leso saluthe. Ukucula okuphindaphindiwe kwethi “God Bless America” emicimbini yezemidlalo. Ukubukwa okuphindaphindiwe kwamamuvi akhazimulisa amasosha. (Amandla Okusebenza Okukhethekile ayisihloko esishisayo kuma-multiplex aseMelika kulezi zinsuku kusukela Umthetho we-Valor kuya Lone Survivor.) Kungani ungaphenduli ubizo lomsebenzi ngokudlala imidlalo yevidiyo yezempi efana Call of Duty? Ngempela, uma ucabanga ngempi, qiniseka ukuthi uyiphatha njenge- ezemidlalo, imuvi, umdlalo.
Ukuhamba eMelika
Sekuphele cishe iminyaka eyishumi ngiphuma empini, kodwa nokho ngizizwa nginamandla kakhulu namuhla kunangesikhathi ngigqoke umfaniswano. Lowo muzwa waqala ukungifikela ngo-2007, ngesikhathi okwakubizwa ngokuthi “ukuhlasela kwe-Iraqi” - ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amasosha angama-30,000 ase-US obishini okwakuwumsebenzi wethu kulelozwe. Kwangisiza kimi isihloko sokuqala ye-TomDispatch. Yangimangaza indlela umkhuzi wethu wezempi, uGeorge W. Bush, acasha ngayo ngemva kwebutho lezempi. esifubeni beribboned wesikhulu sakhe esimisiwe, uGeneral David Petraeus, ukuze athethelele impi yakhe yokuzikhethela e-Iraq. Kubonakale njengokwesabisayo okulingana nokuphendulela ubudlelwano bendabuko bezempi nezakhamuzi zaseMelika bubheke phansi, bukamongameli owayeye kwezempi. Futhi kwasebenza. UKhongolose owesabekayo ulethwe ngobumnene “iNkosi uDavide” Petraeus futhi waphuthuma ukuyojabulela ubufakazi bakhe ekusekeleni ukwanda kweMelika e-Iraq.
Kusukela lapho, sekuyisidingo esidabukisayo ukuze omongameli bethu banikele amabhantshi endiza yezempi noma nini lapho bekhuluma nathi"ama-warfighters” njengophawu “lokusekela” kwabo kokubili kanye nokulwa nobumongameli bombuso. (Ukuze uqhathanise, zama ukubona ngeso lengqondo uMatthew Brady ethatha isithombe sika “uthembekile Abe” eMpini Yombango okulingana nejakhethi yendiza!) Manje de rigueur ukuze omongameli badumise amasosha aseMelika ngokuthi “ amasosha amahle kakhulu emlandweni womhlaba” noma, njengoba uMongameli u-Obama evame ukusho kuBrian Williams we-NBC esikhathini interview kusukela eNormandy ngesonto eledlule, “ibutho lezempi elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni.” Okubi nakakhulu, la mabutho afanayo agujwa ezweni lonke ngendlela ezwakalayo "njengamaqhawe" aqinile. futhi abanomusa abaletha inkululeko, ngesikhathi esifanayo abahle kakhulu nababi kunabo bonke emhlabeni - futhi bonke ngaphandle kokufaka noma yikuphi okubi, njengobubi bempi nokubulala. Mhlawumbe lokho kuchaza ukuthi kungani ngike ngabona amaveni okuqasha amasosha (ama-consoles wegeyimu yevidiyo yezemidlalo) kuLittle League World Series eWilliamsport, ePennsylvania. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi inkonzo yezempi izuzisa kangaka, kungani ungafaki amathemba ezwe aneminyaka engu-12 ubudala ngethemba lokungena ezinhlwini?
Bambalwa kakhulu abantu baseMelika ababona izinkinga kunoma yikuphi kwalokhu, okungafanele kusimangaze. Phela vele sebeziqokile. Futhi uma ithemba lakho konke lokhu likushaqisa, awukwazi ngisho nokushisa ikhadi lakho elingakapheli ngokubhikisha, ngakho-ke kungcono ukushayela indesheni ngobuhlakani futhi ulalele. Indondo yokuziphatha okuhle ngokungangabazeki izofika kuwe maduze.
Bekungenjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngikhumbula ngihamba emigwaqweni yaseWorcester, eMassachusetts, ngigqoke umfaniswano wami we-ROTC owawusanda kucindezelwa ngo-1981. Kwase kuyiminyaka eyisithupha ngemva kokuphela kweMpi YaseVietnam ngokunqotshwa kanye namafilimu amelene nempi afana nalokhu. Coming Home, The Deer Hunter, Futhi Apocalypse Manje zazisezintsha ezingqondweni zabantu. (Igazi lokuqala kanye noRambo"ukugwaza-ngemuva” inganekwane yayingeke ivele omunye unyaka.) Ngangiqaphela ukuthi abantu bangibhekile hhayi ngenzondo, kodwa ngokunganaki okuthile okuxutshwa ngezikhathi ezithile nokudelela okufihlekile. Kwangikhathaza kancane, kodwa nangaleso sikhathi ngangazi ukuthi ukungathenjwa okunempilo kwamasosha amakhulu amile kwakusohlamvu lwaseMelika.
Akusenjalo. Namuhla, amalungu enkonzo, uma evela egqoke umfaniswano, ashayelwa ihlombe emhlabeni wonke futhi atuswe ngokuphindaphindiwe ngokuthi amaqhawe.
Angisho ukuthi amasosha ethu asiwadelele, kodwa njengoba umlando wethu usikhombisile, ukugeqa amagula phambi kwawo akulona uphawu olunempilo lwenhlonipho. Kubheke njengophawu futhi ukuthi sonke siyinkinga kahulumeni manje.
Ukukhipha Ingqondo Yezempi
Uma ucabanga ukuthi lokho kuyihaba, cabanga ngemanuwali endala yesikhulu sezempi engisenayo. Kudala ngo-1950, kugunyazwe yilowo waseMelika omkhulu, uJenene George C. Marshall, Jr., indoda eyabangela ukunqoba kwezwe lakithi eMpini Yezwe II. Kwaqala ngalesi sikhumbuzo esiya kumphathi osanda kuthunywa: “[O] n ukuba isikhulu indoda ayilahli noma iyiphi ingxenye yobuntu bayo obuyisisekelo njengesakhamuzi saseMelika. Usanda kubhalisela izifundo zangemva kokuthweswa iziqu lapho umuntu efunda ukusebenzisa igunya ngokuvumelana nomoya wenkululeko.” Lokho kungase kungabi into elula ukuyenza, kodwa inhloso yale manuwali kwakuwukugqamisa ukungezwani okuhle phakathi kweziphathimandla zezempi nenkululeko yomuntu siqu okwakuwumongo webutho lesakhamuzi elidala.
Kuphinde kukhumbuze izikhulu ezintsha ukuthi zingabaphathi benkululeko yaseMelika, zicaphuna amazwi ommeli ongashiwongo ngegama ngale ndaba: “Ifilosofi yaseMelika ibeka umuntu ngaphezu kombuso. Awethembi amandla omuntu siqu nokuphoqwa. Iyaphika ukuthi kukhona amadoda abalulekile. Iqinisekisa ukuphakama kwesimiso. "
Lawo mazwi ayeyikhambi elizwakalayo lokugunyazwa kodaba lukahulumeni kanye nezempi - futhi kusenjalo. Ngokubambisana sonke sidinga ukwenza okuncane kwethu, hhayi njengo-GI Joes noJanes, kodwa njengeCitizen Joes noJanes, ukubeka inkululeko yomuntu siqu kanye nezimiso zomthethosisekelo kuqala. Ngomoya kaRonald Reagan, owathi utshele Umholi wamaSoviet uMikhail Gorbachev ukuba “adilize lolu donga [lwaseBerlin],” akusona yini isikhathi sokuqala ukudiliza izindonga zeFortress America futhi silahle imiqondo yethu yezempi? Izizukulwane ezizayo zezakhamizi zizosibonga, uma sinesibindi sokwenza lokho.
UWilliam J. Astore, u-lieutenant colonel (USAF) osewathatha umhlalaphansi kanye I-TomDispatch ejwayelekile, uhlela ibhulogi Umbono Ophambene.
Landela i-TomDispatch ku-Twitter bese ujoyine nathi Facebook futhi Tumblr. Bheka iDispatch Book entsha, kaRebecca Solnit Amadoda Chaza Izinto Ngami.
I-copyright 2014 uWilliam J. Astore
