NguNick Turse, TomDispatch
Ungacabangi ukuthi imfashini “yokukhipha ixhaphozi” yaqala emkhankasweni noDonald Trump. Akwenzekanga, nakuba “ixhaphozi” elalizochithwa ezinsukwini ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-9/11 lalingekho eWashington; kwakuyizwe lomhlaba wonke. Yiqiniso, lowo umlando wasendulo, iminyaka engaphezu kuka-15 ubudala. Ubani okhumbula leso sikhathi, nakuba sisaphila ngokuwa kwayo - ne kwafa amakhulu ezinkulungwane futhi izigidi zababaleki, ne-Islamophobia kanye ne-ISIS, noMongameli okhethiwe uTrump, ethathe umhlalaphansi ULieutenant General Michael Flynn, nokunye okuningi Okuningi?
Ngemuva kwezimpi ezimbi kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika, ukuhlasela nokuhlasela kwe-Iraq ngo-2003, kunzima ukucabanga noma yimuphi umhlaba ngaphandle kwalowo esinawo, okwenza kube lula ukukhohlwa lokho izikhulu eziphezulu zeBush. abaphathi bacabanga ukuthi bazofeza “ngeMpi Yabo Yomhlaba Wonke Yobushokobezi.” Ubani okhumbulayo manje ukuthi bagxumela ngokushesha kangakanani nangomdlandla kuphrojekthi yokukhipha lelo xhaphozi lomhlaba wonke lamaqembu amaphekula (ngenkathi bephuma amaTaliban bese "ukuqaqa” umbuso wase-Iraq kaSaddam Hussein)? Umgomo wabo omkhulu: i-imperium yaseMelika e-Greater Middle East (futhi kamuva okucatshangwa ukuthi ingeyomhlaba wonke I-Pax Americana). Ngamanye amazwi, babengabaphuphi be-geopolitical oda lokuqala.
Cishe isonto ngemuva kuka-9/11, uNobhala Wezokuvikela uDonald Rumsfeld wayesevele uyafunga ukuthi umkhankaso wembulunga yonke ozayo “uzoqeda ixhaphozi abahlala kulo.” Ngemva kwesonto kuphela, emhlanganweni we-NATO, iPhini likaNobhala Wezokuvikela uPaul Wolfowitz wagcizelela ukuthi, “yize sizozama ukuthola zonke izinyoka exhaphozini, umnyombo walelisu ukuqeda ixhaphozi [lodwa].” NgoJuni olandelayo, enkulumweni yokuqala e-West Point, uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wayezokwenza khuluma ngokuziqhenya ngesifiso sabaphathi bakhe sokuqeda lelo xhaphozi “lamaqembu abashokobezi” “emazweni angu-60 noma ngaphezulu” amangalisayo.
NjengeWashington kaDonald Trump, kubonakale kulula kakhulu kwamaxhaphozi ukucabanga ukudonsa amanzi. Ezikhulwini eziphezulu zokuphatha kukaBush ukwethula impi yomhlaba wonke yobushokobezi kwabonakala kuyindlela ephelele yokuguqula isimo somhlaba wethu - futhi, ngomqondo othile, babenephutha. Nokho, njengoba kwenzeka, esikhundleni sokuqeda amaxhaphozi ngokuhlasela kwawo nemisebenzi yawo, angena endaweni eyodwa. Impi yabo yokwesaba yayizofakazela ukuthi inhlekelele engapheli, ukukhiqiza kwehlulekile noma izifundazwe ezihlulekayo okukhulu kanye nokusiza ukudala isimo esihle sezinxushunxushu kanye nokucasuka lapho amaqembu ama-Islamic extremist, okuhlanganisa ne-ISIS, angachuma khona.
Kuphinde kwashintsha isimo sebutho laseMelika ngendlela iningi labantu baseMelika elisazoyibamba. Ngenxa yaleyo mpi yaphakade yonkana eGreater Middle East kanye ne-Afrika yakamuva, impi yesibili eyimfihlo yesilinganiso esishaqisayo yayizogqugquzelwa ngaphakathi kwebutho lezempi lase-US elikhona, amabutho aphakeme asakhulayo e-Special Operations Command. Yibo okwakuthi, okungenani ngokucatshangelwa, babe ngabakhiphi bamaxhaphozi. TomDispatch Njalo U-Nick Turse usenesikhathi eside elandela intuthuko yabo kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwabo okunesiphithiphithi emhlabeni jikelele - kusukela, njengoba ebika namuhla, emazweni angama-60 ngonyaka ka-2009 kuya emazweni angama-138 ngonyaka ka-2016. ngenkathi yethula ukuhlasela kanye neziteleka ze-drone ngokumelene namaphekula engxenyeni ebalulekile yeplanethi (kuhlanganise, vele, ukukhipha u-Osama bin Laden e-Abbottabad, ePakistan, ngo-2011). Ngaleso sikhathi, babezofakwa ezikhungweni ngezindlela ezengeziwe, njengoba amaqembu amaphekula ayelwa nawo ayeqhubeka nokusabalala.
Mhlawumbe ungasho ukuthi abalikhiphanga kangako ixhaphozi njengexhaphozi lomsele. Namuhla, njengoba sisondela enkathini entsha ka-Donald Trump, u-Turse unikeza umbiko wakhe wakamuva ngokuphakama kwabo kanye nekusasa elingase libe khona. Tom
Unyaka we-Commando
I-US Special Operations Forces Ithumela Ezizweni Eziyi-138, i-70% Yamazwe Omhlaba
By I-Nick TurseAtholakala emaphethelweni eSirte, Libya, esekela amasosha endawo, naseMukalla, Yemen, esekela amasosha avela e-United Arab Emirates. E-Saakow, indawo eqashisayo eseningizimu Somalia, basize amakhomando endawo ekubulaleni amalungu amaningi eqembu lamaphekula i-al-Shabab. Emadolobhaneni aseJarabulus nase-Al-Rai enyakatho Syria, babambisene nawo womabili amasosha aseTurkey namasosha ase-Syria, kuyilapho beshumeka nama-Kurdish YPG fighters kanye ne-Syrian Democratic Forces. Ngaphesheya komngcele phakathi Iraq, abanye bajoyina impi yokukhulula idolobha laseMosul. Futhi ku Afghanistan, basize amabutho abomdabu emisebenzini ehlukahlukene, njengoba nje benzile minyaka yonke kusukela ngo-2001.
KwaseMelika, u-2016 kungenzeka kube unyaka we- commando. Ezindaweni ezingqubuzanayo ngemva kwenye engxenyeni esenyakatho ye-Afrika kanye ne-Greater Middle East, amabutho e-U.S. Special Operations Force (SOF) alwa uhlobo lwawo lwezimpi ezisezingeni eliphansi. "Ukunqoba impi yamanje, okuhlanganisa ne-Islamic State, i-al-Qaeda, nezinye izindawo lapho i-SOF ibhekene nezingxabano nokungazinzi, kuyinselelo esheshayo," isikhulu se-U.S. Special Operations Command (SOCOM), General Raymond Thomas, utshele iSenate Armed Services Committee ngonyaka odlule.
Izimpi ze-SOCOM zethunzi ngokumelene namaqembu amaphekula afana ne-al-Qaeda kanye ne-Islamic State (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-ISIL) kungenzeka, ngokuxakayo, kube imisebenzi yayo ebonakalayo kakhulu. Okusithelwe ekusithekeni okwengeziwe yimisebenzi yayo - kusukela ekulweni nabavukeli kanye nemizamo yokulwa nezidakamizwa kuye ekuqeqesheni okungapheli kanye nokweluleka - ngaphandle kwezindawo ezingqubuzanayo ezaziwayo emhlabeni wonke. Lokhu kuqhutshwa ngokungananazi okuncane, ukusakazwa kwabezindaba, noma ukugadwa emazweni amaningi nsuku zonke. Ukusuka e-Albania kuya e-Uruguay, e-Algeria kuya e-Uzbekistan, amabutho aseMelika asezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu - amaNavy SEALs kanye ne-Army Green Berets phakathi kwawo - athunyelwa emazweni ayi-138 ngo-2016, ngokwezibalo ezinikezwe TomDispatch yi-U.S. Special Operations Command. Leli nani, elingelinye eliphakeme kunawo wonke ehhovisi lika-Barack Obama, lifanekisela lokho osekuyinkathi yegolide, ku-SOF-speak, "indawo empunga" - ibinzana elisetshenziselwa ukuchaza ukuhwalala okumnyama phakathi kwempi nokuthula. Unyaka ozayo kungenzeka ukhombise ukuthi lesi sikhathi siphela ngo-Obama noma siyaqhubeka ngaphansi kokuphatha kukaMengameli okhethiwe uDonald Trump.
“Eminyakeni embalwa nje edlule, siye sabona isimo esihlukahlukene esisongelayo esihlanganisa: ukuvela kweShayina ethanda ukwanda kwezempi; iNyakatho Korea eya ngokuya ingaqondakali; i-revanchist Russia esongela izintshisekelo zethu kokubili eYurophu nase-Asia; kanye ne-Iran eqhubeka nokwandisa ithonya layo eMpumalanga Ephakathi, ibhebhezela izingxabano zamaSunni namaShia,” kubhala uGeneral Thomas ngenyanga edlule. I-PRISM, iphephabhuku elisemthethweni le-Pentagon's Center for Complex Operations. "Abadlali bezifundazwe baphinde badide leli zwe ngokusebenzisa inethiwekhi yamaphekula, izigebengu, kanye nezihlubuki ezicekela phansi ukubusa kuzo zonke izifundazwe eziqine kakhulu... Amandla okusebenza akhethekile ahlinzeka ngamakhono nezimpendulo kulezi zinselele."
Ngo-2016, ngokusho kwedatha enikezwe ku TomDispatch yi-SOCOM, i-U.S. yatshala ama-opharetha akhethekile e-China (ikakhulukazi i-Hong Kong), ngaphezu kwamazwe ayishumi nanye ayizungezile - i-Taiwan (i-China ebheka njenge isifundazwe esihlukene), Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, India, Laos, Philippines, South Korea, naseJapan. I-Special Operations Command ayikuvumi ukuthumela ama-commandos e-Iran, eNyakatho Korea, noma e-Russia, kodwa ithumela amasosha emazweni amaningi abawashayayo.
I-SOCOM izimisele ukusho amagama angu-129 kuphela emazweni angu-138 amasosha ayo ajutshwe kuwo ngo-2016. "Cishe wonke ama-Special Operations athunyelwe ahlukaniswe," kusho umkhulumeli uKen McGraw. TomDispatch. "Uma ukuthunyelwa ezweni elithile kungakacaciswanga, asilukhiphi ulwazi mayelana nokuthunyelwa."
I-SOCOM, ngokwesibonelo, ayikuvumi ukuthumela amasosha ezindaweni zempi Somalia, Syria, noma Yemen, naphezu kobufakazi obuningi bokuba khona kwamasosha akhethekile ase-U.S. kuwo womathathu amazwe, kanye nombiko we-White House, okhishwe ngenyanga edlule, wokuthi amanothi "I-United States njengamanje isebenzisa amasosha eSomalia, eSyria naseYemen, futhi isho ngokuqondile ukuthi" i-US amasosha akhethekile athunyelwe eSyria. "
Ngokusho kweSpecial Operations Command, u-55.29% wabasebenzi abakhethekile abathunyelwe phesheya kwezilwandle ngo-2016 bathunyelwa e-Greater Middle East, ukwehla ngo-35% kusukela ngo-2006. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuthunyelwa e-Afrika isibhakabhaka ngaphezu kuka-1600% - kusuka ku-1% nje kuphela wabaqhubi abakhethekile abathunyelwe ngaphandle kwe-U.S. ngo-2006 kuya ku-17.26% ngonyaka odlule. Lezo zifunda ezimbili zalandelwa yizindawo ezisetshenziswa yi-European Command (12.67%), Pacific Command (9.19%), Southern Command (4.89%), kanye neNorthern Command (0.69%), ephethe "ukuvikela izwe lasekhaya." Nganoma yiluphi usuku olunikeziwe, cishe i-8,000 yama-commando kaThomas angatholakala emazweni angaphezu kwama-90 emhlabeni jikelele.
The Manhunters
"Amabutho oMsebenzi Okhethekile adlala indima ebalulekile ekuqoqeni ubuhlakani - ubuhlakani obusekela ukusebenza ngokumelene ne-ISIL nokusiza ekulweni nokugeleza kwamasosha angaphandle ukuya nokubuya eSyria nase-Iraq," wathiLisa Monaco, umsizi kamongameli wezokuphepha kwezwe kanye nokulwa nobushokobezi, emazwini akhe eNgqungqutheleni Yezempi Ekhethekile Yamazwe Ngamazwe ngonyaka odlule. Imisebenzi enjalo yezobunhloli "yenziwa ngokusekela okuqondile kwemishini ekhethekile," uThomas weSOCOM. wachaza ngo-2016. “Ukubaluleka kwezimpahla zobuhlakani bemisebenzi ekhethekile kunikezelwe ekutholeni abantu ngabanye, ukukhanyisa amanethiwekhi ezitha, ukuqonda indawo, nozakwethu abasekelayo.”
Izimpawu zobuhlakani ezivela kumakhompiyutha namaselula ahlinzekwa ngabalingani bakwamanye amazwe noma kunqandwe ngama-drones agadayo kanye nezindiza ezinomuntu, kanye nobuhlakani bomuntu obuhlinzekwa yi-Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), bekuyingxenye yokukhomba abantu abathile ukuze babulale / bathumbe ohambweni ngamabutho aphakeme kakhulu e-SOCOM. I-Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) eyimfihlo kakhulu, yenza imisebenzi enjalo yokulwa nobushokobezi, okuhlanganisa isiteleka se-drone, ukuhlukumeza, Futhi ukubulala ezindaweni ezifana ne-Iraq neLibya. Ngonyaka odlule, ngaphambi kokuthi ashintshe umyalo we-JSOC kulowo womzali wayo, i-SOCOM, uGeneral Thomas kuphawulwe ukuthi amalungu e-Joint Special Operations Command ayesebenza “kuwo wonke amazwe lapho i-ISIL ihlala khona njengamanje.” (Lokhu kungase bonisa ukuthunyelwa kwe-ops okukhethekile ku Pakistan, elinye izwe elingekho ohlwini lwe-SOCOM lwango-2016.)
“[W]e sibeke Umyalo wethu Wemisebenzi Ekhethekile Ehlangene phambili ekulweni nemisebenzi yangaphandle ye-ISIL. Futhi sesivele sizuze imiphumela ebaluleke kakhulu ekunciphiseni ukugeleza kwamasosha angaphandle kanye nokususa abaholi be-ISIL enkundleni yempi, "uNobhala Wezokuvikela u-Ash Carter. kuphawulwe ekukhulunyweni okusemthethweni okungajwayelekile mayelana nokusebenza kwe-JSOC engqungqutheleni yabezindaba yango-Okthoba.
Enyangeni ngaphambili, yena ahlinzekwa imininingwane eyengeziwe esitatimendeni esiphambi kweKomidi Lethimba Lezempi Lezempi:
“Sibuqeda ngendlela ehlelekile ubuholi be-ISIL: umfelandawonye usukhiphe amalungu ayisikhombisa e-ISIL Senior Shura… Siphinde sasusa abaholi ababalulekile be-ISIL eLibya nase-Afghanistan… Lolu hlangothi lomkhankaso wethu siluphathise komunye [woMnyango Wezokuvikela] onemithetho ebulalayo, enekhono, futhi enolwazi olunzulu, iJoint Special Operations Command yethu, eyasiza ekuletheni ubulungiswa hhayi ku-Osama Bin Laden kuphela, kodwa nakule ndoda. owasungula inhlangano eyaba yi-ISIL, u-Abu-Musab al-Zarqawi.”
Ebuzwa ngemininingwane yokuthi bangaki ngempela “abasebenzi bangaphandle” be-ISIL ababehlosiwe nokuthi bangaki “abasuswa” enkundleni yempi yi-JSOC ngo-2016, uKen McGraw weSOCOM uphendule wathi: “Asinalutho futhi ngeke sikuphathele lutho.”
Ngenkathi esengumkhuzi we-JSOC ngonyaka ka-2015, uGeneral Thomas wakhuluma “ngokukhungatheka” kwakhe kanye neyunithi yakhe ngemikhawulo abekelwe yona. “Ngitshelwa ukuthi ‘cha’ ngaphezu kokuthi ‘hamba’ cishe ngeshumi kuye koyedwa cishe nsuku zonke,” usho kanje. wathi. Nokho, ngoNovemba odlule Washington Postkubika ukuthi abaphathi baka-Obama bebenikeza ithimba labasebenzi be-JSOC "amandla anwetshiwe okulandelela, ukuhlela kanye nokuqalisa ukuhlasela kwamaseli amaphekula emhlabeni jikelele." Leyo Counter-External Operations Task Force (eyaziwa nangokuthi "Ex-Ops") "iklanyelwe ukuthatha imodeli yokukhomba ye-JSOC ... futhi iyithumele emhlabeni wonke ukuze ilandele amanethiwekhi amaphekula ahlela ukuhlasela amazwe aseNtshonalanga."
I-SOCOM iphikisana nezingxenye ze- Thumela indaba. "Ayikho i-SOCOM nanoma yiziphi izinto ezingaphansi kwayo ezinikezwe amandla (iziphathimandla) anwetshiwe," kusho uKen McGraw weSOCOM. TomDispatch nge-imeyili. "Noma yikuphi ukusebenza okungase kube khona kusafanele kuvunywe umkhuzi we-GCC [Geographic Combatant Command] [futhi], uma kudingeka, kugunyazwe uNobhala Wezokuvikela noma [umongameli]."
“I-U.S. izikhulu” (abakhulume kuphela ngombandela wokuthi bahlonzwe ngaleyo ndlela engacacile) bachaza ukuthi impendulo ye-SOCOM yayiwumbono. Amandla ayo awazange anwetshwe muva nje njengoba emiswe futhi abhalwe “ngokubhaliwe,” TomDispatch watshelwa. "Eqinisweni, isinqumo esithathwe ezinyangeni ezedlule bekuwukuhlanganisa umkhuba wamanje, hhayi ukudala okusha." ISpecial Operations Command yenqabile ukukuqinisekisa lokhu kodwa uColonel Thomas Davis, omunye okhulumela iSOCOM, waphawula: "Akukho lapho esasho khona ukuthi akukho khodi."
Ngama-Ex-Ops, uGeneral Thomas "ungumenzi wezinqumo uma kuziwa ekulandeleni izinsongo ngaphansi kwethimba labasebenzi," ngokusho kuya Washington PostUThomas Gibbons-Neff noDan Lamothe. "Ithimba labasebenzi empeleni lizoguqula uThomas abe yisikhulu esiholayo uma kukhulunywa ngokuthumela amayunithi e-Special Operations ngemuva kwezinsongo." Abanye Faka isicelo UThomas ukhulise ithonya, okumvumela ukuthi ancome ngokuqondile uhlelo lokusebenza, njengokushaya into ehlosiwe, kuNobhala Wezokuvikela, okuvumela isikhathi esifushane sokugunyazwa. (UMcGraw we-SOCOM uthi uThomas "ngeke abe ophethe amabutho noma abe umenzi wesinqumo se-SOF esebenza kunoma iyiphi i-GCC's [indawo yokusebenza].")
NgoNovemba odlule, uNobhala Wezokuvikela uCarter unikeze inkomba yemvamisa yezenzo ezicasulayo kulandela ukuvakashela eHurlburt Field yaseFlorida, indlunkulu we-Air Force Special Operations Command. Yena kuphawulwe ukuthi “namuhla besibheka inqwaba yamakhono okuhlasela e-Special Operations Force. Lolu uhlobo lwekhono esilisebenzisa cishe nsuku zonke endaweni ethile emhlabeni... Futhi lubaluleke kakhulu emkhankasweni wokulwa ne-ISIL esiwenza namuhla.”
E-Afghanistan kuphela, Amandla okusebenza okukhethekile ihlasele izikhathi ezingu-350 iqondise izisebenzi ze-al-Qaeda kanye ne-Islamic State ngonyaka odlule, okwenza isilinganiso esisodwa ngosuku, futhi yathumba noma yabulala “abaholi” abacishe babe ngu-50 kanye “namalungu” angu-200 amaqembu amaphekula, ngokusho kuJenene John Nicholson, umkhuzi omkhulu wase-U.S. kulelozwe. Eminye imithombo futhi asikisela ukuthi ngenkathi i-JSOC ne-CIA drones indizela inani elifanayo lemishini ngo-2016, amasosha aqala iziteleka ezingaphezu kuka-20,000 e-Afghanistan, Yemen naseSyria, uma kuqhathaniswa nezingaphansi kweshumi nambili ze-Ejensi. Lokhu kungase kubonise isinqumo sokuphatha sika-Obama sokuqalisa i-a uhlelo osekukudala lucatshangelwa ukubeka i-JSOC phezu kwemisebenzi ebulalayo futhi ibuyisele i-CIA emisebenzini yayo yendabuko yezobunhloli.
World of Warcraft
"[Mina] kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kungani i-SOF ikhuphuke isuka kumbhalo waphansi futhi isekela umdlali ukuya emzamweni omkhulu, ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuphinde kugqamise ukuthi kungani i-US iqhubeka nokuba nobunzima emikhankasweni yayo yakamuva - Afghanistan, Iraq, ngokumelene ne-ISIS ne-AQ kanye amanxusa, i-Libya, i-Yemen, njll. kanye nemikhankaso engamenyezelwanga e-Baltics, Poland, nase-Ukraine - ayikho ehambisana nemodeli yase-U.S. yempi yendabuko," wathi ULieutenant General Charles Cleveland osethathe umhlalaphansi, isikhulu se-U.S. Army Special Operations Command kusukela ngo-2012 kuya ku-2015 futhi manje usengumeluleki omkhulu kumphathi wabasebenzi be-Army's Strategic Studies Group. Egomela ngokuthi, phakathi kwezinkinga ezinkulu zalezi zingxabano, ikhono lamabutho aseMelika asezingeni eliphezulu ukwenza imisebenzi yokubulala/ukuthumba nokuqeqesha ababambisene nabo bendawo abonakale ewusizo ikakhulukazi, wengeza, “I-SOF isezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu uma amandla ayo abomdabu kanye nezenzo eziqondile esebenza. ekwesekaneni. Ngale kwe-Afghanistan ne-Iraq kanye nemizamo eqhubekayo ye-CT [yokulwa namaphekula] kwenye indawo, i-SOF iyaqhubeka nokusebenzisana nezizwe ezibambisene naye ekulweni nokuvukela umbuso kanye nemizamo yokulwa nezidakamizwa e-Asia, eLatin America nase-Afrika.”
I-SOCOM ivuma ukuthunyelwa cishe ku-70% wamazwe omhlaba, okuhlanganisa nawo wonke amazwe ngaphandle kwamathathu Amaphakathi naseNingizimu Melika (iBolivia, Ecuador, kanye neVenezuela). Izisebenzi zayo ziphinde zembethe i-Asia, ngenkathi zenza umkhankaso cishe ku-60% wamazwe ase-Afrika.
Ukuthunyelwa kwe-SOF phesheya kwezilwandle kungaba kuncane njengo-opharetha oyedwa obambe iqhaza ohlelweni lokucwiliswa kolimi noma ithimba labantu abathathu elenza "inhlolovo" yenxusa lase-U.S. Kungase futhi kungahlanganise lutho nohulumeni wezwe eliphethe noma amasosha. Amandla amaningi okusebenza Okukhethekile, nokho, asebenza nabalingani bendawo, enze izivivinyo zokuqeqesha futhi azibandakanye kulokho amasosha akubiza ngokuthi “ukwakha amandla ozakwethu” (BPC) kanye “nokubambisana kwezokuphepha” (SC). Ngokuvamile, lokhu kusho ukuthi amasosha aseMelika aphezulu kakhulu athunyelwa emazweni anamasosha okuvikela ahlala njalo okushiwo ngokuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu nguMnyango Wezwe Lase-U.S. Ngonyaka odlule e-Afrika, lapho i-Special Operations iphoqa khona sebenzisa cishe izinhlelo ezingu-20 nemisebenzi ehlukene - kusukela ekuqeqesheni ukuya ekuhlanganyeleni kokubambisana kwezokuphepha - lokhu kuhlanganisa Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Republic of Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Kenya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Tanzania, Futhi Uganda, Phakathi kwabanye.
Ngo-2014, ngokwesibonelo, amasosha angaphezu kuka-4,800 XNUMX abamba iqhaza ohlotsheni olulodwa nje lwemisebenzi enjalo - Ukuqeqeshwa Okuhlanganisiwe Okuhlanganisiwe (JCET) ohambweni - emhlabeni jikelele. Ngezindleko ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-56 zamaRandi, i-Navy SEALs, i-Army Green Berets, kanye nabanye opharetha abakhethekile benza ama-JCET angama-176 emazweni angama-87. Ucwaningo lwango-2013 RAND Corporation lwezindawo ezimbozwe yi-Africa Command, Pacific Command, kanye ne-Southern Command luthole ukusebenza kahle “okuphansi ngokumaphakathi” kwama-JCET kuzo zontathu izifunda. A 2014 RAND ukuhlaziywa yokubambisana kwezokuphepha e-U.S., ephinde yahlola imiphumela “yemizamo yamabutho angaphansi kwe-Special Operations Force,” ithole ukuthi “akuzange kube khona ukuhlobana okubalulekile ngokwezibalo phakathi kwe-SC kanye noshintsho ebuthakathakeni bamazwe e-Afrika noma eMpumalanga Ephakathi.” Futhi embikweni ka-2015 we-Joint Special Operations University, u-Harry Yarger, umlingani ophezulu esikoleni, kuphawulwe ukuthi "i-BPC esikhathini esidlule isebenzise izinsiza eziningi ukuze uthole inzuzo encane."
Ngaphandle kwale miphumela kanye nokwehluleka okukhulu kwamasu ku Iraq, Afghanistan, Futhi Libya, iminyaka ka-Obama ibe yinkathi yegolide ye-gray zone. Izizwe eziyi-138 ezivakashelwe opharetha abakhethekile base-US ngo-2016, ngokwesibonelo, zimele ukweqa kwe-130% kusukela ezinsukwini zokuncipha zokuphatha kukaBush. Nakuba futhi bemele ukwehla ngo-6% uma kuqhathaniswa nesamba sangonyaka odlule, u-2016 usalokhu usesigabeni esiphezulu seminyaka ka-Obama, lapho kuthunyelwe khona. 75 amazwe ngo-2010, 120 e 2011, 134 ku-2013, futhi 133 ngo-2014, ngaphambi kokufika 147 amazwe ngo-2015. Ebuzwa ngesizathu sokwehla kancane, umkhulumeli we-SOCOM u-Ken McGraw uphendule, “Sihlinzeka nge-SOF ukuze ihlangabezane nezimfuneko zemiyalo yamasosha ukuze kusekelwe izinhlelo zabo zokubambisana zokuphepha kwasetiyetha. Ngokusobala, bekunamazwe ayisishiyagalolunye ambalwa [lapho] ama-GCC abenesidingo sokuthi i-SOF ithunyelwe kuwo [ngoNyaka Wezimali 20]16.”
Ukwanda kokuthunyelwa phakathi kuka-2009 no-2016 - kusuka emazweni angaba ngu-60 kuya ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili lokho - kubonisa ukunyuka okufanayo kwenani labasebenzi be-SOCOM (kusuka cishe ku-56,000 kuya cishe ku-70,000) kanye nesabelomali sayo sokuqala (kusuka ku-$ 9 billion kuya ku-$ 11 billion). Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi i-tempo yokusebenza nayo ikhuphuke kakhulu, nakuba umyalo wenqaba ukuphendula imibuzo evela TomDispatch kule ndaba.
"I-SOF ithwale umthwalo onzima ekwenzeni lezi mishini, ibhekene nenani eliphezulu labantu abalimala eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili edlule kanye nokugcina i-tempo ephezulu yokusebenza (OPTEMPO) eye yanda kanzima opharetha abakhethekile nemindeni yabo," ufunda umbiko ka-Okthoba 2016 okhishwe yisikhungo sokucabanga esizinze eVirginia i-CNA. (Lowo mbiko uvele engqungqutheleni baya khona ngabaphathi bemisebenzi ekhethekile abayisithupha, owayengumsizi kanobhala wezokuvikela, kanye nenqwaba yabasebenzi abakhethekile abasebenzayo.)
I-American Age ye-Commando
Ngenyanga edlule, phambi kweKomidi leSenate Armed Services, Shawn Brimley, owayengumqondisi wokuhlelwa kwamasu kubasebenzi boMkhandlu Wezokuphepha Kazwelonke futhi manje oseyiphini likamongameli eSikhungweni Sezokuphepha Ezintsha ZaseMelika, i-echoed iziphetho ezikhathazekile zombiko we-CNA. Esithangamini sokuqulwa kwecala "ngezinselelo zezokuvikela zase-US ezisafufusa kanye nezinsongo zomhlaba wonke," uBrimley uthe "i-SOF isetshenziswe ngamanani angakaze abonwe, ibeka ubunzima obukhulu embuthweni" futhi wacela abaphathi bakaTrump ukuthi "benze isu lokulwa nobuphekula elizinzile lesikhathi eside. ” Ephepheni eshicilelwe ngoDisemba, UKristen Hajduk, owayengumeluleki Wemisebenzi Ekhethekile Nezimpi Ezingavamile eHhovisi likaNobhala Womsizi Wezokuvikela WemiSebenzi Ekhethekile Nezingxabano Eziqinile futhi manje osebenza naye eSikhungweni Sezifundo Zesu Nezamazwe Ngamazwe, ucele ukwehla kwamazinga okuthunyelwa kweSpecial Amandla okusebenza.
Ngenkathi uDonald Trump ethi amasosha ase-US wonke "kuphele amandla” futhi uye esibizwa ekwandiseni ubukhulu beButho Lezempi Nasemanzini, akazange anikeze inkomba yokuthi uhlela yini ukusekela ukwanda okwengeziwe kobukhulu bamabutho akhethekile we-ops. Futhi ngenkathi esanda kwenza khetha owangaphambili INDLELA Yempi Yempi ukuze asebenze njengonobhala wakhe wezangaphakathi, uTrump unikeze izinkomba ezimbalwa zokuthi angabasebenzisa kanjani abakhethekile abasebenzayo njengamanje.
“I-Drone iyagadla,” yena kumemezela kwenye yezinkomba zakhe ezinemininingwane eziyivelakancane mayelana nemishini ekhethekile ye-ops, "izohlala iyingxenye yesu lethu, kodwa sizophinde sifune ukuthwebula okuhloswe ngenani eliphezulu ukuze sithole ulwazi oludingekayo ukuze sihlakaze izinhlangano zabo." Muva nje, embuthanweni wokunqoba waseNorth Carolina, uTrump wenze izinkomba ezithile kumasosha asezingeni eliphakeme azoba ngaphansi komyalo wakhe. “Amasosha ethu akhethekile eFort Bragg abe yisihloko somkhonto ekulweni nobuphekula. Isiqubulo seButho lethu Elikhethekile Lebutho ‘siwukukhulula abacindezelwe,’ futhi yilokho kanye abebekwenza nasazoqhubeka bekwenza. Njengamanje, amasosha aseFort Bragg atshalwe emazweni angama-90 emhlabeni jikelele,” usho kanje utshele isixuku.
Ngemuva kokubonakala ekhombisa ukweseka kwakhe ukuqhubeka kwemisebenzi ekhethekile yamahhala ecindezelwe, uTrump ubonakale eshintsha indlela, wengeza ngokuthi, “Asifuni ukuba nebutho elinciphile ngoba sigcwele yonke indawo silwa izindawo okungafanele silwe kuzo… Lo mjikelezo olimazayo wokungenelela kanye nezinxushunxushu kumele ekugcineni, bakwethu, uphele.” Nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo, wathembisa ukuthi i-U.S. maduze “izowanqoba amandla obuphekula.” Ukufeza lokho, uLieutenant General Michael Flynn, owayengumqondisi wezobunhloli osethathe umhlalaphansi. I-JSOC umongameli okhethiwe amthinta ukuze asebenze njengomeluleki wakhe wezokuphepha kuzwelonke, uthembise ukuthi abaphathi abasha bazobuyekeza amandla ebutho lokulwa ne-Islamic State - okungase kunikeze indawo ethe xaxa ekuthathweni kwezinqumo enkundleni yempi. Kulokhu, i- Wall Street Journal imibiko ukuthi i-Pentagon yenza iziphakamiso zokunciphisa "ukwengamela kwe-White House kwezinqumo zokusebenza" ngenkathi "ibuyisela igunya elithile elihlakaniphile ePentagon."
Ngenyanga edlule, uMongameli u-Obama waya e-Florida's MacDill Air Force Base, okuyikhaya le-Special Operations Command, ukuyokwethula inkulumo yakhe yokulwa nobuphekula. "Sekuphele iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili ngisesikhundleni, alukaze lube khona usuku lapho inhlangano yamaphekula noma umuntu othile oshisekayo engazange akhe itulo lokubulala abantu baseMelika," usho kanje. utshele isixuku iphakanyisiwe namabutho. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, cishe alukho usuku lapho amabutho aphezulu kakhulu ngaphansi komyalo wakhe ayengathunyelwanga emazweni angama-60 noma ngaphezulu emhlabeni jikelele.
"Ngizoba umongameli wokuqala wase-United States ukuphatha amahlandla amabili agcwele ngesikhathi sempi," kwengeza u-Obama. “Imibuso yentando yeningi akufanele isebenze esimweni sempi egunyazwe unomphela. Lokho akulungile kumasosha ethu, akuyilungele intando yeningi yethu. ” Imiphumela yobumongameli bakhe bempi yaphakade, empeleni, ibe mibi, ngokusho ku-Special Operations Command. Ezingxabanweni eziyisishiyagalombili ezaqhutshwa phakathi neminyaka ka-Obama, ngokusho kwesilayidi esifingqiwe sango-2015 esivela kumqondisi wezobunhloli, irekhodi laseMelika limi ekuwineni okuyiqanda, ukulahlekelwa okubili, kanye nezibopho eziyisithupha.
Inkathi ka-Obama ifakazele ngempela ukuthi “iminyaka ye-commando.” Kodwa-ke, njengoba amabutho e-Special Operations egcina isimo esishubile sokusebenza, elwa futhi ephuma ezindaweni ezamukelekayo ezingqubuzanayo, eqeqesha ababambisene bendawo, eluleka amanxusa abomdabu, ekhahlela iminyango, futhi ebulala, izinhlangano zamaphekula ziye zaphumela obala. ukusabalala Yonkana I-Greater Middle East futhi Africa.
Umongameli okhethiwe uDonald Trump ivela ngilungele ukuqeda okuningi kwe Ifa lika-Obama, kusukela kumongameli isignesha yomthetho wokunakekelwa kwezempilo kuye imithetho yemvelo, ingasaphathwa eyokushintsha inkambo uma kuziwa kunqubomgomo yezangaphandle, kuhlanganisa nobudlelwano ne China, Iran, Israel, Futhi Russia. Ukuthi uzosilalela yini iseluleko sokwehlisa izinga lika-Obama lokusebenzisa i-SOF kusazobonakala. Unyaka ozayo, nokho, uzonikeza izinkomba zokuthi impi ende ka-Obama emthunzini, iminyaka yegolide yendawo empunga, iyasinda yini.
