Nge-Peace Science Digest, peacesciencedigest.org, Februwari 16, i-2022
Lokhu kuhlaziya kufingqa futhi kubonise ucwaningo olulandelayo: Dafoe, A., Hatz, S., & Zhang, B. (2021). Ukuphoqwa nokucasulwa. Journal Yokuxazulula Izingxabano,65(2-3), 372-402.
Izinkulumo zokukhuluma
- Esikhundleni sokubaphoqa noma ukubavimba, ukusongela noma ukusetshenziswa kodlame lwezempi (noma okunye ukulimala) empeleni kungenza isitha Okuningi uzimisele ngokungahlehli, okucasulayo ukuze baqhubeke noma baziphindiselele.
- Ukukhathazeka ngesithunzi nodumo kungasiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani ukuzimisela kwezwe okuhlosiwe kuvame ukuqiniswa, kunokuba kwenziwe buthaka, izinsongo noma ukuhlaselwa.
- Isenzo singase sicasule kakhulu lapho izwe okuhlosiwe libona ukuthi ukuhlonishwa kwalo kuphonselwa inselelo, ngakho-ke nakuba isenzo “sobudlova,” “esokungahloniphi,” “esidlangalaleni,” noma “esingenhloso” singase sicasule, ngisho nomncane. noma isenzo esingahlosiwe sisengakwazi, ngoba kuyindaba yombono.
- Abaholi bezombangazwe bangakwazi ukuphatha kahle kakhulu futhi banciphise ukucasuka ngokuxhumana nezitha zabo ngendlela enciphisa ukucasuka kwesenzo—ngokwesibonelo, ngokuchaza noma ngokuxolisa ngokusabisa ngokusabisa noma ukulimala kwangempela nokusiza abaqondiswe kubo “ukusindisa ubuso” ngemva kokubhekana nesigameko esinjalo.
Ukuqonda Okubalulekile Kokujwayeza Ukwazisa
- Ukuqonda okusabisayo noma udlame lwangempela lwezempi kungavusa izitha njengoba nje kungaziphoqa kuveza ubuthakathaka obuyinhloko bezindlela zempi kwezokuphepha futhi kusikhuthaza ukuthi sitshale kabusha izinsiza eziboshelwe kwezempi njengamanje ezinhlelweni nezinqubomgomo ezifaka isandla ekuvikelekeni okuphilayo. . Ukwehla kwezingqinamba zamanje—njengalena esemngceleni wase-Ukraine—kudinga ukunakwa kwedumela nokukhathazeka kokuhlonipha izitha zethu.
Isifinyezo
Inkolelo esabalele yokuthi isenzo sezempi siyadingeka ekuvikelekeni kwezwe incike emcabangweni wokuthi ukuphoqelela: umbono wokuthi usongo noma ukusetshenziswa kodlame lwezempi kuzokwenza isitha sibuyele phansi, ngenxa yezindleko eziphakeme abangazithola uma bengakwenzi lokho. Kodwa nokho, siyazi ukuthi lokhu kuvame noma akusiyona indlela izitha—noma ngabe amanye amazwe noma amaqembu ahlomile angewona wombuso—asabela kanjani. Esikhundleni sokubaphoqa noma ukubavimba, ukusongelwa noma ukusetshenziswa kodlame lwezempi kungabonakala kwenza isitha Okuningi uzimisele ngokungahlehli, okucasulayo ukuze baqhubeke noma baziphindiselele. U-Allan Dafoe, uSophia Hatz, no-Baobao Zhang bafuna ukwazi ukuthi kungani ukusongelwa noma ukulimala kwangempela kungaba nalokhu. sicasulwa umphumela, ikakhulukazi njengoba kuvamile ukulindela ukuthi kube nomphumela ophambene. Ababhali baphakamisa ukuthi ukukhathazeka ngesithunzi nodumo kungasiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani ukuzimisela kwezwe okuhlosiwe kuvame ukuqiniswa, kunokuba kwenziwe buthaka, ngokusatshiswa noma ukuhlaselwa.
Ukuphoqelela: “ukusetshenziswa kwezinsongo, ulaka, udlame, izindleko zezinto ezibonakalayo, noma ezinye izinhlobo zokusongelwa noma zokulimala kwangempela njengendlela yokuthonya ukuziphatha kwalowo oqondiwe,” kucatshangwa ukuthi izenzo ezinjalo zizokwenza isitha sibuyele phansi, ngenxa yezindleko eziphezulu. bazozithwala ngokungakwenzi lokho.
Ukucasula: “ukwanda [ko] ekuxazululeni kanye nesifiso sokuziphindiselela” ngenxa yokusongelwa noma ukulimala kwangempela.
Ngemva kokuqhubeka nokuhlola umqondo wokuphoqelela—ikakhulukazi, ukwehla okubonakala kwehla ekusekelweni komphakathi kwempi nokwanda kwezisulu—ababhali baphendukela ekubuyekezeni okungokomlando kwamacala “okubonakala kokucasuka.” Ngesisekelo salokhu kuhlaziya okungokomlando, bakha inkolelo-mbono yokucasuka egcizelela ukukhathalela kwezwe idumela nodumo—okungukuthi, ukuthi izwe ngokuvamile liyobona ukusongelwa noma ukusetshenziswa kobudlova “njengokuhlola ukuzimisela,” libeka “idumela (lokuxazulula izinkinga). ) nodumo kusengozini.” Ngakho-ke, izwe lingase libe nomuzwa wokuthi kudingekile ukuba libonise ukuthi ngeke liqhutshwe—ukuthi ukuzimisela kwalo kunamandla nokuthi lingakwazi ukuvikela udumo lwalo—okuholela ekubeni liziphindiselele.
Ababhali baphinde bahlonze ezinye izincazelo zokucasuka okusobala, okungaphezu kwesithunzi nodumo: ukuba khona kwezinye izici ezibangela ukukhuphuka okufika ngephutha njengokuxazululwa; ukudalulwa kolwazi olusha mayelana nezithakazelo zesitha, umlingiswa, noma amakhono ngesenzo sazo esivusa inkanuko, esiqinisa ukuzimisela kwalabo abaqondiwe; kanye nalokho okuhlosiwe kuya ukuxazululeka kakhulu ngenxa yokulahlekelwa okutholile kanye nesifiso sakho sokwenza lokhu kube wusizo ngandlela thile.
Ukuze unqume ukuba khona kokucasuka bese uhlolela izincazelo ezihlukene okungenzeka ngakho, ababhali benze ucwaningo lwenhlolovo oluku-inthanethi. Bahlukanise abaphenduli abangu-1,761 base-US baba ngamaqembu amahlanu futhi babanikeza izimo ezihlukene ezibandakanya ukuphikisana phakathi kwezindiza zamasosha ase-US kanye nelaseShayina (noma ingozi yesimo sezulu), ezinye zazo eziholele ekufeni komshayeli wendiza wase-US, engxabanweni yezempi yase-US. ukufinyelela eMpumalanga naseNingizimu China Seas. Khona-ke, ukukala amazinga okuxazulula, ababhali babuza imibuzo mayelana nokuthi i-US kufanele yenze kanjani—indlela okufanele ime iqine ngayo engxabanweni—iphendula isigameko esichaziwe.
Okokuqala, imiphumela inikeza ubufakazi bokuthi kukhona ukucasuka, nesimo esihilela ukuhlasela kwamaShayina okubulala umshayeli wendiza wase-US kwandisa kakhulu ukuzimisela kwabaphendulayo—okuhlanganisa nokuzimisela okwengeziwe ukusebenzisa amandla, impi engcupheni, ukungena ezindlekweni zezomnotho, noma ukuhlangabezana nokufa kwezempi. Ukuze banqume kangcono ukuthi yini echaza lokhu kucasula, ababhali babe sebeqhathanisa imiphumela evela kwezinye izimo ukuze babone ukuthi bangakwazi yini ukukhipha ezinye izincazelo, futhi abakutholile kuqinisekisa ukuthi bangakwazi. Okuthakazelisa kakhulu iqiniso lokuthi, nakuba ukufa ngenxa yokuhlasela kwandisa isixazululo, ukufa ngenxa yengozi yesimo sezulu, kodwa namanje kumongo wemishini yezempi, akukhombisi-okukhomba umphumela ovusa inkanuko kuphela wokulahlekelwa okungase kube khona. ebonakala ebeka isithunzi nodumo engcupheni.
Ababhali bagcina bephethe ngokuthi ukusongelwa nokulinyazwa kwangempela kungacasula izwe okuqondiwe kulo nokuthi ukucabanga kwesithunzi nokuhlonipha kuyasiza ukuchaza lokhu kucasula. Abaphikisani ngokuthi ukucasula (kunokuba kuphoqwe) kuhlale kuwumphumela wokusongelwa noma ukusetshenziswa kwangempela kodlame lwezempi, njengoba nje kuvame ukuba njalo. Osekusele ukuthi kunqunywe ukuthi yiziphi izimo okungenzeka ukuthi ukucasulwa noma ukuphoqelelwa kuzo. Nakuba ucwaningo olwengeziwe ngalo mbuzo ludingeka, ababhali bathola ekuhlaziyeni kwabo komlando ukuthi “izigameko zibonakala zivusa inkanuko lapho zibonakala zinolaka, zilimaza futhi zibulala ikakhulukazi, zingahloniphi, zisobala, zisesidlangalaleni, zenziwe ngamabomu, futhi zingaxoliswanga.” Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngisho nezenzo ezincane noma ezingahlosiwe zisengacasula. Ekugcineni, ukuthi isenzo siyacasula yini kungase kwehle embonweni walowo okuhlosiwe wokuthi ukuhlonishwa kwakhe kuphikiswa yini.
Benalokhu emqondweni, ababhali banikeza imibono yokuqala yokuthi ukuchukuluza kungalawuleka kanjani kangcono: Ngaphezu kokwenqaba ukubamba iqhaza esimeni esishubile, abaholi bezepolitiki (bezwe elenza isenzo esivusa inkanuko) bangaxhumana nesitha sabo ngendlela indlela enciphisa ukucasuka kwalesi senzo—ngokwesibonelo, ngokuchaza noma ngokuxolisa. Ukuxolisa, ikakhulukazi, kungasebenza ngokunembile ngenxa yokuthi kuhlobana nokuhlonipha futhi kuyindlela yokusiza oqondiwe “asindise ubuso” ngemva kokusongelwa noma esenzweni sobudlova.
Ukuzijwayeza Umkhuba
Okutholwe okujule kakhulu okuvela kulolu cwaningo ukuthi ukusongelwa noma ukusetshenziswa kokulimala kwezombusazwe zamazwe ngamazwe akuvamile ukusebenza: Esikhundleni sokuphoqelela isitha ekwenzeni kwethu esithandayo, ngokuvamile kuyabacasula futhi kuqinise intando yabo yokumba kanye/noma ukuziphindiselela. . Lokhu okutholakele kunemithelela eyisisekelo yendlela esibhekana ngayo nezingxabano namanye amazwe (nabalingisi okungezona ezombuso), kanye nendlela esikhetha ukusebenzisa ngayo izinsiza zethu eziyigugu ukuze sisize kangcono izidingo zokuphepha zabantu bangempela. Ikakhulukazi, ibukela phansi imibono esabalele mayelana nokusebenza kobudlova bezempi-ikhono layo lokufinyelela iziphetho ezisetshenziselwa zona. Iqiniso lokuthi lokho okutholakele (kanye nokubalwa kwezimali okuthembekile kokunqoba okukhulu, ukunqotshwa, noma ukudonswa emlandweni wezempi wase-US) akuholeli ekukhetheni ukuhlukanisa izinsiza zezwe lase-US kubhajethi yezempi eyeqisayo kukhomba kwamanye amabutho asebenzayo: okungukuthi. , amandla amasiko nezomnotho—ukudunyiswa nokholo oluyimpumputhe kwezempi namandla enhlangano yezempi-yezimboni—kokubili okuhlanekezela ekuthathweni kwezinqumo ekusekeleni amasosha anamandla uma lokhu kungazifezi izithakazelo zabantu. Kunalokho, ngokuchayeka okuqhubekayo kokusebenza—nokungabi nangqondo—kwezempi yamasiko nezomnotho, thina (e-US) singakwazi futhi kufanele sikhulule izinsiza esitshelwa ukuthi akufanele sitshale ezinhlelweni nasezinqubweni ezizothuthukisa ngokunenjongo ukuphila. ukuphepha kwalabo abangaphakathi nangaphandle kwemingcele yase-US: inguquko efanele emandleni avuselelekayo ukuze kudaleke amathuba emisebenzi futhi kuncishiswe ubunzima bezinhlekelele zesimo sezulu esibhekene nazo, izindlu ezingabizi kakhulu kanye nezinsizakalo zempilo yengqondo eyanele kanye nokwelashwa kwezidakamizwa zawo wonke umuntu ozidingayo, izindlela ezingahoxisiwe zokuphepha komphakathi. ezixhumene futhi eziphendulela emiphakathini abayisebenzelayo, imfundo ethengekayo nefinyelelekayo kusukela ekufundeni/ukunakekelwa kwezingane kusenesikhathi kuya ekolishi, kanye nokunakekelwa kwezempilo kwendawo yonke.
Ezingeni elisheshayo, lolu cwaningo lungasetshenziswa futhi ukuze kukhanyiselwe inkinga emngceleni wase-Ukraine, kanye namasu okungenzeka ukuthi anciphise. Kokubili iRussia kanye ne-US zisebenzisa izinsongo ezimelene nenye (amasosha aqoqana, izixwayiso zamazwi mayelana nezijeziso ezinzima zezomnotho) cishe ngenhloso yokuphoqa enye ukuthi yenze lokho ekufunayo. Ngokungamangalisi, lezi zenzo zandisa kuphela ukuzimisela kohlangothi ngalunye—futhi lolu cwaningo lusisiza ukuba siqonde ukuthi kungani: Isithunzi nodumo lwezwe ngalinye manje kusengcupheni, futhi ngalinye likhathazekile ngokuthi uma lihlehla lapho libhekene nezinsongo zelinye, liyoba sengozini. kubonakale “njengabuthakathaka,” kunikeze omunye ilayisense yokuphishekela izinqubomgomo ezingafaneleki nakakhulu.
Njengoba kungeke kumangaze kunoma yimuphi umkhulumeli wezobuzwe osemnkantshubomvu, lolu cwaningo lungaphakamisa ukuthi, ukuze bazikhiphe kulo mjikelezo wokucasula futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuvinjwe impi, izinhlangothi kufanele ziziphathe futhi zixhumane ngezindlela ezizofaka isandla emandleni esitha sawo “sokusindisa. ubuso." E-US, lokhu kusho ukubeka phambili izinhlobo zethonya—mhlawumbe ngendlela ephikisayo—elingabeki udumo lwaseRussia engcupheni futhi elivumela iRussia ukuthi igcine isithunzi sayo sinjalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma i-US iqinisekisa iRussia ukuthi idonse amasosha ayo emngceleni wase-Ukraine, idinga ukuthola indlela yokuthi iRussia inikezwe "impumelelo" - empeleni okuqinisekisa iRussia ukuthi kuzoba "nokunqoba" komphakathi kungaba wusizo ikhono layo lokukholisa iRussia ukuthi yenze lokho kwasekuqaleni njengoba lokhu kuzosiza iRussia igcine isithunzi nodumo lwayo. [MW]
Imibuzo Ephakanyisiwe
Kungani siqhubeka nokutshala imali futhi siphendukela ezempi sibe sazi ngokuhlangenwe nakho-kanye nocwaningo olufana nalolu-ukuthi lungavusa njengoba nje luphoqa?
Iziphi izindlela ezithembisa kakhulu zokusiza izitha zethu “zisindise ubuso”?
Kuyaqhubeka Ukufunda
Gerson, J. (2022, Januwari 23). Izindlela zokuphepha ezijwayelekile zokuxazulula izinkinga zase-Ukraine naseYurophu. Ukuqedwa 2000. Kubuyiswe ngoFebhuwari 11, 2022, kusukela https://www.abolition2000.org/en/news/2022/01/23/common-security-approaches-to-resolve-the-ukraine-and-european-crises/
Rogers, K., & Kramer, A. (2022, February 11). I-White House ixwayisa ngokuthi ukuhlasela kweRussia e-Ukraine kungenzeka noma nini. I-New York Times. Ibuyiselwe ngoFebhuwari 11, 2022, kusukela https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/11/world/europe/ukraine-russia-diplomacy.html
Words Key: Impoqo, ukuchukuluza, izinsongo, isenzo sezempi, isithunzi, udumo, ukukhuphuka, ukwehla
