Ukucabanga ukuthi impi ayinakugwema kwenza kube njalo; yisiprofetho esizigcwalisayo. Ukucabanga ukuthi ukuphela kwempi kungenzeka kuvulele umnyango wokwakha owakhiwe ohlelweni lwangempela lokuthula.
Kukhona ukuthula okuningi emhlabeni kunempi
Ikhulu leminyaka lama-20 laliyisikhathi sezimpi ezinkulu, kodwa izizwe eziningi azilwi nezinye izizwe isikhathi esiningi. I-US imelene neJalimane iminyaka eyisithupha, kodwa yayikuthula nezwe iminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesine. Impi neJapane yahlala iminyaka emine; la mazwe amabili abe nokuthula ngamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesithupha.1 I-US ayilwisanga iCanada kusukela ku-1815 futhi ayikaze ilwe neSweden noma iNdiya. UGuatemala akakaze alwe neFrance. Iqiniso liwukuthi iningi lezwe liphila ngaphandle kwempi isikhathi esiningi. Eqinisweni, kusukela ngo-1993, ukuqhuma kwezimpi eziphakathi kwamanye amazwe kuye kwehla.2 Ngesikhathi esifanayo, siyavuma ukushintsha kwempi njengoba kuxoxwe ngaphambili. Lokhu kuphawuleka kakhulu ekungcupheni kwabahlali. Eqinisweni, ukuvikelwa kwezakhamuzi kuye kwasetshenziswa njengesizathu sokungenelela kwezempi (isib. Ukuchithwa kwe-2011 kahulumeni waseLibiya).
Sishintshe izinhlelo eziningi ezidlule
Izinguquko ezinkulu ezingalindelekile zenzeka emlandweni wezwe kaningi ngaphambili. Isikhungo sasendulo sobugqila sasuswa kakhulu kungakapheli neminyaka eyikhulu. Yize izinhlobo ezintsha zobugqila zingatholakala zifihlekile ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba, akukho emthethweni futhi kuthathwa njengecala lonke. ENtshonalanga, isimo sabesifazane sithuthuke kakhulu kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule. Ngama-1950s kanye nama-1960 amazwe angaphezu kwekhulu azikhulula embusweni wamakholoni owawusuthathe amakhulu eminyaka. Ngo-1964 ukuhlukaniswa ngokomthetho kwaguqulwa e-US Ngo-1993, amazwe ase-Europe akha i-European Union ngemuva kokulwa bodwa isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyinkulungwane. Ubunzima obufana nenkinga yezikweletu eqhubekayo yaseGrisi noma ivoti le-2016 leBrexit - iBrithani ishiya i-European Union - kusingathwa ngayo ngezindlela zenhlalo nezepolitiki, hhayi ngezimpi. Olunye ushintsho belungalindelwe ngokuphelele futhi luvele ngokuzumayo kangangoba lumangaze ngisho ochwepheshe, okubandakanya ukuwa kombuso wobushiqela wobukhomanisi wase-Eastern Europe ngo-1989, okwalandelwa ngo-1991 ukuwa kweSoviet Union. Ngo-1994 sabona ukuphela kobandlululo eNingizimu Afrika. Ngonyaka ka-2011 kwaba nesiyaluyalu “ukuvukela kwentwasahlobo yama-Arabhu” ngentando yeningi.
Siphila Ephasini Eliguqukayo
Izinga nokuhamba kweshintsho eminyakeni eyikhulu namashumi amathathu edlule kunzima ukukuqonda. Umuntu ozalelwa ku-1884, okungenzeka abe nguyise omkhulu wabantu abaphila manje, wazalwa ngaphambi kwezimoto, izibani zikagesi, umsakazo, indiza, ithelevishini, izikhali zenuzi, i-intanethi, amafoni, kanye nama-drones, njll. iplanethi ngaleso sikhathi. Bazalwa ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwempi yonke. Futhi sibhekane nezinguquko ezinkulu nakakhulu esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Esisondela labantu ayisishiyagalolunye billion 2050, isidingo usaba ushise izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi, futhi ngokushesha kuyashesha sezulu shift ezokwenza kwandise izinga lamanzi olwandle futhi ukugcwalisa amadolobha asogwini futhi ezisezindaweni eziphansi elele lapho izigidi zihlala, ukubeka in motion Ukuthuthwa ubukhulu okuyinto engakaze ibonakale kusukela ukuwa koMbuso WaseRoma. Imikhuba yezolimo izoshintsha, izinhlobo zizogcizelelwa, imililo yamahlathi izoba yinto evame kakhulu futhi isakazeke, futhi iziphepho ziyoba namandla kakhulu. Amaphethini wezifo azashintsha. Ukuntuleka kwamanzi kuzobangela izingxabano. Asikwazi ukuqhubeka nokwengeza impi kule iphethini yokukhathazeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze sinciphise futhi sivumelane nemiphumela emibi yalezi zinguquko kuzodingeka sithole izinsiza ezinkulu, futhi lezi zingakwazi ukuvela kuphela emabhajethi ezempi zomhlaba, okwamanje zingama dollar amabili ayizigidigidi ngonyaka.
Ngenxa yalokho, ukucabanga okuvamile mayelana nekusasa ngeke kusabambe. Izinguquko ezinkulu kakhulu ezakhiweni zethu zomphakathi nezomnotho ziqala ukuvela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zikhetha, ngezimo esizidalile, noma ngamandla angaphandle kokulawula kwethu. Lesi sikhathi sokungaqiniseki okukhulu sinomthelela omkhulu ekuthumeni, ukuhlelwa nokusebenza kwezinhlelo zempi. Kodwa-ke, yini ecacile ukuthi izixazululo zempi ngeke zisebenze kahle esikhathini esizayo. Impi njengoba sazi ukuthi ingasebenzi ngokuphelele.
Imiphoso yobuKhristi lobuNtu iyinselele
Inzalamizi, uhlelo oludala lwentando yenhlalakahle olunikeza amalungelo omuntu wokuqhuba ibhizinisi, ukuhlela imithetho, nokuqondisa izimpilo zethu, lubonakala luyingozi. Izimpawu zokuqala ngebulili zihlonzwe ku Neolithic Era, okwaqala cishe 10,200 BCE kuya phakathi 4,500 futhi 2,000 BCE, lapho izihlobo zethu ekuqaleni wancika uhlelo zomsebenzi ihlukaniswe lapho abesilisa ezingelwa nabesifazane bahlangana ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka zinhlobo yethu. Amadoda anamandla kakhulu futhi asetshenziswe ngokwemvelo ukuze basebenzise ukuhlukumezeka nokubuswa ukuze benze intando yabo, sifundiswa, kuyilapho abesifazane besetjentiswa ukusebenzisa "isenzo sokuthandana nobuhlobo" ukuze bahlanganyele emphakathini.
Izimpawu ngebulili zihlanganisa ukuncika yokwehlayo (amandla avela phezulu phansi nomunye, noma ezimbalwa nelungelo, ukulawula), ukukhishwa (imingcele ecacile phakathi "wangaphakathi" futhi "bangaphandle"), ukuthembela authoritarianism ( "indlela yami noma umgwaqo omkhulu" njenge-mantra evamile), nokuncintisana (ukuzama ukuthola noma ukunqoba okuthile ngokuba ngcono kunabanye abayifunayo futhi). Lolu hlelo luzuzisa izimpi, lukhuthaza ukuqoqa izikhali, lenze izitha, futhi luvuse imibango ukuze kuvikelwe isimo se-quo.
Abesifazane kanye nezingane zibhekwa njengezikhathi eziningi, njengoba izitho zangaphansi zihambisana nezifiso zabantu abadala, abacebile, abanamandla kakhulu. Inzalamizi yindlela yokuba emhlabeni ukuthi izigwegwe zingaphezu kwamalungelo, okuholela ekuphangweni kwemithombo kanye nokwabiwa kabusha ngabathengi abaphezulu. Inani livame ukulinganiswa yiziphi izimpahla, izakhiwo, nezinceku eziye zahlanganiswa kunokuba yizinga lokuxhumana kwabantu olulimalayo. Amaprosesa asePatriarchal kanye nobunikazi besilisa nokulawulwa kwemithombo yethu yemvelo, izinqubo zethu zezombusazwe, izikhungo zethu zezomnotho, izikhungo zethu zenkolo, nokuxhumana kwethu komndeni kuyisiko futhi kuye kwaba kulo lonke umlando oqoshiwe. Sikholelwa ekutheni imvelo yomuntu iyincintiswano, futhi ukuncintisana yilokho okuphazamisa ukukhwabanisa, ngakho-ke ubugebengu kumele bube yisimiso sezomnotho esihle kakhulu. Kuwo wonke umlando oqoshiwe abesifazane besuke bekhishwa ngaphandle kwezindima zobuholi, naphezu kokuthi bayekethisa isigamu sabantu okufanele bahambisane nemithetho abaholi ababekayo.
Ngemva kwamakhulu eminyaka yezinkolelo zokungabaza ukuthi izinhlobo zesilisa zomcabango, ukuxhumana komzimba nokuxhumana komphakathi ziphakeme kunezinsikazi, inkathi entsha isendaweni. Kungumsebenzi wethu wokubambisana ukuthuthukisa izinguquko ezidingekayo masinyane ukuze silondoloze izinhlobo zethu futhi sinikeze iplanethi eqhubekayo izizukulwane ezizayo.
Indawo enhle yokuqala ukuguqulwa ebukhosini obusenkulumeni yilapho isencane imfundo kanye nokwamukelwa kwemikhuba yokukhulisa abantwana, ukusebenzisa intando yeningi kuneziqondiso zomthetho ekukhuleni kwemindeni yethu. Imfundo yasenkulumweni emikhakheni yokukhulumisana engekho emthethweni kanye nokuthatha izinqumo zokuvumelana ngokuvumelana nayo izokusiza ukulungiselela intsha yethu ngezindima zabo njengabenzi bomgomo wesikhathi esizayo. Ukuphumelela kule migqa sekuvele kuboniswe emazweni amaningi alandelele izimiso ezinobubele zengqondo kwengqondo owaziwayo uMarshall Rosenberg ekwenzeni izinqubomgomo zabo zomhlaba kanye nezomhlaba wonke.
Imfundo kuwo wonke amazinga kufanele akhuthaze ukucabanga okucabangelayo nezingqondo ezivulekile kunokuba nje abafundi be-indoctrinating bamukele isimo sezinga esihluleka ukucebisa inhlalakahle yomuntu siqu nokuthuthukisa impilo jikelele yomphakathi. Amazwe amaningi anikeza imfundo yamahhala ngoba izakhamuzi zabo zibhekwa njengezidingo zabasebenzi kunokuba zithathwe njengezinkampani ezisebenzayo. Ukutshala imali ekufundeni impilo yonke kuzophakamisa zonke izikebhe.
Kudingeka sihlole ngokucophelela ukuhlukumezeka okufakiwe esikufundile futhi ukufaka esikhundleni sezinkampani zangasese ezingaphelelwe yisikhathi ngokucabanga okungenasici. Izitayela zendlela yokuguqula ubulili zihlukanisa izigaba zobulili zobunqunu bokudlula kwethu. Uma inkathi yokukhanya isiseduze, kumelwe sizimisele ukushintsha isimo sethu sengqondo. Ubunikazi bobulili obuningi obuningi buvela, futhi lokho kuyisinyathelo esihle.
Kumele sigweme umqondo omdala wokuthi ama-genitalia anomthelela ekubalukeni komuntu emphakathini. Ukuthuthuka okukhulu okwenziwayo ekuqedeni izithiyo zobulili emisebenzini, ukuthola amathuba, izinketho zokuzilibazisa kanye namathuba ezemfundo, kodwa okunye kufanele kwenziwe ngaphambi kokuthi singasho ukuthi amadoda nabesifazane banamathela ngokulinganayo.
Sesiqaphele kakade ukushintsha ukuthambekela kokuphila okufuywayo: kunezintandokazi eziningi manje kunokushada e-USA, futhi ngokwesilinganiso, abesifazane bayashada kamuva ekuphileni. Abesifazane abazimisele kakhulu ukukhomba njengendlela yokuqondisa owesilisa ovelele empilweni yabo, befuna ukuzimela.
Ama-Microloans anika amandla abesifazane emasimweni anemlando ye-misogyny. Ukufundisa amantombazane kuhambisana nokulinganisa izinga lokuzalwa nokukhulisa izindinganiso zokuphila. Ukuqokwa kwamadoda ngokobulili kuxoxwa futhi kunselele ezindaweni ezisezingeni lomhlaba lapho ukulawulwa kwamadoda bekulokhu kuyindlela yokusebenza evamile. Kuye kwaphakanyiswa futhi, ngokulandela isibonelo esanda kuphakanyiswa uNdunankulu omusha waseCanada, uJustin Trudeau, ekukhetheni kwakhe ukulawula iKhabhinethi elilinganiselwe ngokobulili, okufanele sicabangele ukuphakamisa ukugunyazwa, emazweni onke, kubo bonke ohulumeni, ubunye obufanayo hhayi kuphela kuwo wonke amahhovisi akhethiwe kodwa nazo zonke izikhundla zomphakathi.
Inqubekela phambili yamalungelo wabesifazane inkulu; ukuzuza ukulingana okugcwele nabesilisa kuzoletha imiphakathi enempilo, enenjabulo, futhi enamandla.
Ububele nokubambisana kuyingxenye yesimo somuntu
I-War System isekelwe enkolelweni yamanga ukuthi ukuncintisana kanye nodlame kungumphumela wokuzivumelanisa nokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ukungaboni kahle ukuphakanyiswa kukaDarwin ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye okufanekisela imvelo ngokuthi "obomvu ezinyoweni nokuhlanza" nomphakathi wesintu njengokuncintisana, zero -Umdlalo lapho "impumelelo" eya enyantisayo kakhulu futhi enobudlova. Kodwa ukuqhubekela phambili ekucwaningweni kobuciko kanye nesayensi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kubonisa ukuthi asikwazanga ukuhlukunyezwa yizakhi zethu zofuzo, lokho ukwabelana nozwela nakho kunesisekelo esiqinile sokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ku-1986 Isitatimende saseSeville sobudlova (okwaphikisana nombono wokuhlukunyezwa okungenasikhathi esingenakugwema njengenhloko yemvelo yabantu). Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuye kwaba khona izinguquko ekucwaningweni kwezesayensi yokuziphatha okufakazela kakhulu isitatimende seSeville.3 Abantu banekhono elinamandla lokuzwelana nokubambisana okwenziwa yizempi ukuzama ukubhekana nokuphumelela okungapheli, njengoba amacala amaningi okucindezeleka ngemuva kokucindezeleka kanye nokuzibulala phakathi kwamasosha abuyelayo afakaza.
Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi abantu banekhono lokuhlukumezeka kanye nokubambisana, impi yanamuhla ayifuni ukuhlukunyezwa komuntu ngamunye. Kuyindlela ehleliwe kakhulu futhi ehleliwe yokuziphatha okufundiwe okudinga ukuthi ohulumeni bahlele ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi bahlanganise umphakathi wonke ukuze ufeze. Okubalulekile ukuthi ukubambisana nokuzwelana kunengxenye enkulu yesimo somuntu njengobudlova. Sinekhono kokubili kanye nekhono lokukhetha noma, kodwa ngenkathi ukwenza lokhu kukhetho kumuntu ngamunye, isisekelo sengqondo kubalulekile, kufanele futhi kuholele ekushintsheni kwezakhiwo zomphakathi.
Impi ayifuni kuze kube phakade emuva kwesikhathi. Kwaba nesiqalo. Asikhathele ngempi. Siyifunda.
UBrian Ferguson (uProfesa we-Anthropology)
Ukubaluleka Kwezakhiwo Zempi Nokuthula
Akukwanele ukuthi abantu bezwe bafune ukuthula. Iningi labantu lenza, kodwa lixhase impi ngenkathi isizwe sabo noma iqembu lobuzwe lifuna. Ngisho kokumisa imithetho emelene impi, ezifana ukudalwa Yezizwe e 1920 noma edume Kellogg-Briand Pact atheleka ka 1928 okuyinto ivalwa impi futhi sasayinwa yizizwe ezinkulu zomhlaba futhi ungalokothi ngokusemthethweni nokusetshenziswa, akazange enze umsebenzi.4 Zombili lezi zinyathelo ezinokwethenjelwa zadalwa ngaphakathi kweSimiso seMpi esiqinile futhi ngokwazo azikwazi ukuvimbela izimpi ezengeziwe. Ukudala i-League kanye nokuqothula impi kwakudingeka kodwa kungeneli. Yini eyanele ukudala isakhiwo esinamandla sezenhlalo, ezomthetho nezombusazwe ezizofeza nokugcina ukuphela kwempi. Uhlelo lwe-War lwakhiwa izakhiwo ezinjalo ezingenelele ezenza impi ejwayelekile. Ngako-ke, uhlelo oluthile lwezokuphepha lomhlaba oluhlukile lokulithatha indawo kufanele luhlelwe ngendlela efanayo. Ngenhlanhla, uhlelo olunjalo luye lwakhula iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu.
Cishe akekho ofuna impi. Cishe wonke umuntu uyayisekela. Kungani?
Kent Shifferd (Umbhali, Umlando)
Indlela Ukusebenza Kamasistimu
Izinhlelo ziyi-webs yobudlelwane lapho ingxenye ngayinye ithonya ezinye izingxenye ngempendulo. Iphuzu A akuthonya kuphela iphuzu B, kepha uB uphelela ku-A, nokunye okuqhubekayo kuze kube ngamaphoyinti kuwebhu ahlangene ngokuphelele. Isibonelo, ohlelweni lweMpi, isikhungo sezempi sizoshukumisa imfundo ukusekela izinhlelo ze-Reserve Officers 'Training Corps (ROTC) ezikoleni eziphakeme, futhi izifundo zomlando wesikolo esiphakeme zizoletha impi njengezwe lokuthanda izwe, elingenakugwema futhi elivamile, ngenkathi amasonto ethandaza ngoba amabutho kanye namalungu esonto basebenza embonini yezokhali lapho iCongress ixhaswe khona ukuze kutholakale imisebenzi ezokwenza abantu baseCongress baqoke kabusha.5 Izikhulu zezempi ezothatha umhlalaphansi zizohola izinkampani zokukhiqiza izikhali futhi zithole izivumelwano ezivela esikhungweni sabo sangaphambili, i-Pentagon. Isimo esilandelayo yilokho okubizwa ngegama elibi ngokuthi "umnyango ovukela amasosha".6 Uhlelo lwakhiwe ngezinkolelo, izinkolelo, ubuchwepheshe, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, izikhungo eziqinisa omunye nomunye. Ngenkathi izinhlelo zivama ukuzinza isikhathi eside, uma ingcindezi enzima eqhubekayo, uhlelo lungakwazi ukufinyelela endaweni yokuphumula futhi lungashintsha ngokushesha.
Siphila ekuqhubekeni kwempi-nokuthula, sigudlukela emuva naphambili phakathi kweMpi Eqinile, Impi Engazinzile, Ukuthula Okungazinzile, Nokuthula Okuqinile. Impi Esimeme yilokho esakubona eYurophu amakhulu eminyaka futhi manje sesikubonile eMiddle East kusukela ngo-1947. Ukuthula Okuzinzile yilokho esikubone eScandinavia amakhulu eminyaka (ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kweScandinavia ezimpini zase-US / NATO). Ubutha baseMelika neCanada obabona izimpi ezinhlanu ngekhulu le-17 nele-18 buphela kungazelelwe ngo-1815. Impi Esitebeleni yaguquka ngokushesha yaba iStable Peace. Lezi zinguquko zesigaba yizinguquko zomhlaba zangempela kepha zikhawulelwe ezifundeni ezithile. Ini World Beyond War kuhlose ukufaka ushintsho lwesigaba emhlabeni wonke, ukulususa eMpini Esitebeleni luye Ekuthuleni Okuthula, ngaphakathi naphakathi kwezizwe.
Uhlelo lokuthula lomhlaba wonke luyisimo senqubo yesintu yomphakathi egcina ukuthula ngokuthembekile. Ukuhlanganiswa okuhlukahlukene kwezikhungo, izinqubomgomo, imikhuba, amanani, amakhono nezimo kungaveza lo mphumela. … Uhlelo olunjalo kufanele luvele ezimeni ezikhona.
URobert A. Irwin (uProfesa wezenhlalo)
I-Alternative System isivele ithuthuka
Ubufakazi bokuvubukulwa kwezinto zakudala kanye ne-anthropology manje kubonisa ukuthi impi yayiyizinto ezenziwa umphakathi mayelana neminyaka ye-10,000 eyedlule ngokuphakama kwezwe eliphakathi, ubugqila kanye nobuzwe obukhulu. Safunda ukwenza impi. Kodwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka ngaphambili, abantu baphila ngaphandle kobudlova obukhulu. Uhlelo lweMpi luye lwabusa eminye imiphakathi yabantu kusukela ngo-4,000 BC Kodwa kusukela ngo-1816 lapho kudalwa izinhlangano zokuqala ezakhamuzi ezisebenzela ukuqeda impi, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinguquko zenzeke. Asiqali kusukela ekuqaleni. Ngenkathi ikhulu leminyaka lama-20 laliyi-bloodyest in the record, kuyosangalisa abantu abaningi ukuthi kwakuyisikhathi senqubekela phambili enkulu ekuthuthukiseni izakhiwo, amanani, kanye namasu azokwenza, ngokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo okuqhutshwa abantu abangenayo i-nonviolent power I-Global Security System. Lezi zintuthuko eziguquguqukayo ezingakaze zenzeke eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane lapho iMpi Yezokulwa ibe yindlela kuphela yokulawulwa kwempi. Namuhla uhlelo lokuncintisana lukhona-u-embryonic, mhlawumbe, kodwa lukhula. Ukuthula kungokoqobo.
Noma yini ekhona kungenzeka.
UKenneth Boulding (uMfundisi Wokuthula)
Phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye isifiso sokuthula emhlabeni wonke sasikhula ngokushesha. Ngenxa yalokho, ku-1899, okokuqala ngqa emlandweni, isikhungo sidalwe ukubhekana nokulwa kwezinga lomhlaba jikelele. Eyaziwa ngokuthi yiNkantolo Yezwe, iNkantolo Yezobulungiswa Yomhlaba ikhona ukuze igweme ukungqubuzana phakathi kwamanye amazwe. Ezinye izikhungo zalandelwa ngokushesha kuhlanganise nomzamo wokuqala ephalamende lomhlaba ukubhekana nezingxabano zangaphakathi, i-League of Nations. Ku-1945 i-UN yasungulwa, futhi ku-1948 Isimemezelo Sezizwe Zomuntu Wonke Sosayinwe. Ku-1960 izinkontileka ezimbili zezikhali zenuzi zasayinwe - Isivumelwano Sokuvivinywa Kwemibandela Yesivumelwano e-1963 neNuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty evuliwe ukuze isayinwe ku-1968 futhi yaqala ukusebenza ku-1970. Muva nje, iSivumelwano Sokuvivinya Isivivinyo Esibucayi ku-1996, isivumelwano somhlaba (Antipersonnel Landmines Convention) ku-1997, futhi ku-2014 i-Arms Trade Treaty yamukelwa. Isivumelwano somhlaba saxoxwa ngezakhamuzi ezingakaze ziphumelele-ukukhulumisana kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-Ottawa Process" lapho ama-NGO kanye nohulumeni bexoxisana futhi ebhala isivumelwano ukuze abanye basayine futhi baqinisekise. IKomidi leNobel yaqaphela imizamo ye-International Campaign Yokunqabela Imithombo Yomhlaba (ICBL) "njengesibonelo esiqinisekisayo somgomo osebenzayo wokuthula" futhi yanikeza iNobel Peace Prize ku-ICBL kanye nomxhumanisi wayo uJody Williams.7
I-International Criminal Court yasungulwa ngo-1998. Imithetho ephikisana nokusetshenziswa kwengane yamasosha iye yavunyelwana emashumini eminyaka amuva nje.
Ukungabi nabulungisa: Isisekelo Sokuthula
Ngenkathi lokhu kuthuthuka, uMahatma Gandhi bese kuba uDkt Martin Luther King Jr. nabanye basungula izindlela ezinamandla zokumelana nodlame, indlela yokungabi nodlame, manje esehlolwe yatholakala iphumelela ezingxabanweni eziningi emasikweni ahlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele. Umzabalazo ongenabudlova ushintsha ubudlelwano bamandla phakathi kwengcindezelo nomcindezeli. Kubuyisela emuva ubudlelwano obubukeka bungalingani, njengesibonelo kwabasebenza “nje” abasebenza emikhunjini kanye neRed Army ePoland ngeminyaka yama-1980 (iSolidarity Movement eholwa nguLech Walesa yaqeda umbuso wengcindezelo; uWalesa wagcina esengumongameli wenkululeko iPoland yentando yeningi), nakwezinye izimo eziningi. Noma ubhekene nalokho okubhekwa njengombuso wobushiqela nobubi kakhulu emlandweni - umbuso wamaNazi waseJalimane - ukungabi nodlame kukhombise impumelelo emazingeni ehlukene. Isibonelo, ngo-1943 amakhosikazi angamaKristu angamaJalimane aqala umbhikisho onganalo udlame kwaze kwaba yilapho ededelwa cishe amadoda angama-1,800 XNUMX ayeboshiwe. Lo mkhankaso manje waziwa kakhulu ngokuthi yiRossenstrasse Protest. Ngezinga elikhudlwana, abakwaDanes baqala umkhankaso weminyaka emihlanu wokumelana nonviolent ukwenqaba ukusiza umshini wempi wamaNazi usebenzisa izindlela ezingenabudlova futhi ugcine usindisa amaJuda aseDenmark ekuthunyelweni emakamu okuhlushwa.8
Ukungaboni ngaso sonke isikhathi kubonisa ubuhlobo bamandla weqiniso, okuwukuthi bonke ohulumeni bahlala emvumweni yebusiwe futhi leyo mvume ingasuswa njalo. Njengoba sizobona, ukuqhubeka kokungabi nabulungisa nokuxhashazwa kushintshela ingqondo yezenhlalakahle zesimo sokulwa futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuphulukise intando yomcindezeli. Lenza uhulumeni ocindezelayo awunasisekelo futhi enze abantu bangabonakali. Kunezimo eziningi zanamuhla zokusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo kokungabi nabuthakathi. I-Gene Sharp iyabhala:
Umlando omkhulu ukhona wabantu abenqaba ukuqiniseka ukuthi 'amandla' avelayo ayengamandla onke, aphikisana futhi aphikisana nababusi abanamandla, abahlukumezi bezizwe, abahlukumezi basekhaya, izinhlelo ezicindezelayo, abaqashi bangaphakathi nabaphathi bezomnotho. Ngokuphambene nemibono evamile, lezi zindlela zokulwa nombhikisho, ukungasebenzi kanye nokungenelela okuphazamisayo kuye kwadlala indima enkulu emlandweni kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba. . . .9
U-Erica Chenoweth noMaria Stephan baye babonisa ukuthi kusukela ku-1900 kuya ku-2006, ukuphikiswa okungafuni ukuphikisana kwakungaphumelela kabili njengokumelana nokuzivikela futhi kwaholela ekudemeni kwemibuso engapheli futhi kunethuba eliphansi lokubuyela ebudloveni bezenhlalakahle nakwamanye amazwe. Ngamafuphi, ukungabi naluvivinyo kusebenza kangcono kunempi.10 U-Chenoweth wabizwa ngokuthi yi-100 Top Global Thinkers Yenqubomgomo Yangaphandle ku-2013 "ngokufakazela ukuthi u-Gandhi ulungile." Incwadi ka-Mark Engler no-Paul Engler ka-2016 Lokhu Kuvuvukala: Indlela Ukuvukela Ngokwemvelo Kuhlanganisa Ngamakhulu Amabini Nama-First Century ukuhlola amasu okusebenza ngokuqondile, ukuletha amandla amaningi kanye nobuthakathaka bemizamo yokugqugquzela ukushintsha ushintsho olukhulu e-United States nasemhlabeni jikelele kusukela ngaphambi kwekhulu lama-20 kuya kwekhulu. Le ncwadi yenza icala lokuthi ukunyakaza kwezimpahla eziphazamisayo kuthwale ushintsho oluthile lomphakathi kunokuba kube "isiphelo" esilandelayo esilandelayo esilandelayo.
Ukungabikho komthetho kungenye indlela ewusizo. Ukumelana nokungapheli, kanye nezikhungo eziqinisiwe zokuthula, manje kusivumela ukuba sibalekele emgodini wezinsimbi wezempi esasizibophezele eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha edlule.
Okunye ukuthuthuka kwamasiko kube nomthelela ekuqhubekeni kokukhula kohlelo lokuthula kufaka phakathi ukunyakaza okunamandla kwamalungelo abesifazane (kufaka phakathi ukufundisa amantombazane), kanye nokuvela kwamashumi ezinkulungwane zamaqembu ezakhamizi azinikele ekusebenzeleni ukuthula kwamazwe omhlaba, ukuphucwa izikhali, ukuqinisa ukwenza ukuthula kwamazwe omhlaba kanye nokugcinwa kokuthula izikhungo. Lawa ma-NGO aqhuba lokhu kuziphendukela kokuthula. Lapha singabala ezimbalwa nje ezifana neFellowship of Reconciliation, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, American Friends Service Committee, United Nations Association, Veterans for Peace, the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, the Hague Appeal for Peace , i-Peace and Justice Study Association nezinye eziningi, eziningi ezitholakala kalula ngokuseshwa kwe-inthanethi. World Beyond War libhala kuwebhusayithi yalo amakhulu ezinhlangano nezinkulungwane zabantu abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba abasayine isibambiso sethu sokusebenzela ukuqeda yonke impi.
Bobabili izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni zaqala ukungenelela kokuthula, kuhlanganise nama-Blue Helmets ase-UN kanye nezinguquko eziningana ezisakhamuzi, ezingezona eziphuthumayo ezifana ne-Nonviolent Peaceforce kanye ne-Peace Brigades International. Amasonto aqala ukuthuthukisa amakhomishana wokuthula nobulungiswa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakukhona ukusakazeka okusheshayo kocwaningo kulokho okwenza kube nokuthula nokusabalalisa okusheshayo kwemfundo yokuthula kuwo wonke amazinga. Ezinye izinyathelo zihlanganisa ukusakazwa kwezinkolo ezibhekiswe ekuthula, ukuthuthukiswa kweWebhu Yonke Yezwe, ukungabikho kwamandla omhlaba wonke (ukubiza kakhulu), ukuphela kobukhosi, ukuvunywa kokwenqaba ukulwa nenkolo ngenxa kanembeza, amasu amasha wokuxazulula izingxabano , ukuthula journalism, ukuthuthukiswa kwenhlangano yomhlaba wonke (imibuthano ekhuluma ngokuthula, ubulungiswa, imvelo kanye nentuthuko)11, ukunyakaza kwemvelo (kufaka phakathi imizamo yokuqeda ukuthembela ezimpi ezihlobene namafutha kanye namafutha), nokuthuthukiswa komqondo wokuthembeka kweplanethi.1213 Lezi zimbalwa ezimbalwa ezibonakalayo ezikhombisa ukuthi ukuzihlela, uhlelo oluhlukile lwe-Global Security System luya endleleni yentuthuko.
1. I-US inezisekelo ze-174 eJalimane ne-113 eJapane (2015). Lezi zisekelo zibhekwa kabanzi ngokuthi "izinsalela" zeMpi Yezwe II, kodwa yilokho uDavide Wine ehlola encwadini yakhe Isizwe Sesizwe, kubonisa inethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke ye-US njengendlela eqondile yezempi.
2. Umsebenzi ophelele ekunciphiseni kwempi: i-Goldstein, uJoshua S. 2011. Ukunqoba Impi Empi: Ukunqothulwa Kwezingxabano Zempi Emhlabeni Wonke.
3. Isitatimende saseSeville sobudlova sakhiwe yiqembu labaholi bezenzo zokuziphatha ukuphikisa "umqondo wokuthi udlame oluhlelwe ngabantu luzimisele ngokwemvelo". Isitatimende sonke singafunda lapha: http://www.unesco.org/cpp/uk/declarations/seville.pdf
4, e Lapho iMpi Yezwe Ephuliwe (2011), uDavid Swanson ubonisa ukuthi abantu emhlabeni wonke basebenze kanjani ukuqeda impi, bachitha impi ngesivumelwano esisezincwadini.
5, echibini http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps for Reserve Officers Training Corps
6. Kukhona ucwaningo oluningi olutholakalayo emithonjeni yezemfundo ehlonishwayo futhi ehlonishwayo yocwaningo olukhomba umnyango ovukelayo. Umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu wezemfundo yi: Pilisuk, Marc, noJennifer Achord Rountree. I-2015. Isakhiwo Esifihlekile Sokuhlukumezeka: Ubani Abazuzisa Ukuhlukumezeka Kwempi Nomhlaba Wonke
7. Bona okuningi ku-ICBL kanye nokuzibandakanya kwesakhamuzi ku Ukuvinjelwa Kwemithi: IsiShayamthetho, IziMemezelo Zezakhamuzi, nokuPhepha koMphakathi (2008) nguJody Williams, uStephen Goose, noMary Wareham.
8. Leli cala libhalwe kahle kwi-Global Nonviolent Action Database (http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/danish-citizens-resist-nazis-1940-1945) kanye nochungechunge lwamadokhumenti Amandla Angaphezu Kakhulu (www.aforcemorepowerful.org/).
9. Bheka i-Gene Sharp's (1980) Ukwenza ukuqeda impi umgomo onengqondo
10. UChenoweth, u-Erica noMaria Stephan. I-2011. Okwenza Ukuphikiswa Komphakathi Kusebenza: I-Strategic Logic Yokungqubuzana Okungavumi.
11. Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili nanhlanu edlule kuye kwaba nemibuthano yemigodi ezingeni lomhlaba elihlose ukudala izwe elinokuthula nelungile. Lokhu kuvela kwenhlangano yomhlaba wonke, eyabanjelwa yiNgqungquthela yomhlaba eRio de Janeiro eBrazil ku-1992, yabeka izisekelo zenhlangano yesimanje yezinkomfa zomhlaba wonke. Ukugxila emvelweni nasekuthuthukiseni, kwaveza ushintsho oluphawulekayo ekuqedeni uketshezi kokukhiqizwa, ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla okunye nokuhamba kwezimoto, ukuthungwa kwamahlathi, nokuqaphela okusha kokuntuleka kwamanzi. Izibonelo yizi: Isimemo seMhlaba i-Rio 1992 emvelweni nokuthuthukiswa okusimeme; I-Rio + i-20 iqoqe izinkulungwane zabahlanganyeli ezivela ohulumeni, umkhakha wangasese, ama-NGO kanye namanye amaqembu, ukulungisa indlela abantu abanganciphisa ngayo ubumpofu, ukuthuthukisa ukulingana kwezenhlalakahle nokuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kwiplanethi egcwele kakhulu; I-Forum Yamanzi Eminyaka Eyinkulungwane njengemicimbi emikhulu emhlabeni jikelele emkhakheni wamanzi ukuqwashisa ngezinkinga zamanzi nezixazululo (okuqaliswe i-1997); I-Appeal Hague Yokuthula Ingqungquthela ye-1999 njengenkomfa enkulu kunazo zonke yokuthula yamazwe ngamaqembu omphakathi.
12. Lezi zindlela zenziwa ngokujulile kumhlahlandlela wokutadisha "I-Evolution ye-Global Peace System" kanye nedokhumenti emfushane ehlinzekwe yi-War Prevention Initiative at http://warpreventioninitiative.org/?page_id=2674
13. Ucwaningo lwe-2016 lithole ukuthi cishe ingxenye yalabo abaphendulile emazweni alandelela i-14 bazibheka izakhamuzi zomhlaba wonke kunabemi bezwe labo. Bheka Ubuzwe Bomhlaba Ukukhula Kwentuthuko Phakathi Kwezakhamuzi Zomnotho Okhulayo: I-Global Poll at http://globescan.com/news-and-analysis/press-releases/press-releases-2016/103-press-releases-2016/383-global-citizenship-a-growing-sentiment-among-citizens-of-emerging-economies-global-poll.html
