ngu-Jon Mitchell, Ephreli 10, 2018
Kusukela I-Portside
Ngesikhathi sokuhlala kwabo kwezinsuku eziyi-10, amalungu e- UPrutehi Litekyan: Gcina iRitrian - UMonaeka Flores, u-Stasia Yoshida kanye no-Rebekah Garrison - bahlanganyele emibonisweni yokuhlala futhi banikeza uchungechunge lwezinkulumo ezichaza ukufana phakathi kwe-Guam ne-Okinawa.
Isifunda sase-Japan sase-Okinawa sinezisekelo ezingu-31 zase-US, ezithatha amaphesenti angu-15 esiqhingi esikhulu. Ezweni lase-US eGuam, uMnyango Wezokuvikela unamaphesenti angama-29 esiqhingi - ngaphezu kohulumeni wasekhaya, onamaphesenti ayi-19 kuphela. Futhi uma amasosha ase-US enza ngendlela yawo, isabelo sawo sizokhula maduze.
Njengamanje, ohulumeni baseJapan nabaseMelika bahlela ukwenza kanjalo athuthe amasosha asolwandle acishe abe ngu-4,000 ukusuka e-Okinawa kuya eGuam - isinyathelo, iziphathimandla ziyagomela, lokho kuzonciphisa umthwalo wezempi e-Okinawa. ITokyo isiqalile nokubuyisela umhlaba osetshenziswa amasosha ase-US - kodwa kuphela uma kwakhiwe izakhiwo ezintsha kwenye indawo esiqhingini.
Ngesikhathi bevakashele eJapan, izakhamuzi ezintathu zaseGuam zazibonela ngawazo izinkinga izakhamuzi zendawo ezibhekene nazo.
Isidingo Esihlanganyelwe
Emphakathini omncane waseTakae - inani labantu ababalelwa ku-140 - bahlangane nezakhamizi u-Ashimine Yukine kanye no-Isa Ikuko, abachaze ukuthi impilo injani ukuhlala eduze kwesikhungo samasosha asolwandle, iJungle Warfare Training Center, indawo engu-35 square kilometer eyake yaba inkundla yokuhlola. I-Agent Orange futhi kamuva iphethwe ngu-Oliver North.
Ngo-2016, kuchaza izakhamizi, iTokyo yahlanganisa cishe amaphoyisa odlame angama-800 ukuthi aphoqelele ukwakhiwa kwamahelifoni amasha aseMelika endaweni.
“Sonke isiqhingi siyindawo yokuziqeqeshela impi,” kuchaza u-Isaya. “Noma singacela kangakanani kuhulumeni waseJapan ukuthi uguqule izinto, akukho okushintshile. Izindiza ezinophephela emhlane zamasosha ase-US kanye nama-Osprey andizela phansi imini nobusuku. Izakhamizi ziyahamba.”
Ku-2017, kwakukhona Izingozi zezindiza zezempi zase-US ezingama-25 e-Japan - isuka ku-11 ngonyaka odlule. Eziningi zazo zenzeke e-Okinawa. Muva nje ngo-Okthoba odlule, indiza enophephela emhlane i-CH-53E yaphahlazeka yasha eduze kwaseTakae.
Izakhamizi zaseGuam ziphinde zavakashela eHenoko, lapho uhulumeni waseJapan eseqale khona umsebenzi wokuqala wokufakwa kwamasosha amasha aseMelika esikhundleni sesizinda sezindiza sase-US iFutenma, eGinowan. Isizinda sizokwakhiwa ngokugcwaliswa komhlaba i-Oura Bay, indawo enezinto eziningi eziphilayo ezinhlobonhlobo.
Izakhamuzi zendawo sezineminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-14 zibhikishela lolu hlelo. Izakhamizi ezintathu zaseGuam zijoyine ama-Okinawans ngesikhathi behlala ngaphandle kwesizinda esisha.
“Ngiyabahlonipha ababhikishi asebekhulile base-Okinawan abaya e-Henoko ukuze bahlale. Bakhishwa ngokomzimba ngamaphoyisa odweshu kuze kube kathathu ngosuku,” kuchaza uYoshida. “Ngandlela thize, ngazisola ngokuthi amaphoyisa ayale ukuba asuse laba bantu base-Okinawa asebekhulile asebekhule ngokwanele ukuba babe ogogo nomkhulu babo.”
Izivakashi zaseGuam zibe sezijoyina izakhamizi zaseTakae eTokyo, lapho zahambisa khona isitatimende ngokuhlanganyela eMnyangweni Wezokuvikela waseJapan kanye noMnyango Wezangaphandle. Ifuna kuqedwe ukwakhiwa kwezikhungo ezintsha ze-USMC eziqhingini ezimbili, kungokokuqala ngqa ukuthunyelwa kwesitatimende esinjalo.
Umlando Owabiwe...
Kamuva, ochungechungeni lwaseTokyo University of Science, izakhamuzi zaseGuam nase-Okinawa zachaza ukufana phakathi kwalezi ziqhingi ezimbili.
Eminyakeni yangemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, iPentagon yathatha umhlaba kuzo zombili iziqhingi ukuze kwakhiwe ingqalasizinda yezempi.
Ngokwesibonelo, eGuam, amasosha athatha indawo eRitidian, ethatha indawo yomkhaya kaFlores. E-Okinawa ngawo-1950, izakhamuzi ezingaphezu kuka-250,000 - ngaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabantu basesiqhingini esikhulu - ukuphucwa umhlaba. Ingxenye enkulu yalowo mhlaba isahlala amasosha ase-US noma izisekelo ze-Japan Self-Defense Forces.
Sekungamashumi eminyaka, zombili lezi ziqhingi zingcoliswe ukusebenza kwezempi.
E-Okinawa, amanzi okuphuza aseduze I-Kadena Air Baseingcoliswe yi-PFOS, into etholakala kugwebu lokucisha umlilo elixhumene nokulimala kwentuthuko kanye nomdlavuza. E-Guam's Andersen Air Base, i-EPA ikhombe imithombo eminingi yokungcola, futhi kunokukhathazeka ukuthi i-aquifer yamanzi okuphuza esiqhingini isengozini.
Omakadebona baseMelika bathi zombili lezi ziqhingi ziphinde zathola ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwe-Agent Orange - izimangalo iPentagon iyaziphika.
“Silahlekelwe abaholi abaningi sisebancane ngenxa yalobu buthi,” kusho uFlores etshela izethameli eTokyo, ekhuluma ngezinga eliphezulu lesiqhingi sakhe somdlavuza nesifo sikashukela.
… Nesipho Esabiwe
Ukungcoliswa kwezempi eGuam kubukeka kuzoba kubi kakhulu lapho kufika izinkulungwane zamasosha olwandle. Kunezinhlelo zokuthi yakha uhla olusha lwe-live-fire eduze kwesiphephelo sezilwane zasendle eRitidian. Uma kubonakala, indawo izongcoliswa yizinhlamvu zezinhlamvu ezilinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-7 ngonyaka - kanye nazo zonke izinto ezihambisana nomthofu namakhemikhali.
Nakwezombangazwe, zombili lezi ziqhingi sekuyisikhathi eside zibandlululwa amazwekazi azo.
Ngesikhathi sokuhlala kwe-US e-Okinawa (1945 - 1972), izakhamizi zazibuswa umbonisi wezempi wase-US, futhi namuhla iTokyo isazishaya indiva izimfuno zasendaweni zokuvalwa kwesisekelo. E-Guam, nakuba izakhamuzi zinamaphasipoti e-US futhi zikhokha izintela zase-US, zithola uxhaso lwenhlangano olulinganiselwe kuphela, azinakumelela ukuvota kuCongress, futhi azikwazi ukuvota okhethweni lukamongameli.
“Siphathwa njengezakhamizi ezisezingeni lesibili ezweni lakithi. Asinalo izwi ngohlelo lokuthuthela osolwandle eGuam,” kuchaza uFlores.
UGarrison, odabuka eCalifornia, uzazi kahle kakhulu ubungozi bempi. Utshele izethameli zaseTokyo ukuthi umkhulu wakhe walwa kanjani eMpini yase-Okinawa futhi waphathwa yi-PTSD ngenxa yalokho. Lapho ebuyela e-States, waba umlutha wotshwala futhi wafa eminyakeni embalwa kamuva.
“Kufanele siyimele yonke le miphakathi yaseziqhingini ehlushwa amasosha,” kusho yena.
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Jon Mitchell uyintatheli ye-Okinawa Times. Ngo-2015, waklonyeliswa nge-Foreign Correspondents' Club of Japan Freedom of the Press Award for Lifetime Achievement ngokubika kwakhe ngezindaba zamalungelo abantu - okuhlanganisa nokungcoliswa kwezempi - e-Okinawa.
