Njengoba kubhalwe encwadini kaDouglas Blackmon, Ubugqila Ngenye Igama: Ukubuyiswa kabusha kwabamnyama baseMelika kusukela eMpini Yomphakathi kuya eMpini Yezwe II, ukusungulwa kobugqila eNingizimu ye-US ngokuyinhloko kwaphela iminyaka engu-20 kwezinye izindawo lapho kuqedwa impi yombango yase-US. Futhi-ke yabuya futhi, ngendlela ehluke kancane, isabalele, ilawula, eyaziwa esidlangalaleni futhi yamukelwa - kuze kube yiMpi Yezwe II. Eqinisweni, kwezinye izinhlobo, isekhona nanamuhla. Kodwa akuhlali namuhla kusesimweni esinamandla esavimbela inhlangano yamalungelo abantu cishe iminyaka eyikhulu. Kukhona namuhla ngezindlela esikhululekile ukuphikisa futhi simelane nazo, futhi siyehluleka ukwenza lokho ukuze sihlazeke thina.
Phakathi nokuvivinywa okumenyezelwe kabanzi kwabanikazi bezigqila ngobugebengu bobugqila ngo-1903 - ukulingwa okungenzanga lutho ukuqeda umkhuba owawusabalala - Montgomery Umkhangisi umhleli: “Ukuthethelela kuwubuhle bobuKristu futhi ukukhohlwa kuvame ukuba yimpumuzo, kodwa abanye bethu abasoze bathethelela noma bakhohlwe ukweqisa okudabukisayo nokunonya okwenziwa kuyo yonke iNingizimu Afrika ngabampofu nabasekeli babo abamhlophe, abaningi babo ababeyizikhulu zikahulumeni, abantu bakithi babengenamandla ngokwezenzo zabo.”
Lesi kwakuyisikhundla esamukelekayo esidlangalaleni e-Alabama ngo-1903: ubugqila kufanele bubekezelelwe ngenxa yobubi obenziwa yiNyakatho ngesikhathi sempi nangesikhathi sokusebenza okwalandela. Kuyafaneleka ukucabangela ukuthi ubugqila bebungaphela ngokushesha yini ukube buqedwe ngaphandle kwempi. Ukusho lokho, akunjalo, ukugomela ukuthi empeleni i-United States yangaphambi kwempi yayihluke kakhulu kunalokho okwakuyikho, ukuthi abanikazi bezigqila babezimisele ukuthengisa, noma ukuthi noma yiluphi uhlangothi lwaluvulekele isixazululo esingenalo ubudlova. Kodwa izizwe eziningi ezaqeda ubugqila zakwenza lokho ngaphandle kwempi yombango. Abanye bakwenza ngendlela iWashington, DC, eyakwenza ngayo, ngokukhululeka okunxeshezelwe.
Ukube i-United States iqede ubugqila ngaphandle kwempi futhi ngaphandle kokuhlukana, ngabe, ngokwencazelo, indawo ehluke kakhulu futhi enobudlova obuncane. Kodwa, ngaphezu kwalokho, bekuyogwema ukucasuka okubuhlungu kwempi okusazophela. Ukuqeda ukucwasa bekungaba yinqubo ende kakhulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yini. Kodwa kwakungase kunikezwe isiqalo kunokuba siboshwe ingalo eyodwa ngemuva. Ukwenqaba kwethu ngenkani ukuqaphela impi yombango yase-US njengesithiyo senkululeko kunokuba indlela eya kuyo, kusivumela ukuba sicekele phansi izindawo ezifana ne-Iraq bese simangala ngesikhathi somphumela wobutha.
Izimpi zithola izisulu ezintsha iminyaka eminingi ngemva kokuphela, ngisho noma wonke amabhomu eqoqo ethathwa. Vele uzame ukucabanga ngezizathu ezizokwenziwa zokuhlasela kuka-Israyeli kwabasePalestine kwakungenzekanga iMpi Yezwe II.
Ukube iNyakatho ye-US ivumele iNingizimu ukuthi ihlukane, yaqeda ukubuya "kwezigqila ezibalekile," futhi yasebenzisa izindlela zezombusazwe nezomnotho ukugqugquzela iNingizimu ukuba iqede ubugqila, kubonakala kunengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi ubugqila bungase buqhubeke eNingizimu ngaphesheya kwe-1865, kodwa kungenzeka kakhulu kuze kube ngu-1945. Ukusho lokhu, futhi, ukungacabangi ukuthi kwenzeka ngempela, noma ukuthi babengekho abantu baseNyakatho ababefuna kwenzeke futhi ababengenandaba ngempela nesiphetho sama-Afrika aseMelika agqilaziwe. Kuwukubeka nje esimweni esifanele ukuvikela okungokwesiko kwempi yombango njengokubulala amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu nhlangothi zombili ukuze kufezwe okuhle okukhulu kokuqeda ubugqila. Ubugqila abuzange buphele.
Kuwo wonke amazwe aseNingizimu, uhlelo lobugebengu obuncane, obungenanjongo, obufana “nobubhadubhadu,” budala usongo lokuboshwa kwanoma yimuphi umuntu omnyama. Lapho eboshwa, umuntu omnyama wayezonikezwa isikweletu okufanele asikhokhe phakathi neminyaka yokusebenza kanzima. Indlela yokuzivikela ekufakweni kwelinye lamakhulu amakamu okufukuza yayiwukuzifaka ezikweletini futhi ngaphansi kokuvikelwa umnikazi omhlophe. Isichibiyelo se-13 sijezisa ubugqila kwabagwetshiwe, futhi awukho umthetho ovimbela ubugqila kuze kube ngawo-1950. Okwakudingeka ukuze kwenziwe sengathi kusemthethweni kwakulingana nesicelo sesivumelwano sanamuhla.
Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi ubugqila abuzange buphele. Ezinkulungwaneni eziningi kwaba kubi kakhulu. Umnikazi wesigqila se-antebellum ngokuvamile wayenentshisekelo yezezimali ekugcineni umuntu ogqilaziwe ephila futhi enempilo ngokwanele ukuba asebenze. Imayini noma umshini wokugaya othenge umsebenzi weziboshwa ezingamakhulu wawungenandaba nekusasa labo ngaphandle kwesikhathi sezigwebo zabo. Eqinisweni, ohulumeni basekhaya babeyovala isikhala sesiboshwa esishonile bafake esinye, ngakho sasingekho isizathu esingokomnotho sokungasisebenzi size sife. Izinga lokufa kweziboshwa eziqashiwe e-Alabama laliphezulu njengoba lifinyelela kumaphesenti angama-45 ngonyaka. Abanye abafela ezimayini bajikijelwa kohhavini be-coke kunokuba baye enkingeni beyongcwaba.
Abantu baseMelika ababeyizigqila ngemva “kokuphela kobugqila” bathengwa futhi bathengiswa, beboshwe ngamaketango nezintamo ebusuku, bashaywa baze bafa, bafakwa emanzini, futhi babulawa ngokubona kwabanikazi bawo, njenge-US Steel Corporation eyathenga izimayini eduze kwaseBirmingham lapho izizukulwane zilandelana khona. kwabantu “abakhululekile” basetshenzwa baze bafe ngaphansi komhlaba.
Usongo lwaleso siphetho lwaluphezu kwawo wonke umuntu omnyama ongalubekezeleli, kanye nosongo lokubulawa kwabantu okwedlulele ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kanye nezizathu ezintsha zokucwasa ngokwesayensi mbumbulu. Umngane kaWoodrow Wilson uThomas Dixon, umlobi wencwadi nomdlalo weshashalazi, uThomas Dixon, umngane kaWoodrow Wilson wathi: “UNkulunkulu wamisa umlungu waseningizimu ukuba afundise izifundo zobukhosi buka-Aryan. The Clansman, okwaba yifilimu Ukuzalwa Kwesizwe.
Ezinsukwini ezinhlanu ngemuva kokuhlasela kwamaJapan ePearl Harbor, uhulumeni wase-US wanquma ukuthatha ngokungathi sína ukushushiswa kobugqila, ukuze abhekane nokugxekwa okungenzeka okuvela eJalimane noma eJapan.
Eminyakeni emihlanu ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, a iqembu lamaNazi asendulo, abanye babo ababesebenzise umsebenzi wezigqila emigedeni yaseJalimane, bakha isitolo e-Alabama ukuze basebenzele ukwakha amathuluzi amasha okufa nokuhamba emkhathini. Bathola abantu base-Alabama bethetheleleka kakhulu ngezenzo zabo ezedlule.
Umsebenzi wasejele iyaqhubeka e-United States. Ukuboshwa kwabantu abaningi iyaqhubeka njengethuluzi lokucindezelwa ngokobuhlanga. Umsebenzi wasepulazini wezigqila iyaqhubeka kanjalo. Kanjalo nokusetshenziswa kwe izinhlawulo nezikweletu ukwakha iziboshwa. Futhi-ke, izinkampani ezifunga ukuthi ngeke zenze lokho okwenziwa yizinguqulo zazo zangaphambili, zithola inzuzo ngokusebenza izigqila ogwini olukude.
Kodwa okwaqeda ukugqilazwa kwabantu abaningi e-United States ngokuhle kwakungekona ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi okuwubulima kwempi yombango. Kwakungamandla emfundo nokuziphatha angenabudlova wenhlangano yamalungelo abantu ekhulwini eligcwele kamuva.
