Impi Yobuphekula Ilokhu Idala Ubuphekula Obuningi

Cishe unyaka, abaphathi beBiden benze ucwaningo olunzulu lwezinqubomgomo zokulwa nobushokobezi zaleli zwe, ngenkathi beqhubeka nokwenza iziteleka zezindiza okungenani. amazwe amane. I-AUMF ka-2001, nokho, isivele yacelwa yi-Biden ukuthi ihlanganise inani elingaziwa lemishini yamasosha emazweni ayi-12: Afghanistan, Cuba, Djibouti, Iraq, Jordan, Kenya, Lebanon, Niger, Philippines, Somalia kanye neYemen.

"Kuningi okushiwoyo mayelana nokucutshungulwa kabusha kwabaphathi bakwaBiden ngesu lokulwa nobushokobezi e-US, kanti kuyiqiniso ukuthi uBiden useshaye iziteleka ezincane kakhulu kunabangaphambi kwakhe, okuyisinyathelo esihle," kusho uSavell. TomDispatch, “ukunxusa kwakhe i-AUMF yango-2001 okungenani emazweni angu-12 kubonisa ukuthi i-US izoqhubeka nemisebenzi yayo yokulwa nobushokobezi ezindaweni eziningi. Eqinisweni, izimpi zase-US zangemva kwe-9/11 ziyaqhubeka, yize amasosha ase-US eseyishiyile i-Afghanistan ngokusemthethweni. "

I-AUMFing e-Afrika

"[W] singena emzabalazweni omude wokulwa nobushokobezi," kusho omele uDavid Obey (WI), okleliswe esikhundleni seDemocrat ku-House Appropriations Committee, ngosuku lapho iwele le-AUMF lika-2001, $ 40 billion umthethosivivinywa wezindleko eziphuthumayo, wedluliswa. "Lo mthethosivivinywa uyinkokhelo emizamweni yaleli lizwe yokuthola nokujezisa labo abenze lesi senzo esibi kanye nalabo ababesekile."

Uma ufuna ukuthenga indlu, a I-20% yokukhokha phansi bekulokhu ekahle yendabuko. Ukuthenga impi engapheli yobushokobezi ngo-2001, nokho, ngaphansi kuka-1% ubukudinga. Kusukela kuleso sitolimende sokuqala, izindleko zempi ziye zanda cishe cishe $ 5.8 isigidintathu.

“Lokhu kuzoba yibhizinisi elibi kakhulu,” kuqhuba u-Obey. "Lokhu kuzoba yimpi ende." Kuwo womabili la macala wayeseshonile. Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili nanye kamuva, ngokusho kwe-Costs of War Project, eduze abantu abayizigidi ezilodwa babulawe odlameni oluqondile phakathi nempi eqhubekayo kuleli zwe yokulwa namaphekula.

Kuleyo minyaka engamashumi amabili, i-AUMF iphinde yacelwa ukuthi ithethelele ukuboshwa kwabantu e-Guantánamo Bay, Cuba; imizamo esikhungweni sokulwa nobushokobezi ezweni lase-Afrika i-Djibouti ukusekela ukuhlasela Somalia kanye Yemen; kanye nemishini yaphansi noma iziteleka zasemoyeni e-Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Pakistan, Somalia, Syria, naseYemen. Ukugunyazwa kuphinde kwacelwa ukuthi kuthethelele “ukwesekwa” kozakwethu bezempi emazweni ayi-13. Umugqa phakathi "kokusekela" nokulwa, nokho, ungaba mncane kangangokuthi ungasebenzi.

Ngo-Okthoba 2017, ngemuva kokuba i-Islamic State ihlasele amasosha ase-US eNiger - elinye lamazwe ayi-13 "asekela" i-AUMF - yabulala amasosha amane aseMelika futhi yalimaza abanye ababili, i-US Africa Command yathi lawo masosha ayemane nje ehlinzeka ".iseluleko nosizo” kozakwethu bendawo. Kamuva, kwavezwa ukuthi bebesebenza nebutho laseNiger ngaphansi kwesambulela se-Operation Juniper Shield, uhlaka olubanzi. umzamo wokulwa nobugebengu enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika. Kwaze kwavinjwa isimo sezulu esibi, empeleni, kuthiwa bazokweseka elinye iqembu lama-Commandos aseMelika azama ukubulala noma ukuthumba umholi we-Islamic State uDoundoun Cheffou njengengxenye yomzamo owaziwa ngokuthi. Obsidian Nomad II.

Obsidian Nomad empeleni, a 127e uhlelo - eqanjwe isiphathimandla sesabelomali (isigaba 127e sesihloko 10 seKhodi yase-US) esivumela amabutho Okusebenza Okukhethekile ukuthi asebenzise amasosha endawo akhethiwe njengababambeli emisebenzini yokulwa namaphekula. Gijimani noma yi-Joint Special Operations Command, inhlangano eyimfihlo elawula i-Navy's SEAL Team 6, i-Army's Delta Force, namanye amayunithi emishini ekhethekile, noma "ngamabutho akhethekile emidlalo yaseshashalazini," opharetha bayo abakhethekile bahambisane nama-commandos wendawo insimu kulo lonke izwekazi lase-Afrika ekusebenzeni okungenakuhlukaniswa nokulwa.

Amasosha ase-US, ngokwesibonelo, aqhube umzamo ofanayo wokulwa nobuphekula we-127e, oqanjwe ngekhodi ethi Obsidian Mosaic, ezweni elingumakhelwane iMali. Njengoba u-Savell ephawula, abekho abaphathi abake bacaphuna i-AUMF ka-2001 uma kukhulunywa ngeMali, kodwa bobabili uTrump noBiden bakhulume ngokuhlinzeka “ngosekelo lweCT kubalingani base-Afrika nabaseYurophu” kuleso sifunda. Khonamanjalo, u-Savell uphinde aphawule, izintatheli eziphenyayo “zembule izehlakalo lapho amabutho ase-US engazibandakanyi nje emisebenzini yokweseka eMali, kodwa ezingxabanweni eziqhubekayo ngo-2015, 2017, 2018, kanye nezingxabano ezazisondela ngohlelo lwe-127e ngo-2019.” Futhi uMali wayengomunye wabo Izizwe eziyi-13 zase-Afrika lapho amasosha aseMelika abona khona impi phakathi kuka-2013 no-2017, ngokusho kukaBrigadier General Don Bolduc osewathatha umhlalaphansi, owayesebenza e-Africa Command wabe esehola iSpecial Operations Command Africa ngaleyo minyaka.

Ngo 2017, the Ngenisa wadalula ukuhlukunyezwa kweziboshwa at a Isizinda samasosha aseCameroon eyayisetshenziswa abasebenzi base-US kanye nosonkontileka abazimele emisebenzini yokuqeqesha kanye nokubhekwa kwe-drone. Ngawo lowo nyaka, iCameroon yacashunwa okokuqala ngaphansi kwe-AUMF ka-2001 njengengxenye yomzamo “wokusekela ukusebenza kwe-CT.” NgokukaBolduc, kwakungesinye isizwe lapho amasosha ase-US abona khona ukulwa.

Amasosha aseMelika nawo alwa eKenya ngasikhathi sinye, kusho uBolduc, waze wathatha abalimele. Lelo lizwe, empeleni, licashunwe ngaphansi kwe-AUMF ngesikhathi sokuphatha kukaBush, Trump, kanye noBiden. Ngenkathi uBiden noTrump bevuma "ukuthunyelwa" kwamasosha aseMelika eKenya eminyakeni esukela ku-2017 kuya ku-2021 "ukusekela ukusebenza kwe-CT," u-Savell uphawula ukuthi akazange "abhekisele ezimpini ezizayo ngohlelo olusebenzayo lwe-127e oluqala okungenani ngo-2017, noma Isigameko sokulwa ngoJanuwari 2020, lapho amaphekula e-al Shabaab ehlasela isikhungo samasosha aseMelika eManda Bay, eKenya, abulala abantu baseMelika abathathu, isosha elilodwa lezempi kanye nosonkontileka ababili bePentagon.

Ukwengeza ekubhaleni izindlela i-AUMF ka-2001 esetshenziswe ngayo, umbiko ka-Savell unikeza ukukhanya okugqamayo okungahambisani nezizathu zokwenza lokho, kanye nokuthi i-AUMF isetshenziswe kuziphi izizwe nokuthi kungani. Bambalwa ababukeli bempi yamaphekula, ngokwesibonelo, abangashaqeka lapho bebona i-Libya ohlwini lwamazwe lapho ukugunyazwa kusetshenziswe khona ukuze kuthethelelwe iziteleka zasemoyeni noma ukusebenza phansi. Kodwa-ke, bangahle bamangale ngezinsuku ezicashuniwe, njengoba yacelwa ukuthi ibhekelele ukusebenza kwamasosha ngo-2013, bese kusuka ku-2015 kuya ku-2019.

Ngo-2011, nokho, ngesikhathi se-Operation Odyssey Dawn kanye nemishini ye-NATO eyaphumelela, i-Operation Unified Protector (OUP), amasosha ase-US kanye eziyisishiyagalombili nezinye amabutho asemoyeni wandiza ngokumelene nebutho lezempi lika-Muammar Gaddafi waseLibya ngaleso sikhathi, okwaholela ekufeni kwakhe nokuphela kombuso wakhe. Sekukonke, kubikwa ukuthi i-NATO yajikeleza Iziteleka eziyizi-9,700 futhi yehlise izikhali eziqondiswa ukunemba ezingaphezu kwezi-7,700.

Phakathi kukaMashi no-Okthoba ka-2011, empeleni, ama-drones ase-US andiza esuka e-Italy ayevame ukucasha esibhakabhakeni ngaphezu kwe-Libya. “AmaPredators ethu adubule 243 Imicibisholo yesihogo somlilo ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ze-OUP, ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-20 engqikithi yawo yonke imililo Yezihogo eyasetshenziswa eminyakeni engu-14 yokusetshenziswa kwalolu hlelo,” kusho uLieutenant Colonel Gary Peppers, umkhuzi we-324th Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron ngesikhathi se-Operation Unified Protector, etshela. the Ngenisa e 2018. Naphezu kwalawo makhulu eziteleka ze-drone, ingasaphathwa eyokuhlaselwa kwezindiza eziphethwe abantu, abaphathi baka-Obama baphikisa, njengoba u-Savell ephawula, ukuthi ukuhlasela akuzange kube "ubutha” futhi akudingi ukucaphuna kwe-AUMF.

Impi Yobuphekula?

Kusukela ngo-9/11, 90% yamaMelika babekhalela impi. Omele uJerrold Nadler (D-NY) ubengomunye wabo. "[W]kumele sishushise impi ebekwe phezu kwethu ngokuzimisela, ngamandla, ngobunye, kuze kube yilapho amaqembu amaphekula amabi alwa nezwe lethu eqedwa ebusweni boMhlaba," uthe. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-20 kamuva, i-al-Qaeda isekhona, izinhlangano ezisebenzisana nazo zande, futhi abalandela imibono enokhahlo nababulalayo baye bavela emazwenikazi amaningi.

Njengoba womabili amaqembu ezombusazwe aphuthumisa i-United States “empini yaphakade” eyahlanganisa ukufa nokuhlupheka i-al-Qaeda eyabanjwa ngomhlaka-9/11, uMmeleli u-Barbara Lee (D-CA) kuphela owasukuma ukuze akhuthaze ukubanjwa. “Izwe lethu lisesimweni sokulila,” kusho yena wachaza. “Abanye bethu kufanele bathi, ‘Asihlehle umzuzwana, ake sime kancane, umzuzu nje, futhi sicabange ngemithelela yezenzo zethu namuhla, ukuze lokhu kungalawuleki.’”

Ngenkathi i-United States yehlulwe e-Afghanistan ngonyaka odlule, impi yobushokobezi isaqhubeka nokudlondlobala kwezinye izindawo emhlabeni jikelele. Ngenyanga edlule, empeleni, uMongameli Biden yazisa uKhongolose ukuthi umbutho wezempi wase-US "uyaqhubeka nokusebenzisana nabalingani emhlabeni wonke, ngokugxila ikakhulukazi" e-Afrika naseMpumalanga Ephakathi, futhi "usebenzise amabutho ukuze enze imisebenzi yokulwa nobushokobezi kanye nokweluleka, ukusiza, kanye nokuphelezela ibutho lezokuphepha labalingani abakhethiwe bakwamanye amazwe imisebenzi yokulwa namaphekula.”

Kuye Incwadi, u-Biden uvumile ukuthi amasosha ayaqhubeka nokubopha e-Guantánamo Bay, eCuba, futhi asekela imisebenzi yokulwa namaphekula eyenziwa ngamasosha asePhilippines. Uphinde waqinisekisa iCongress kanye nabantu baseMelika ukuthi i-United States "isahleli ilungele ukubhekana nezinsongo" e-Afghanistan; iyaqhubeka nemishini yayo yaphansi kanye neziteleka zasemoyeni e-Iraq naseSyria; inamabutho "athunyelwe eYemen ukuze aqhube imisebenzi ngokumelene ne-al Qaeda eNhlonhlweni yase-Arabia kanye ne-ISIS"; abanye eTurkey "ukusekela imisebenzi ye-Counter-ISIS"; cishe amasosha angama-90 atshalwe eLebanon “ukuthuthukisa amakhono kahulumeni wokulwa namaphekula”; futhi ithumele amasosha angaphezu kwe-2,100 "eMbusweni waseSaudi Arabia ukuvikela amabutho ase-United States kanye nezithakazelo esifundeni ngokumelene nesenzo esinonya se-Iran kanye namaqembu asekelwa yi-Iran," kanye nabasebenzi abangaba ngu-3,150 eJordani "ukusekela i-Counter-ISIS. imisebenzi, ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha kweJordani, kanye nokukhuthaza uzinzo lwesifunda.”

E-Afrika, Biden kuphawulwe, Amasosha ase-US "azinze ngaphandle kwaseSomalia ayaqhubeka nokulwa nosongo lwamaphekula olwenziwa yi-ISIS kanye ne-al-Shabaab, ibutho elihlobene ne-al Qaeda" ngokuhlasela kwezindiza nosizo kubalingani baseSomalia futhi athunyelwe eKenya ukuyosekela imisebenzi yokulwa nobushokobezi. Baphinde zisatshalaliswe e-Djibouti "ngezinjongo zokulwa nobushokobezi kanye nemisebenzi yokulwa nokuphanga," ngenkathi eLake Chad Basin naseSahel, amasosha ase-US "enza ubuhlakani obusemoyeni, ukubhekwa, kanye nemisebenzi yokuhlola" futhi eluleka, asize, futhi ahambisane. amandla endawo ohambweni lokulwa namaphekula.

Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa uBiden ethumele leyo ncwadi kuCongress, uNobhala Wezwe u-Antony Blinken kumemezela ukukhishwa kombiko waminyaka yonke wokulwa nobushokobezi ophinde wasebenza njengokuhlola okuwusizo kweminyaka engaphezu kwengama-20 yemisebenzi yokulwa namaphekula ekhuthazwe yi-AUMF. UBlinken uveze "ukusabalala kwamagatsha e-ISIS namanethiwekhi kanye nabasebenzisana ne-al-Qaeda, ikakhulukazi e-Afrika," ngenkathi ephawula ukuthi "inani lokuhlasela kwamaphekula kanye nenani labantu abashonile ngenxa yalokho kuhlasela lenyuke ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwe-10 ngo-2020 uma kuqhathaniswa. ngo-2019.” I umbiko, ngokwako, kwakumnyama nakakhulu. Iphawule ukuthi "amaqembu axhumene ne-ISIS andise ivolumu kanye nobungozi bokuhlasela kwawo eNtshonalanga Afrika yonke, eSahel, eLake Chad Basin, nasenyakatho yeMozambique," kuyilapho i-al-Qaeda "iphinde yaqinisa ubukhona bayo" eMpumalanga Ephakathi nase-Afrika. "Usongo lobuphekula," lwengeza, "seluhlakazeke kakhulu ezindaweni emhlabeni jikelele" kanti "amaqembu amaphekula ahlala ewusongo oluqhubekayo noludlangile emhlabeni jikelele." Okubi kakhulu kunanoma yikuphi ukuhlola kwekhwalithi, nokho, kwakuyikhadi lombiko lomthamo elaliwunikeza.

UMnyango Wezwe wawubale 32 izinhlangano zamaphekula angaphandle esahlakazeka emhlabeni jikelele ngesikhathi kuphasiswa i-AUMF ka-2001. Iminyaka engamashumi amabili yempi, cishe amadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha, kanye nezidumbu ezicishe zibe yisigidi kamuva, inani lamaqembu amaphekula, ngokwalowo mbiko ogunyazwe yingqungquthela, limi ku-69.

Ngokudlula kwaleyo AUMF, uGeorge W. Bush wamemezela ukuthi impi yaseMelika “ngeke iphele kuze kube yilapho wonke amaqembu amaphekula afinyelela umhlaba wonke esetholakele, emiswa, futhi enqotshiwe.” Kodwa emva kweminyaka engama-20, omongameli abane, kanye nokunxusa kwe-AUMF emazweni angama-22, inani lamaqembu amaphekula “usongela ukuvikeleka kwabantu base-US noma ukuvikeleka kwezwe” kuye kwaphindeka ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili.

“I-AUMF yangowezi-2001 ifana nesheke elingenalutho omongameli base-US abalisebenzisile ukwenza udlame lwezempi ngenani elilokhu likhula kunoma yiziphi izindawo, ngaphandle kokuqondisa okwanele okuvela kuCongress. Kodwa futhi kuyisiphetho nje seqhwa,” kusho u-Savell TomDispatch. "Ukuqeda ngempela udlame lwempi yase-US egameni lokulwa nobushokobezi, ukuchithwa kwe-AUMF ka-2001 kuyisinyathelo sokuqala, kodwa kuningi okusamele kwenziwe ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokuphendula kukahulumeni ezikhulwini eziyimfihlo nezinhlelo zezempi."

Ngenkathi iCongress inika uBush lelo sheke elingenalutho - manje selibiza ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-5.8 futhi uma libalwa - wathi umphumela wempi yobushokobezi "yayisivele "iqinisekile." Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili kamuva, kuyiqiniso ukuthi umongameli kanye neCongress, omele uBarbara Lee eceleni, babenakho konke okungalungile.

Njengoba kuqala u-2022, abaphathi be-Biden banethuba lokuqeda iphutha elidonse amashumi eminyaka ngokusekela imizamo buyisela, sunset, noma phinda ukuthi i-AUMF ka-2001 - noma uKhongolose ungasukumela phezulu wenze lokho ngokwawo. Kodwa-ke, kuze kube yileso sikhathi, lelo sheke elingenalutho lisasebenza, kuyilapho ithebhu yempi yobushokobezi, kanye nenani eliphefumulelwe yi-AUMF ezimpilweni zabantu, lisaqhubeka nokukhuphuka.

I-copyright 2021 Nick Turse

Landela TomDispatch on Twitter futhi ujoyine nathi Facebook. Bheka iDispatch Books entsha, inoveli entsha kaJohn Feffer, ESinglands (owokugcina ochungechungeni lwakhe lweSplinterlands), inoveli kaBeverly Gologorsky Wonke Umzimba Unendaba, noTom Engelhardt Isizwe Esenziwe Ngempi, kanye no-Alfred McCoy Emthunzini Wenkulungwane YaseMelika: Ukuvuka Nokwehla Kwamandla Amandla OseMelika noJohn Dower I-American Century Ebudlova: Impi Nezobuphekula Kusukela Empi Yezwe II.