NguPat Old, uNovemba 12, 2019
Kwi-1945 abaphathi beTruman babazi ukuthi uhulumeni waseJapan uzama ukuxoxa ngokuzinikela ngeMoscow. Izwe laseMelika labusa ngokuphelele iJapan kwezempi ngo-Agasti ka-1945 lapho libhubhisa iHiroshima neNagasaki ngamabhomu amabili, ngaleyo ndlela kwaqeda izimpilo zamakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu futhi zacekela phansi izimpilo zezigidi.
Kungani ukukhuphula manje? Ngoba ngemuva kweminyaka engu-74 amaJapan asazama ukunikela, ngenkathi uhulumeni wase-US eqhubeka nokulwa.
Sekuyiminyaka emithathu selokhu sizwa izindaba ezivela ku-Okinawa Prefectural Government ukuthi imifula kanye namanzi angaphansi komhlaba azungeze amasosha aseMelika eKadena Air Base angcoliswe ngamakhemikhali abulalayo e-PAAS. Besazi-ke ukuthi la manzi asetshenziselwa ukubuyisa imithombo kamasipala, futhi sasazi ukuthi impilo yabantu isengozini enkulu kakhulu.
Noma kunjalo akukho okushintshile. Iningi labantu, ngisho nabakwa-Okinawans, abasawazi amanzi angcolisiwe futhi iningi labo kukhona uyazi, noma usesikhundleni seziphathimandla, kubukeka sengathi angathandi ukumela izakhamizi ze-450,000 Okinawan impilo yazo esemgqeni.
Naphezu kokwazi ukuthi isiqhingi sase-Okinawa siphethwe ubuthi bayo baseMelika ngokubambisana kwesifundazwe samakhasimende aseJapan esibabusayo, ukusabela kuka-Okinawa osemthethweni kusishiya sithandwa. Babonakalisile ukwesula esikhundleni sokucasulwa. Ingabe lokhu kwehluleka kokuzibophezela emalungelweni ama-Okinawans akuwona umphumela wokuba ngaphansi kwejoka lombuso wase-US iminyaka engu-74?
Imephu enemininingwane evela ku Iphrojekthi Echaziwe Yomphakathi ngaphezulu, kukhombisa ukungcoliswa kwePFOS / PFOA emanzini angaphansi komfula iHuja eduze neKadena Air Base efinyelela izingxenye ze-2,060 nge-trillion (ppt), okungukuthi, i-PFOS 1900 kanye ne-PFOA 160. Lokho kungaphambi kokuba amanzi aphathwe futhi athunyelwe ngamapayipi kubathengi. Ngemuva kokwelashwa, isilinganiso esiphakathi se-PFOS / PFOA emanzini "ahlanzekile" wesitshalo (esiseduze) sokuhlanzeka samanzi saseChatan siseduze kwe-30, ngokusho kwebhodi lamanzi alesi siqhingi, Okinawa Prefecture Enterprise Bureau.
Iziphathimandla zamanzi zase-Okinawan zikhomba ku-EPA's Lifetime Health Advisory ye-70 ppt ngezinto futhi ziphethe ngokuthi amanzi aphephile. Ososayensi abane-Environmental Working Group, noma kunjalo, bathi amazinga ekuphuzeni amanzi akufanele idlule i-1 ppt, ngenkathi imibuso eminingana ibeke imikhawulo engxenyeni yamazinga we-Okinawa. Amakhemikhali e-PFAS ayabulala futhi aphikelela ngokungaphezu kwamandla. Babanga inqwaba yemidlavuza, yonakalisa impilo yokuzala yowesifazane, futhi ilimaze umntwana osakhula.
UToshiaki TAIRA, inhloko ye-Okinawa Prefectural Enterprise Bureau, uthi yena ucabanga ukuthi ngokugxila okunjalo kwePFAS emifuleni eduze naseKadena Airbase, umsolwa ophambili yiKadena Air Base.
Okwamanje, URyūkyū Shimpō, elinye lamaphephandaba athembeke ngokwengeziwe abika nge-Okinawa, athi cwaningo olwenziwe ososayensi ababili baseJapan oluveza ngokusobala ukuthi iKadena Air Base kanye neForeenma Air Station njengemithombo yokungcola.
Kubuzwe ngu Washington Post izintatheli mayelana necala lokungcola kwePFAS,
Umbutho Wezempi uColor John Hutcheson, okhulumela iMikhosi Yase-US Japan, amaphuzu aphindaphindwayo amathathu okuphinda asetshenziswe ezimweni ezifanayo ezingaphezu kwekhulu zokungcola kwePFAS emhlabeni jikelele:
- Amakhemikhali yayisetshenzisiwe ngokulwa nemililo kaphethiloli ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zezindiza zempi nezabantu.
- Ukufakwa kwamasosha ase-US eJapan ukuguqukela kwenye indlela ifomula le-foam lamanzi elenza ifilimu eline-PFOS mahhala, eliqukethe kuphela umkhondo we-PFOA futhi ihlangabezana nokucaciswa kwezempi kokucisha umlilo.
- UHutcheson unqabile ukuphawula ngokungcola okunobuthi ngaphandle kwesisekelo. Uthe, “Siyibonile imibiko yabezindaba kodwa angitholanga thuba lokubuyekezwa Ucwaningo lwaseKyoto University, ngakho-ke bekungaba okungafanelekile ukuphawula ngokutholile, ”kusho uHutcheson.
Ngaphandle kwegumbi le-spin le-DOD lamanye amaqiniso, amakhemikhali ayingozi asasetshenziswa ezindlameni ezilwa nomlilo anethonya elonakalisayo lezempilo. Ama-carcinogen manje asengenela emanzini angaphansi komhlaba namanzi ngaphansi ngenkathi amasosha ethi asicubungule lesi simo. I-EPA nayo iyasifunda lesi simo. Le ndlela bakwenza ukukhahlela umsele phansi ngomgwaqo. Le ndlela ibonakala isebenza kahle nohulumeni waseJapan ongaxathuli.
UJunji SHIKIYA, ongumphathi ophikweni lwamanzi ase-Okinawan, uthe usola ukuthi amanye amakhemikhali okwenziwa ngawo ugesi ayengakwenza asetshenziswe eKadena Air Base.
Yilawo wonke umlilo abangawubhula? Basola ukuthi i-carcinogens kungenzeka ukuthi yayisetshenzisiwe ezansi, ngakho-ke?
Ngenkathi uhulumeni wase-US engcolisa amanzi abo, abakhokhi bentela base-Okinawa bakhokhela izinhlelo zokubiza amalahle ezibizayo okufanele zishintshwe ngezikhathi ezithile. Ku-2016 i-Okinawa Prefectural Enterprise Bureau kwadingeka ichithe imali eyizigidi ezingama-170 (ama- $ 1.5 million) ukuze ithathe indawo yokuhlunga abayisebenzisayo ukuphatha amanzi. Ukuhlunga kusetshenziswa “i-granular activated carbon,” efana namatshe amancanyana amunca ukungcola. Noma ngabe kwenziwa ngcono lokhu, amanzi asanikezwa umphakathi owuthwele ubuthi. Ngenxa yezindleko ezingezekile, uHulumeni wePrebleural ucele uhulumeni omkhulu ukuthi abanxephezele.
Indaba iyafana nezindleko ezithwalwa yidolobha I-Wittlich-Land, EJalimane yokusebenzisa ukungasebenzi kwendle okungcolile kungcoliswe nePFAS kusuka e-US Spangdahlem Airbase. Idolobhana layalwa uhulumeni wobumbano waseJalimane ukuthi ungasabalalisi udoti ongcolile emasimini epulazini, uphoqa umphakathi ukuthi ungashisi impahla. UWittlich-Land uthole ukuthi akuvumelekile ukumangalela amasosha aseMelika ukuthola izindleko zokushiswa, ngakho-ke umangalela uhulumeni waseJalimane. Icala selilindile.
Akekho nohulumeni waseJapan noma uhulumeni wasekhaya e-Okinawa ongakwazi ukumangalela uhulumeni wase-US. Futhi isimo sabo samanje asisenzi sithembele ekuzibopheeleni kwabo empilweni yase-Okinawans.
E-Okinawa, abaphathi babonakala begwema noma iyiphi inselelo eku-oda kombuso. UToshinori TANAKA, inhloko ye-Okinawa Defense Bureau, wabeka umthetho wenqaba ukukhokhela umonakalo odalwe yilokhu kungcola. "Akukho buhlobo obudalile phakathi kokutholwa kwePFOS kanye nokuba khona kwamasosha aseMelika okuqinisekisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indinganiso yokulawula ileveli ephezulu ye-PFOS ayibekelwanga amanzi ompompi eJapan. Ngakho-ke, ngaphansi kwalesi simo, ngeke siphethe ngokuthi isinxephezelo kufanele sinikezwe. ”
Ukuzithoba nokulalela kubambiselana imibuso ngenkathi iningi labantu lihlupheka.
Ngokuzikhokhela kwabo, i-Okinawa Prefectural Enterprise Bureau icele ukuthi kuhlolwe izisekelo ezikule ndawo, kepha abavunyelwa ukuba basebenzise amaMelika.
Kunjalo. Kunjalo futhi yonke indawo.
Usolwazi wase-Okinawa International University Hiromori MAEDOMARI uchaza le nkinga ngombono wezakhamizi zaseJapan, ezifaka nabakwa-Okinawans, abanelungelo lokwazi ukuthi kwenzekani. Lokhu kungcoliswa komhlaba kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwendawo yaseJapan, ngakho-ke uhulumeni waseJapan kumele akwazi ukusebenzisa igunya labo njengombuso ozimele, kepha uthi izingxoxo phakathi kohulumeni baseMelika naseJapan mayelana nodaba lwePFOS zigubuzelwe ebumnyameni, kube sengathi zingaphakathi kohlobo “lwebhokisi elimnyama,” lapho ukusebenza kwangaphakathi kungeke kubonwe yizakhamizi zihlola ngaphandle. Ugcizelela isidingo sokuthi izakhamizi zilinake kakhulu lolu daba. (Ingxoxo yakhe iyatholakala lapha.)
Izwe laseNew Mexico neMichigan lifaka uhulumeni wobumbano e-US ukungcoliswa kwePFAS, kepha abaphathi bakaTrump bathi amasosha ajabulela ukungazibandakanyi emizameni yezizwe zokushushisa, ngakho-ke amasosha akhululekile ukuqhubeka nokufaka ubuthi kubantu nemvelo.
EJapan isimo sibi kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izakhamizi ngeke zithole ulwazi oluyisisekelo ngokusebenza kwangaphakathi kwebhokisi "elimnyama" lezingxoxo zaseJapan-US zokucacisa umthwalo wemfanelo. Ingabe uhulumeni waseJapan ushintsha ama-Okinawans? Uhlobo luni lokucindezela uWashington akubeka eTokyo lokungahloniphi amalungelo abantu base-Okinawans? AmaMelika, amaJapan nama-Okinawans kumele asukume afune ukuziphendulela okuthile okuyisisekelo kohulumeni babo. Futhi kufanele sifune ukuthi amabutho ase-US ahlanze ukungcola kwawo futhi anxephezele abakwa-Okinawans ngomonakalo wokuphakelwa kwamanzi abo.
Ngibonga uJoseph Essertier, World BEYOND War umxhumanisi wezahluko eJapan, ukuthola iziphakamiso nokuhlela.
Izimpendulo ze-4
Okubizwa ngokuthi i-USA ngaphandle kwempi manje!
abantu base-Okinawa badinga ukumangalela i-3M, i-Dupont, kanye nabanye abakhiqizi bama-PFAS ngendlela efanayo nabaseMelika ababopha ngayo ngesenzo seklasi.
uhulumeni wakho noma uhulumeni wethu ngeke enze into embi ukusivikela. kuphuma kithi.
1. EJalimane: "UWittlich-Land uthole ukuthi akuvunyelwe ukumangalela amasosha aseMelika ukuze abuyise izindleko zomlilo."
2. I-Okinawa: I-Okinawa Defence Bureau, igatsha loHulumeni wethu… "ukwenqaba ukukhokhela umonakalo odalwe ukungcola (ngezizathu ezifana nokuthi) Abukho ubuhlobo obuyimbangela phakathi kokutholwa kwe-PFOS nokuba khona kwamasosha ase-US okuqinisekisiwe. . ”
U-Air Force Col. John Hutcheson, okhulumela Amasosha ase-Japan eJapane: ”eguqukela kolunye uhlobo lwefomu elenza amanzi elenza i-PFOS mahhala, eliqukethe inani elincane le-PFOA futhi elihlangabezana nezincazelo zamasosha zokulwa nomlilo”
USA "INew Mexico neMichigan bamangalela uhulumeni waseMelika ngokungcoliswa yiPFAS, kepha abaphathi bakaTrump bathi amasosha ajabulela ukuvikelwa yimizamo yezwe lokushushisa, ngakho amasosha akhululekile ukuqhubeka nokufaka ushevu kubantu nasemvelweni."
Ingabe ikhona eminye imiphakathi ehlushwa ukungcola e-US? Singakwazi yini ukuxhumanisa futhi sihlanganise yonke imiphakathi ukulwa izimpi zase-US ne-US Govt?
Ngicabanga kanjalo! Sicela uxhumane. pat.elder@civilianexpxp.org