Ngu-Neta C. Crawford, Juni 12, 2019
Kusukela The ingxoxo
Ososayensi nabahlaziyi bezokuphepha baye baxwayisa iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi ukuthi ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke kuyinto ukukhathazeka okungenzeka kwezokuphepha kwezwe.
Baveza ukuthi imiphumela yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke - ukukhuphuka kolwandle, izivunguvungu ezinamandla, indlala kanye nokuncipha kokufinyelela emanzini ahlanzekile - kungenza izifunda zomhlaba zingazinzi futhi zisheshe ukufuduka kwabantu abaningi kanye nezinkinga zababaleki.
Abanye bakhathazeka ngalokho izimpi zingase zilandele.
Nokho nge okubalwa okuhlukile, iqhaza elibalulekile lebutho lezempi lase-US ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu alinakwa kangako. Nakuba uMnyango Wezokuvikela unciphise kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwawo kukaphethiloli kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-2000, usalokhu ungowomhlaba. umthengi oyedwa omkhulu wamafutha - futhi ngenxa yalokho, omunye wabakhiqizi begesi ebamba ukushisa abaphezulu emhlabeni.
I-carbon footprint ebanzi
ngine wafunda impi nokuthula iminyaka engamashumi amane. Kodwa ngagxila kuphela esikalini sokukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa yezempi yase-US lapho ngiqala ukufundisa inkambo yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu futhi ngigxile ekuphenduleni kwePentagon ekufudumaleni komhlaba. Kodwa-ke, uMnyango Wezokuvikela ungumthengi omkhulu kuhulumeni wase-US wezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi, ubalwa phakathi kuka-77% no-80% wabo bonke. ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kukahulumeni wenhlangano kusukela 2001.
Phakathi ku isifundo esisanda kukhishwa eshicilelwe ngabakwaBrown University Izindleko zeProjekthi Yezempi, ngibale ukukhishwa kwegesi yezempi yase-US ngamathani e-carbon dioxide elingana kusukela ngo-1975 kuya ku-2017.
Namuhla i-China yi- igesi ebamba ukushisa enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, kulandele i-United States. Ngo-2017 i-Pentagon's greenhouse gas emissions iphelele ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-59 zamathani e-carbon dioxide elingana. Ukube bekuyizwe, belizoba yizwe lama-55 ngobukhulu emhlabeni elikhipha igesi ebamba ukushisa, elikhipha intuthu enkulu kunePortugal, Sweden noma iDenmark.
Imithombo emikhulu yokukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa kwezempi izakhiwo kanye nophethiloli. UMnyango Wezokuvikela unakekela ngaphezu kwezakhiwo ezingama-560,000 ezindaweni ezingaba ngu-500 zokufakwa kwezempi zasekhaya naphesheya kwezilwandle, ezibalelwa ku-40% wokukhishwa kwawo kwesisi esibamba ukushisa.
Okunye kuvela ekusebenzeni. Ngonyaka wezimali ka-2016, ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango Wezokuvikela wasebenzisa cishe Imiphongolo yezigidi ezingu-86 kaphethiloli ngokwezinjongo zokusebenza.
Kungani amasosha esebenzisa uphethiloli omningi kangaka?
Izikhali zempi namathuluzi kusebenzisa uphethiloli omningi kangangokuthi isilinganiso esifanele sabahleli bezokuvikela ngokuvamile singamalitha ngemayela.
Izindiza zome kakhulu. Isibonelo, i-B-2 stealth bomber, ephethe amalitha angaphezu kuka-25,600 kaphethiloli we-jet, ishisa amalitha angu-4.28 ngemayela futhi ikhipha amathani angaphezu kuka-250 wegesi ebamba ukushisa ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angu-6,000 we-nautical mile. I-KC-135R ithangi elifaka uphethiloli emoyeni lidla cishe amalitha angu-4.9 ngemayela.
Umsebenzi owodwa udla amanani amaningi kaphethiloli. NgoJanuwari 2017, amabhomu amabili e-B-2B kanye namathangi afaka uphethiloli asemoyeni angu-15 ahamba amakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-12,000 esuka eWhiteman Air Force Base eya. ibhomu okuhloswe kwe-ISIS eLibya, ukubulala abangaba ngu-80 okusolwa ukuthi bangamasosha e-ISIS. Ngaphandle kokukhishwa kwegesi ephuma emathangini, i-B-2s yakhipha amathani angaba ngu-1,000 metric wamagesi abamba ukushisa.
Ukulinganisa ukukhishwa kwezempi
Ukubala ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa yoMnyango Wezokuvikela akulula. I-Defence Logistics Agency amathrekhi ukuthengwa kukaphethiloli, kodwa iPentagon ayibiki njalo Ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli we-DOD kuCongress ezicelweni zayo zesabelomali sonyaka.
UMnyango Wezamandla ushicilela idatha mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwamandla e-DOD nokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, okuhlanganisa ne izimoto kanye nemishini. Ngokusebenzisa idatha yokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, ngilinganisela ukuthi kusukela ngo-2001 kuya ku-2017, i-DOD, kuhlanganise nawo wonke amagatsha ezinsizakalo, ikhiphe amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.2 zamagesi abamba ukushisa. Yilokho okulinganayo wokushayela izimoto ezithwala abantu eziyizigidi ezingama-255 ngonyaka.
Kulelo nani, ngilinganisele ukuthi ukukhishwa okuhlobene nempi phakathi kuka-2001 no-2017, okuhlanganisa "ukusebenza kwezimo eziphuthumayo zaphesheya" e-Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq naseSyria, kukhiqize amathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-400 zamathani e-CO2 alinganayo - cishe okulinganayo ekukhishweni kwegesi ebamba ukushisa kwezimoto ezicishe zibe izigidi ezingu-85 ngonyaka owodwa.
Izingozi zangempela nezamanje?
Umgomo oyinhloko wePentagon uwukulungiselela ukuhlaselwa okungase kube yizitha ezingabantu. Abahlaziyi baphikisana ngokuthi kungenzeka kube khona impi kanye nezinga lokuzilungiselela kwezempi okudingekayo ukuze kuvinjwe, kodwa ngokubona kwami, akekho noyedwa kwabamelene ne-United States - iRussia, i-Iran, iChina neNyakatho Korea - ozohlasela i-United States.
Futhi amasosha amaningi amile akuyona ukuphela kwendlela yokunciphisa izinsongo ezibangelwa yilezi zitha. Ukulawulwa kwezikhali kanye izingxoxo ngokuvamile kunganciphisa ukungezwani futhi kunciphise izinsongo. Ezomnotho izigwebo kunganciphisa amandla ezifunda kanye nabalingisi abangekho ngaphansi kombuso ukuthi basongela izintshisekelo zokuphepha zase-US kanye nabalingani bayo.
Ngokuphambene, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu akuyona ingozi engenzeka. Sekuqalile, ngeqiniso imiphumela e-United States. Ukwehluleka ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa kuzokwenza osomaqhinga bezehlakalo ezimbi kakhulu baxwayise ngazo - mhlawumbe "nezimpi zesimo sezulu" - okungenzeka kakhulu.
Icala lokususa i-carbon amasosha
Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule uMnyango Wezokuvikela wenze yanciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo kukaphethiloli wezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi ngezenzo ezihlanganisa ukusebenzisa amandla avuselelekayo, izakhiwo ezishintsha isimo sezulu kanye ukunciphisa isikhathi sokungenzi lutho kwezindiza emigwaqweni yezindiza.
Isamba esikhishwe yi-DOD minyaka yonke sehlile sisuka esiqongweni samathani amamethrikhi ayizigidi ezingama-85 elingana ngo-2004 saya kumathani amamethrikhi ayizigidi ezingama-59 ngo-2017. Umgomo, njengoba uGeneral James Mattis wakubeka, ukuthi “ikhishwe esicicini sikaphethiloli” ngokunciphisa ukuncika kwezempi kuma-convoys kawoyela namafutha akhona sengozini yokuhlaselwa ezindaweni zempi.
Kusukela ngo-1979, i-United States ibeke phambili kakhulu ekuvikeleni ukufinyelela ePersian Gulf. Mayelana ingxenye eyodwa kwezine yokusetshenziswa kwamafutha okusebenza kwezempi eye-US Central Command, ehlanganisa isifunda sasePersian Gulf.
As Izazi zokuphepha kazwelonke ziye zaphikisana, ngokumangalisayo ukukhula kwamandla avuselelekayo futhi ukunciphisa ukuncika kwe-US kuwoyela wangaphandle, kungenzeka ukuthi uKhongolose kanye nomongameli bacabange kabusha ngemishini yezempi yesizwe sethu futhi banciphise inani lamandla amabutho ahlomile awasebenzisayo ukuvikela ukufinyelela kuwoyela waseMpumalanga Ephakathi.
Ngivumelana nochwepheshe bezempi kanye nezokuphepha kuzwelonke abaphikisana nalokho ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kufanele kube ngaphambili naphakathi ezingxoxweni zokuphepha kazwelonke zase-US. Ukusika i-Pentagon greenhouse gas emissions kuzosiza sindisa izimpilo e-United States, futhi kunganciphisa ingozi yokungqubuzana kwesimo sezulu.
unguSolwazi Wesayensi Yezepolitiki kanye noSihlalo Womnyango e-Boston University.
