I-US ye-A (rms): Ubuciko Bezikhali Zisebenza Esikhathini SeTrump

NguWilliam D. Hartung, Okthoba 14, 2020

Kusukela TomDispatch.com

I-United States inomehluko ongabazisayo wokuba ngeyomhlaba ehola umdayisi wezikhali. Kubusa ukuhwebelana komhlaba wonke ngendlela eyingqophamlando futhi akukho lapho lokho kubusa okuphelele kakhulu kunaseMpumalanga Ephakathi ekhungethwe yimpi engapheli. Lapho, kholwa noma cha, i-US izilawuli cishe ingxenye yemakethe yezikhali. Kusukela e-Yemen kuya e-Libya kuya e-Egypt, ukuthengiswa kwaleli zwe nabalingani balo kudlala indima enkulu ekubhebhezeleni ezinye zezingxabano ezibhubhisa kakhulu emhlabeni. Kepha uDonald Trump, nangaphambi kokuba awiswe yi-Covid-19 futhi athunyelwe e-Walter Reed Medical Center, wayengenandaba kangako, inqobo nje uma ecabanga ukuthi ukushushumbiswa okunjalo ngamathuluzi okufa nokubhubhisa kuzosiza amathemba akhe ezepolitiki.

Ngokwesibonelo, bheka okwakamuva “Ukwenza okujwayelekile” wobudlelwano phakathi kwe-United Arab Emirates (UAE) kanye ne-Israel ayisize ekuhwebeni, osekubeke inkundla yokunye ukwanda kokuthunyelwa kwezikhali kwaseMelika. Ukuzwa uTrump nabasekeli bakhe bekusho lokho, yena kufanele umklomelo weNobel Peace for the deal, kuqoshiwe “Isivumelwano sika-Abrahama.” Eqinisweni, ngokuyisebenzisa, wayemagange ukuze aziveze njengo “Donald Trump, umenzi wokuthula” ngaphambi kokhetho lwangoNovemba. Lokhu, ngikholwe, kwakungenangqondo ebusweni bakho. Kuze kube ubhubhane lukhukhula yonke into eWhite House, bekungolunye usuku eTrump World nesinye isibonelo sothando lukamongameli lokuxhaphaza inqubomgomo yangaphandle nezempi ukuze azuze yena kwezepolitiki.

Ukube induna enkulu yayithembekile ekushintsheni, yayiyobiza lezo Zivumelwane zika-Abrahama ngokuthi “Izivumelwano Zokuthengisa Ngezikhali.” I-UAE, ngokwengxenye, iyengelwa ukubamba iqhaza ngamathemba okuthi ukwamukela Indiza yokulwa ka-Lockheed Martin's F-35 kanye nama-drones ahlomile athuthukile njengomvuzo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngemuva kokukhononda okuthile, uNdunankulu wakwa-Israel uBenjamin Netanyahu wanquma ukuhlanganisa i-UAE futhi afune entsha. $ 8 billion iphakethe lezikhali elivela kubaphathi bakaTrump, okuhlanganisa neqembu elengeziwe lika-Lockheed Martin's F-35s (ngaphezu kwalawo asevele e-oda), uxhaxha lwezindiza ezinophephela emhlane ezihlasela i-Boeing, nokunye okuningi. Ukube leso sivumelwano singadlula, ngokungangabazeki bekuzobandakanya ukwanda kwezibophezelo zakwa-Israyeli zosizo lwezempi oluvela e-United States, oseluvele luphelele. $ 3.8 billion minyaka yonke kule minyaka eyishumi ezayo.

Imisebenzi, Imisebenzi, Imisebenzi

Bekungesikho okokuqala uMongameli uTrump ezama ukusebenzisa imali ngokudayiswa kwezikhali eMpumalanga Ephakathi ukuze aqinise isikhundla sakhe sezombusazwe ekhaya kanye nesimo sakhe sokuba ngumdayisi waleli zwe osezingeni eliphezulu. Izenzo ezinjalo zaqala ngoMeyi 2017, phakathi nesikhulu sakhe sokuqala uhambo lwaphesheya kwezilwandle ukuya eSaudi Arabia. AbakwaSaudi wabingelela wabe esefaka izingqwembe ezibonisa ubuso bakhe emigwaqweni engenela enhloko-dolobha yabo, i-Riyadh; eveza isithombe esikhulu salobo buso obufanayo ehhotela ayehlala kulo; nokumethula indondo emcimbini we-surreal kwesinye sezigodlo eziningi zombuso. Ngasohlangothini lwakhe, uTrump weza ephethe izikhali ngendlela okuthiwa $ 110 billion iphakethe izikhali. Unganaki ukuthi ubukhulu besivumelwano ihaba kakhulu. Kwavumela umongameli ukuba jabula ukuthi isivumelwano sakhe sokuthengisa lapho siyosho “imisebenzi, imisebenzi, imisebenzi” e-United States. Uma bekufanele asebenzisane nomunye wemibuso yengcindezelo emhlabeni wonke ukuze alethe leyo misebenzi ekhaya, ubani owakhathalela? Hhayi yena futhi ngokuqinisekile hhayi umkhwenyana wakhe uJared Kushner owayezothuthukisa a ubudlelwano obukhethekile neNkosana yaseSaudi Crown enonya kanye nendlalifa esobala yesihlalo sobukhosi, uMohammed bin Salman.

UTrump waphinda kabili ingxabano yakhe yemisebenzi emhlanganweni we-White House wangoMashi 2018 no-bin Salman. Umongameli ufike ehlome nge-prop yamakhamera: a imephu yase-US ekhombisa izifundazwe ukuthi (wafunga) zizozuza kakhulu ekuthengisweni kwezikhali zaseSaudi, okuhlanganisa - ngeke umangale ukwazi - izifundazwe ezishintshayo zokhetho ezibalulekile zasePennsylvania, e-Ohio, naseWisconsin.

Futhi ngeke kukumangaze ukuthi izimangalo zemisebenzi kaTrump ezivela kulokho kuthengiswa kwezikhali zaseSaudi cishe ziwumgunyathi ngokuphelele. Esadla anhlamvana useze wagcizelela ukuthi udala abaningi isigamu sezigidi imisebenzi exhumene nokuthunyelwa kwezikhali kulowo mbuso wengcindezelo. Inombolo yangempela Ngaphansi ngaphezu kokukodwa eshumini kwaleyo mali - futhi kancane kakhulu ngaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kweshumi yephesenti elilodwa lomsebenzi wase-US. Kodwa kungani uvumela amaqiniso aphazamise indaba enhle?

I-American Arms Dominance

UDonald Trump ukude nomongameli wokuqala ukusunduza amashumi ezigidigidi zamadola ezikhali eMiddle East. Ngokwesibonelo, abaphathi baka-Obama benza irekhodi $ 115 billion ezikhalini ezinikezwa iSaudi Arabia phakathi neminyaka eyisishiyagalombili isehhovisi, okuhlanganisa izindiza zokulwa, izindiza ezinophephela emhlane, izimoto ezihlomile, imikhumbi yezempi, izinhlelo zokuzivikela ezicitshwayo, amabhomu, izibhamu nezinhlamvu.

Lokho kuthengisa kwaqinisa iWashington isikhundla njengomhlinzeki wezikhali oyinhloko wakwaSaudis. Izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zombutho wayo wasemoyeni zihlanganisa indiza ye-Boeing F-15, inqwaba yamathangi ayo iGeneral Dynamics M-1s, futhi imicibisholo eminingi ejikijelwayo esuka emoyeni iye emhlabathini isuka eRaytheon nase-Lockheed Martin. Futhi khumbula, lezo zikhali azihlali nje ezindlini zokugcina impahla noma zikhonjiswe emibuthweni yezempi. Bake baba phakathi kwababulali abakhulu ekungeneleleni ngesihluku kweSaudi Arabia eYemen okudale inhlekelele embi kakhulu yabantu emhlabeni.

Okusha umbiko kusukela kuHlelo Lwezikhali Nezokuphepha eSikhungweni Senqubomgomo Yamazwe Ngamazwe (engasibhala ngokuhlanganyela) sigcizelela ukuthi i-US ibusa ngokumangalisayo kangakanani imakethe yezikhali yaseMpumalanga Ephakathi. Ngokusho kwedatha evela kudathabhesi yokudlulisa izingalo ehlanganiswe yiStockholm International Peace Research Institute, esikhathini esisuka ku-2015 kuya ku-2019 i-United States yabalelwa ku-48% wezikhali ezinkulu ezilethwa eMpumalanga Ephakathi naseNyakatho Afrika, noma (njengoba leso sifunda esikhulu kwesinye isikhathi eyaziwa nge-acronymically) i-MENA. Lezo zibalo zishiya ukulethwa kwabahlinzeki abakhulu abalandelayo othulini. Bamele cishe izikhathi ezintathu izingalo ezinikezwe iRussia ku-MENA, okuphindwe kahlanu kwalokho okwanikelwa yiFrance, izikhathi eziyi-10 kulokho okwathunyelwa yi-United Kingdom, kanye nomnikelo we-China ophindwe ka-16.

Ngamanye amazwi, sihlangane nomsabalalisi wezikhali ophambili eMpumalanga Ephakathi naseNyakatho Afrika futhi yithi.

Umthelela wezikhali zase-US kulesi sifunda esigcwele izingxabano uboniswa futhi yiqiniso elimangalisayo: IWashington ingumnikezeli ohamba phambili emazweni ayi-13 kwangu-19 akhona, okuhlanganisa iMorocco (91% yezikhali zayo ezingeniswayo), Israel (78%), Saudi. I-Arabia (74%), iJordani (73%), iLebanon (73%), i-Kuwait (70%), i-UAE (68%), ne-Qatar (50%). Uma abaphathi bakaTrump beqhubeka nohlelo lwabo oluyimpikiswano lokuthengisa ama-F-35 kanye nama-drones ahlomile e-UAE kanye nabathengi abahlobene nesivumelwano sezikhali sika-$8 billion ne-Israel, isabelo sabo sokuthengwa kwezikhali kulawo mazwe womabili sizoba phezulu nakakhulu eminyakeni ezayo. .

Imiphumela Elimazayo

Abekho abadlali ababalulekile ezimpini zanamuhla ezicekela phansi kakhulu eMpumalanga Ephakathi abakhiqiza izikhali zabo, okusho ukuthi izinto ezithengwayo ezivela e-US nakwabanye abahlinzeki zinguphethiloli wangempela osekela lezo zingxabano. Abagqugquzeli bokudluliswa kwezikhali endaweni ye-MENA bavame ukuzichaza njengamandla "okuzinza," indlela yokuqinisa imifelandawonye, ​​ukulwa ne-Iran, noma ngokuvamile ithuluzi lokudala ibhalansi yamandla eyenza ukusebenzelana kwezikhali kungabi bikho.

Ezingxabanweni eziningi ezibalulekile esifundeni, lokhu akuyona into engaphezu kwephupho elilungele abahlinzeki bezikhali (kanye nohulumeni wase-US), njengoba ukuhamba kwezikhali ezithuthuke kakhulu kuye kwabhebhethekisa izingxabano, kwandise ukuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu, futhi kwabangela inqwaba yezikhali. ukufa nokulimala, kuyilapho kubangela ukucekelwa phansi okusabalele. Futhi khumbula ukuthi, nakuba kungeyena yedwa onesibopho, iWashington iyicala elikhulu uma kukhulunywa ngezikhali ezibhebhezela izimpi eziningi ezinodlame kule ndawo.

E-Yemen, ukungenelela okuholwa yi-Saudi/UAE okwaqala ngoMashi 2015 sekukhona, manje, kubangele ukufa kwezinkulungwane zezakhamizi ngokushaywa komoya, kwabeka izigidi engcupheni yendlala, futhi kwasiza ukudala izimo ezinzima zokuqubuka kwekholera okubi kakhulu enkumbulweni ephilayo. Leyo mpi isibize ngaphezu kwalokho I-100,000 ihlala kanye ne-US kanye ne-United Kingdom kube ngabahlinzeki abayinhloko bezindiza zokulwa, amabhomu, izindiza ezinophephela emhlane, imicibisholo, nezimoto ezihlomile ezisetshenziswa lapho, ukudluliselwa kwenani lezinkulungwane zezigidi zamaRandi.

Kube khona a gxuma okubukhali ekuletheni izingalo jikelele eSaudi Arabia kusukela kwasungulwa leyo mpi. Ngokumangazayo ngokwanele, izikhali ezithunyelwe eMbusweni ziphindwe kabili phakathi kwesikhathi sika-2010-2014 kanye neminyaka esuka ku-2015 kuya ku-2019. Ndawonye, ​​i-US (74%) kanye ne-UK (13%) yenze ama-87% azo zonke izikhali ezilethiwe. ISaudi Arabia kuleso sikhathi seminyaka emihlanu.

E-Egypt, izindiza zokulwa ezihlinzekwa yi-US, amathangi, nezindiza ezinophephela emhlane zokuhlasela kuye kwaba esetshenziswa kulokho okuthiwa umsebenzi wokulwa namaphekula ogwadule lwaseSinayi eNyakatho, osekuvele kwaba impi enkulu emelene nezakhamuzi zendawo. Phakathi kuka-2015 no-2019, izingalo zaseWashington eziya e-Egypt seziphelele $ 2.3 billion, ngezigidigidi ezengeziwe kumadili enziwe ngaphambili kodwa alethwa ngaleyo minyaka. Futhi ngoMeyi 2020, i-Pentagon's Defense Security Cooperation Agency kumemezela ukuthi ibinikeza iphakethe lezindiza ezinophephela emhlane ezihlasela i-Apache e-Egypt ezingafika ku-$2.3 billion.

Ngokuvumelana ne ucwaningo oqhutshwa ngabeHuman Rights Watch, kuboshwe izinkulungwane zabantu esifundeni saseSinayi eminyakeni eyisithupha edlule, amakhulu anyamalele, futhi amashumi ezinkulungwane akhishwe ngendluzula ezindlini zawo. Ehlome amazinyo, amasosha aseGibhithe nawo "abophe abantu ngokungafanele - okuhlanganisa nezingane - ukunyamalala okuphoqelelwe, ukuhlukunyezwa, ukubulawa kwabantu ngaphandle kokwahlulela, ukujeziswa ngokuhlanganyela kanye nokukhishwa ngenkani." Kunobufakazi futhi obuphakamisa ukuthi amasosha aseGibhithe ahileleke ezitelekeni ezingekho emthethweni zasemoyeni nasemhlabeni ezibulale inqwaba yezakhamizi.

Ezingxabanweni ezimbalwa - izibonelo zokuthi ukudluliswa kwezikhali okunjalo kungaba nomthelela omkhulu futhi ongahlosiwe - izingalo zase-US zigcine ezandleni zazo zombili izinhlangothi. Ngenkathi amasosha aseTurkey ehlasela enyakatho-mpumalanga yeSyria ngo-Okthoba 2019, ngokwesibonelo, abhekana namasosha aseSyria aholwa amaKurd ayethole ezinye zezikhali. $ 2.5 billion ezingalweni nasekuqeqesheni i-US yayinikeze amabutho aphikisayo aseSyria eminyakeni emihlanu edlule. Ngaleso sikhathi, wonke amaTurkey yokusungula izindiza zokulwa ziqukethe ama-F-16 ahlinzekwa yi-US futhi ngaphezu kwengxenye yezimoto zayo ezihlomile ezendabuko yaseMelika.

E-Iraq, lapho amabutho e-Islamic State, noma i-ISIS, edlula ingxenye ebalulekile yalelo zwe esuka enyakatho ngo-2014, ithunyelwe Izikhali ezilula zase-US kanye nezimoto ezihlomile ezibiza izigidigidi zamadola ezivela kumbutho wezokuphepha wase-Iraqi leli lizwe lalihlomile futhi liqeqeshiwe. Ngokufanayo, eminyakeni yamuva nje, izikhali zase-US zidluliselwe embuthweni wezempi wase-Iraq zayiswa kwezempi ezisekelwa yi-Iranian ezisebenza kanye nazo ekulweni ne-ISIS.

Ngaleso sikhathi, eYemen, ngenkathi i-US ihlomise ngokuqondile umfelandawonye we-Saudi/UAE, izikhali zayo, empeleni, ngigcine esetshenziswa yizo zonke izinhlangothi kule ngxabano, okuhlanganisa abamelene nabo abangamaHouthi, amasosha ashisekayo, namaqembu axhumene ne-Al-Qaeda eNhlonhlweni yase-Arabia. Lokhu kusabalala kwamathuba alinganayo kwezikhali zaseMelika kwenzeke ngenxa yokudluliselwa kwezikhali ngamalungu angaphambili ebutho lase-Yemeni elihlinzekwe yi-US futhi Amabutho e-UAE eziye zasebenza nenqwaba yamaqembu engxenyeni eseningizimu yezwe.

Ngubani Ozuzayo?

Izinkampani ezine kuphela - iRaytheon, iLockheed Martin, iBoeing, neGeneral Dynamics - zazikhona abathintekayo ngobuningi obumangalisayo bezikhali zase-US ezisebenzelana ne-Saudi Arabia phakathi kuka-2009 no-2019. Eqinisweni, okungenani eyodwa noma ngaphezulu yalezo nkampani yadlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlinzekweni okungu-27 ezibiza ngaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingu-125 zamaRandi (kuzo zonke izinhlinzeko ezingu-51 ezibiza amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-138) . Ngamanye amazwi, ngokwezezimali, ngaphezu kwe-90% yezikhali zase-US ezinikezwe iSaudi Arabia zibandakanya okungenani oyedwa walabo abenzi bezikhali ezine eziphezulu.

Emkhankasweni wawo wokuqhuma kwamabhomu ononya eYemen, abakwaSaudi baye benza kanjalo wabulawa izinkulungwane zezakhamizi ezinezikhali ezihlinzekwa yi-US. Eminyakeni kusukela uMbuso waqala impi yawo, ukushaya kwezindiza ngokungakhethi Umfelandawonye oholwa yiSaudi uthinte izimakethe, izibhedlela, izindawo zokuhlala, izikhungo zokuhlanza amanzi, ngisho nebhasi lesikole eligcwele izingane. Sekukaningi esetshenziswa amabhomu enziwe eMelika ezigamekweni ezinjengalezi, okuhlanganisa nokuhlaselwa komshado, lapho bekugcwele khona abantu abangu-21, izingane phakathi kwabo. wabulawa ngebhomu eliholwa yi-GBU-12 Paveway II elakhiwe nguRaytheon.

Kwasetshenziswa ibhomu leGeneral Dynamics 2,000-pound enohlelo lokuqondisa lwe-Boeing JDAM ngoMashi 2016. isiteleka emakethe okwabulala izakhamuzi ezingu-97, kuhlanganise nezingane ezingu-25. Ibhomu eqondiswa nge-laser ye-Lockheed Martin kusetshenzisiwe ngo-August 2018 kuhlasela ibhasi lesikole elabulala abantu abangu-51, kuhlanganise nezingane ezingu-40. Ngo-September 2018 umbiko yiqembu lase-Yemeni i-Mwatana for Human Rights ihlonze iziteleka zezindiza eziyi-19 kubantu abavamile lapho kwasetshenziswa khona izikhali ezihlinzekwe yi-US, iveza ukuthi ukucekelwa phansi kwalelo bhasi “akusona isigameko esingasodwa, kodwa okwakamuva ochungechungeni lwezigameko ezimbi [Saudi-] kwaholela] Ukuhlasela kwe-Coalition okubandakanya izikhali zase-US. "

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuthengiswa kwezikhali ezinjalo akuzange kwenzeke ngaphandle kokumelana. Ngo-2019, zombili izindlu zeCongress uvotelwe phansi ukudayiswa kwebhomu eSaudi Arabia ngenxa yolaka lwayo eYemen, kodwa imizamo yabo yavinjwa umongameli. ilungelo likasihlalo lokunqabela. Kwezinye izimo, njengoba kufanele indlela yokusebenza yokuphatha kukaTrump, lokho kuthengisa kuhilele ubuqili bezepolitiki obungabazekayo. Thatha, ngokwesibonelo, ngoMeyi 2019 isimemezelo "yesimo esiphuthumayo" esasetshenziswa ukuphusha $ 8.1 billion bhekana namaSaudis, i-UAE, kanye neJordani ngamabhomu aqondiswa ukunemba nezinye izinto zokusebenza ezivele zeqa izinqubo zokuqondisa zeCongressional ngokuphelele.

Ngokuyalelwa nguKhongolose, iHhovisi likaMhloli Jikelele woMnyango Wezwe libe selivula uphenyo mayelana nezimo ezazihambisana nalesi simemezelo, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi sicindezelwe ngowayengumsekeli weRaytheon osebenza eHhovisi Likahulumeni Lomeluleki Wezomthetho. Nokho, umhloli-jikelele ophethe uphenyo, uStephen Linick, washeshe wavela ukuxoshwa nguNobhala Wezwe uMike Pompeo ngokwesaba ukuthi uphenyo lwakhe luzodalula ububi bokuphatha futhi, ngemva kokuhamba kwakhe, imiphumela yokugcina yafakazela kakhulu - ukumangala! - umcako, exonerating abaphathi. Noma kunjalo, umbiko uqaphele ukuthi abaphathi bakaTrump babenakho uhlulekile ukuthatha ukunakekelwa okufanele ukuze kugwenywe ukulimala kwezakhamuzi yizikhali zase-US ezinikezwe amaSaudis.

Ngisho nezinye izikhulu zokuphatha zikaTrump ziye zaba nokungabaza mayelana nezivumelwano zaseSaudi. I New York Times ine kubika ukuthi idlanzana labasebenzi boMnyango Wezwe bakhathazekile ngokuthi ngelinye ilanga bangase babekwe icala lokusiza nokukhuthaza ubugebengu bezempi eYemen.

Ingabe iMelika Izohlala Ingumthengisi Wezikhali Omkhulu Kunabo Bonke Emhlabeni?

Uma u-Donald Trump eqokwa kabusha, ungalindeli ukuthengiswa kwe-US eMpumalanga Ephakathi - noma imiphumela yabo yokubulala - izokwehla noma nini maduze. Ngokusho kwakhe, uJoe Biden uzibophezele njengomongameli wokuqeda izingalo zase-US kanye nokweseka impi yaseSaudi eYemen. Esifundeni sisonke, nokho, ungathuki uma, nasehhovisi likamongameli wase-Biden, izikhali ezinjalo ziqhubeka nokugeleza futhi kuhlala kuyibhizinisi njengenjwayelo kubathengisi bezikhali abakhulu baleli zwe kulimaze abantu baseMpumalanga Ephakathi. . Ngaphandle uma unguRaytheon noma u-Lockheed Martin, ukuthengisa izingalo kuyindawo eyodwa lapho kungekho muntu okufanele afune ukugcina iMelika “inkulu.”

UWilliam D. Hartung ungumqondisi we-Arms and Security Programme eSikhungweni Senqubomgomo Yamazwe Ngamazwe kanye nombhali ngokubambisana “I-Mideast Arms Bazaar: Abahlinzeki Bezikhali Abaphezulu eMpumalanga Ephakathi naseNyakatho Afrika 2015 kuya ku-2019. "