Ngo-Pat Elder, February 1, 2019
IJalimane ibhekene nenkinga yezempilo yomphakathi nezigidi zabantu okungenzeka zichayeke emanzini okuphuza angcoliswe yiPer and Poly Fluoroalkyl Substances, noma PFAS.
Umthombo omkhulu walokhu kukhishwa kwamakhemikhali kuvela ku-foam ewenza amafilimu aqueous (AFFF) esetshenziselwa ukuqeqeshwa komlilo ngezikhathi zasemoyeni zase-US. Ngemuva kokushisa, bese kudala imililo enkulu ne-foam ebulalayo equkethe i-PFAS, izisekelo zaseMelika zivumela ukuthi izinhlayiya zingene emanzini angaphansi komhlaba ukuze zingcolise imiphakathi engomakhelwane esebenzisa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba emithonjeni yabo namanzi omasipala.
Ngokusho kwe-Environmental Protection Agency, (EPA), ukuvezwa kwe-PFAS “kungaholela emiphumeleni emibi yezempilo, kufaka phakathi imiphumela yokukhula emibungwini ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa noma ezinsaneni ezincela ibele (isib. Isisindo sokuzalwa esiphansi, ukuthomba okusheshayo, ukuhluka kwamathambo), umdlavuza (isib. , amasende, izinso), imiphumela yesibindi (isib. ukulimala kwezicubu), imiphumela yokuzivikela komzimba (isib. ukukhiqizwa kwama-antibody nokuzivikela komzimba), imiphumela ye-thyroid neminye imiphumela (isib. ukushintsha kwe-cholesterol). ” I-PFAS nayo iyafaka i-micro-penis, nesibalo se-sperm esincane kumadoda.
Amadokhumenti aseMelika aseMfihlo afihliwe Umagazini wezindaba waseJalimane uVolksfreund ku-2014 ikhombisile ukuthi amanzi angaphansi komhlaba eRamstein Airbase aqukethe izingxenye ezingama-264 ug / L noma ezingama-264,000 ngetriliyoni (ppt.) yePFAS. Amanye amasampula eRamstein ayekhona kuboniswe ukuthi iqukethe I-156.5 ug / l noma i-156,500 ppt. Uhlelo lokuqapha kwamanzi esifundazweni saseRhineland-Palatinate eduze kwaseSpangdahlem Air Base lathola i-PFAS ukugxila kwe-1.935 ug / l noma i-1,935 ppt. Uhlelo lwe-drainage e-Spangdahlem lisasabalalisa amakhemikhali.
Ososayensi baseHarvard bathi I-Perfluoro Octane Sulfonate (PFOS) nePerlulu Octanoic Acid (PFOA), izinhlobo ezimbili ezibulalayo kakhulu ze-PFAS, cishe zingalimaza empilweni yabantu ekubhekaneni nezimo I-1 ingxenye ye-trillion (ppt) emanzini okuphuza. Amachibi okudoba, imifudlana nemifula ezungeze izindiza zamabhomu eJalimane zihlambulukile izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesigidi kunalokho okufanele zihambisane nezimfuneko ze-EU.
Kunamakhemikhali angaphezu kwe-3,000 ayingozi.
Kufundisa ukuqhathanisa amazinga wokungcola kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba eJalimane ngalokhu Umbiko we-DOD ku-PFAS ukungcoliswa kwamasosha ase-US. Njengamasekelo amaningi aseMelika kuleli zwekazi lase-US, uRamstein noSpangdahlem bahlambulukile kakhulu.
Ibutho lase-US alikho icala futhi kanqabe ukukhokhela ukuhlanza ukungcola okubangele. I-Army Col. Andrew Wiesen, uMqondisi weMnyango wezeMpilo we-DOD we-DOD, uthi ukungcola kuwumthwalo we-EPA. "Asikwenzi ucwaningo oluyinhloko kule ndawo," etshela le I-Marine Corps Times. "I-EPA ibhekene nalokhu," esho. "I-DoD ayizange ibuke ngokuzimela izinkampani futhi ingenayo" ucwaningo olwengeziwe kulokhu, mayelana nemiphumela yezempilo ye-PFOS / PFOA, okungenani njengoba ngiyazi. "
I-Pentagon ikhokha cishe amaRandi ayi-100 ku-jet entsha entsha ye-fighter futhi imishini ebiza kakhulu ijwayele ukubamba umlilo. Ukuphuza izidakamizwa nge-poly and fluoroalkyl yiyona ndlela ephumelelayo kunazo zonke yokucima umlilo okungase kubhubhise enye yalezi zikhali. Ibutho lase-US liyazi ukuthi lamakhemikhali awonakele kusukela 1974 kodwa baye bakwazi ukuyigcina imfihlo, kakhulu kakhulu, kuze kube manje.
I-PFOS ne-PFOA zaziwa ngokuthi "amakhemikhali angunaphakade" ngoba azilulazi emvelweni. Amagatsha ezempi asemkhankasweni wokushintshela kwamanye amagwebu abulala umlilo kancane kodwa namanje ushukela.
Ukuze unikeze umfanekiso, iWurtsmith, Michigan Airbase ivaliwe ku-1993 ngenkathi imifudlana namanzi angaphansi komhlaba ahlale efile. Ngasekupheleni kwe-2018, iziphathimandla zezempilo zaseMichigan zanikeza iseluleko esithi 'Ungadli' isilwane esithathwe engakapheli amamayela amahlanu esisekelo esidala. Sekuyiminyaka eyi-26 futhi isiphuzo samanzi sezinyosi sisalokhu sinobuthi.
Lezi zimakhemikhali azilawulwa yi-EPA. Abanye bacabanga ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yezicelo zabo zempi. Kunalokho, i-EPA yenza izincomo kuya ejensi kanye ne-ejensi yamanzi mayelana nalezi zimakhemikhali. Umkhawulo we-Lifetime Health Advisory (LHA) we-EPA ohlangene wezo zombili zamakhemikhali yi-70 ppt, inamba yezemvelo ethi iningi eliphezulu.
I-US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) isethe amazinga okuphuza impilo yonke ye I-11 ppt ye-PFOA ne-7 ppt ye-PFOS. Ngakho-ke, kuyaqondakala ukuthi kungani amazwe amaningana ayeke ukulinda i-EPA yokuphatha i-Trump ukuze enze futhi asanda kufaka imingcele ephansi kakhulu ukuze avikele impilo yomphakathi.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i-Jalimane isungule "inani elisezingeni eliphezulu lempilo" e-PFOA + PFOS e-300 ppt. I-European Union iphakamise isiqondiso samanzi okuphuza kumazinga we-100 ppt. kumuntu ngamunye we-PFAS no-500 ppt. ngenani le-PFAS. Bona leli shidi lezinkombandlela ze PFOS / PFAS e-US naseYurophu.
Isithombe seRamstein ngenhla sibonisa i-hangar yesikhumulo sezindiza egcwalisa isikhunta somlilo. I-US Air Force Command eRamstein, kuchaziwe, "Sasinamalitha angaba ngu-4,500 40,000 amanzi ephuma ngomzuzu ethangini elingamalitha angu-XNUMX." I-athikili ibika ukuthi, "I-hangar yenzelwe ukulawula ukungcoliswa komhlaba ngenethiwekhi engaphansi komhlaba eqoqa amanzi bese idedelwa ibe yindle yangasese ngamanani alawulwayo futhi ilawulwa indawo yokuhlanza indle eLandstuhl."
Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu kungcola ukuthi izinkampani zase-US ezichazwe ngamapulazi aseMelika B (mil-F-24385) kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali aqhathanisiwe.
I-PFAS Ukungcoliswa akugcini kuphela kuRamstein naseSpangdahlem.
EBitburg, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba aboniswe ukuthi anePPAS kumazinga we-108,000 ppt. Njengo-Wurtsmith, isosha lase-US lahamba nge-Airbase Bitburg e-1994, kodwa ukulungiswa komonakalo ongokwemvelo kungapheli. Lezi zinhlayiya ze-carcinogenic zitholakale enkundleni yezindiza yase-NATO ngaphambili, i-airbase Büchel nezindiza zezindiza uSembach noZweibrücken.
Ngokuvumelana ne Volksfreund, umfudlana eduze kwaseBitburg uqukethe izikhathi ezingu-7700 ngaphezulu kwe-PFAS kunalokho i-EU ibona iyamukeleka. U-Günther Schneider, umlimi nomshushisi wezemvelo osuka eBinsfeld eseduze, unezithombe ezindala ezibonisa indlela umfudlana ogeleza ngayo eBinsfeld ubonakala njengebhebhoni elimhlophe.
Ubufakazi be-foam ukungcola akuvamile kuJalimane, kodwa eMelika, kuningi.
Ngasempumalanga yeBitburg, lezi zimifudlana zithwala amanzi e-carcinogenic.
I-sludge evela ezitshalweni zokwelashwa kwamanzi okuthuthwa kwamanzi ezindiza zezindiza zaseSpangdahlem naseBitburg zonakaliswa kakhulu ngeke zifakwe emasimini. Esikhundleni salokho, amaJalimane ayincithakalo, okwenza kube nzima nakakhulu kwemvelo.
UGünther Schneider ufuna ukuvinjelwa kwe-PFAS nokuvuselelwa kwezindawo ezingcolile. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, isizwe saseJalimane sivusa kancane kancane kule nkinga enkulu yemvelo. Babuza ukuthi ngabe isosha lase-US lizinikele ngaphansi komthetho wamazwe omhlaba ukuhambisana namazinga okulawula.
