Ukuqothulwa Kwesiyaluyalu: I-US Military inobuthi e-Okinawa.

NguPat Elder, World BEYOND War, Disemba 31, 2018

Ukugxila okuphezulu kwamakhemikhali abulalayo I-Per-fluoro-octane sulfonate (PFOS) ne-Per-fluoro-octanoic acid (PFOA), eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Per-ne-polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) zitholiwe emanzini okuphuza emiphakathini eseduze ne-US I-Air Force ye-Kadena Air Base ne-US Marine Corps Station Station Futenma e-Japan Prefecture yase-Okinawa. Amakhemikhali atholakala emotweni yokulwa nomlilo esetshenziselwa ukuqeqeshwa komlilo ngokujwayelekile.

Imiphumela yezempilo yokuchayeka kulezi zimakhemikhali ihlanganisa ukuphazamiseka okuvamile nezinye izinkinga ezikhukhumezayo zokukhulelwa. Zingcolisa ubisi lwebele lomuntu kanye nezingane ezibeletha ukubeletha. I-PFAS inomthelela ekulimazeni kwesibindi, umdlavuza wezinso, i-cholesterol ephakeme, ukunciphisa impendulo kumigomo, ingozi eyengeziwe yesifo segciwane, kanye nomdlavuza we-testicular, i-micro-penis, nesibalo se-sperm esincane kumadoda.

     I-PFAS-laced foam igcwalisa iKadena Air Force Base, Okinawa
ngemuva kokudakwa kwe-US Marine kusebenze uhlelo lokucima umlilo ku-2013.

Abacwaningi e-Harvard TH Chan School of Health Public bathi isilinganiso esiphezulu sokuphephile I-PFOS ne-PFOA ngamanzi okuphuza I-1 ppt.

Okwamanje, izinhlelo zamanzi zikamasipala e-Okinawa ziye zaboniswa ukuthi ziqukethe izikhathi ezingaphezu kwekhulu kulolo zinga, kanti amanzi angaphansi komhlaba angcolisiwe ezingeni eliphindwe izikhathi eziyinkulungwane. Ukungcola akugcini kuphela e-Okinawa. Ngokwesibonelo, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba eChina Lake, eCalifornia esanda kuhlolwa ku-8 million ppt, ngokusho umbiko owaziwa kancane we-DOD. Nakuba abambalwa eMelika abahlala eduze nezisekelo zezempi bayazi ukuthi kungcolile, isimo sehlukile e-Okinawa, lapho abacwaningi nabashisekeli bezempi bebelokhu bekhala khona.

Ama-Okinawans akhuluma nathi.

Umkhawulo we-Lifetime Health Advisory (LHA) we-EPA wokubili wamakhemikhali yi-70 ppt, kanti i-chorus ekhulayo emphakathini wesayensi ohlose ukuvikela impilo yomphakathi ithi i-70 ppt iphakeme kakhulu. Ukujikijela embonini yemboni yamakhemikhali, i-EPA ayisayikulawula i-PFAS. Eqinisweni, ekuqaleni kwe-2018, i-EPA yaseScott Pruitt ne-White House befuna ukuvimba umshicileli ocwaningweni lwezempilo lwe-federal kwi-PFAS, ngemuva kokuba umsizi othile wezokuphatha kukaTrump exwayise ukuthi kuzodala "iphupho elibi lokuxhumana nomphakathi."

UScott Pruitt wamelela imboni yamakhemikhali ngenkathi abantu emhlabeni jikelele
     wabhekana nokungcola kwamakhemikhali okubangelwa amasosha ase-US.
Akukho okushintshile kusukela ekuhambeni kukaPruitt.

New amaphrofayili enobungozi ekhishwe ngoJuni ka-2018 yi-Agency for Toxic Substances and Registry Registry (ATSDR) ibeke amazinga amanzi okuphuza okuphila ngaso sonke isikhathi i-11 ppt ye-PFOA ne-7 ppt ye-PFOS.

Iziphathimandla zase-Okinawan, ezimelela imiphakathi ehamba ngezinyawo, zisanda kuvinjelwa ukufinyelela emthonjeni wokungcola okuqhubekayo. I-Japan-US Status of Forces Agreement (i-SOFA) ayinikezi iziphathimandla zaseJapane ukufinyelela ezingxenyeni zase-US, zibavimbela ekuphenyweni kwemithombo yalokho kuhlambulula. I-SOFA ithi, "Ngaphakathi kwezikhungo nezindawo, i-United States ingathatha zonke izinyathelo ezidingekayo zokusungula, ukusebenza, ukuvikela nokulawula."

Isivumelwano se-SOFA sihluke kulabo abasebenza emazweni aseYurophu njengeJalimane, lapho iziphathimandla zendawo zivunyelwe ukungena ezisekelweni. Ngokusho kwe-SOFA yaseJapane, izikhulu zaseJapan kungenzeka zingenzi uphenyo ngaphandle kwemvume yase-US. E-Germany bayakwazi.

Ukwenqaba kwezempi yase-US ukuvumela izikhulu zaseJapane ukuthi zifinyelele ezisekelweni zibonisa ukuthi isivumelwano seJapan-US Status of Forces sivimbela izikhulu zaseJapane ukuthi zikwazi ukubhekana kahle nezinkinga ezibangelwa izisekelo. Akumangalisi ukuthi ama-Okinawans amaningi kanye namaJapane amaningi aphikisana nokwakhiwa kwesisekelo sezempi ezintsha.

Ukungayinaki imithetho yasekhaya neyamazwe omhlaba kanye nokusulwa kukaHulumeni weSifunda wase-Okinawa wemvume yokusebenza kabusha, uhulumeni waseJapan ohambisanayo usanda kuqala ukwakha esikhumulweni sezindiza esikhulu sase-US e-Oura Bay enhle eHenoko. I-80% yabantu base-Okinawan bayaphikisana nokwakhiwa. Ngokunjalo, bakhombise ukuphikisana kwabo ngokukhetha uMbusi uDenny Tamaki ngoSepthemba ka-2018. Njengomanduleli wakhe uTakeshi Onaga, uMbusi uTamaki uthe "Cha!" ukuya eTokyo. Izenzo zeTokyo ngokumelene noTamaki nohulumeni wakhe "ziyabandlulula, azibandlululi ngentando yeningi futhi azikho emthethweni," ngamagama ochwepheshe bezindaba zase-Okinawa Gavan McCormack.

Ngokuqondile ukuthi uTamaki uzophikisa kangakanani iTokyo neWashington ukuba kubonakale. Nakuba ephikisana nomsebenzi weHenoko, uTamaki usememezele ukusekelwa kwakhe jikelele ngokusekelwa kwezempi zaseJapan naseMelika.

Izizukulwane ngezizukulwane, ama-Okinawans afuna ukuvalwa kwe-US Marine Corps Air Station Futenma futhi iminyaka engu-20 baphikisana nomqondo wokufaka i-Futenma ngesisekelo esisha eHenoko. IFutenma iyisinengiso, itholakala ngokudabukisayo maphakathi neGinowan enabantu abaningi. Izakhamizi eziseduze zisatshiswe ubukhona baseMelika. Izindlebe zabo sezihlukene phakathi. Badlwenguliwe bafakwa ushevu futhi bathunjwa ezweni labo. Abantu abaningi base-Okinawans babheka uhulumeni waseJapan kanye ne-US njengonamandla okuhlasela. I-Okinawa ibalwa ngaphansi kwephesenti elilodwa lendawo yomhlaba wonke waseJapan kepha ibamba ngaphezu kwengxenye yabasebenzi bezempi baseMelika ababalelwa ku-47,000 abame eJapan.

                                 I-US Marine Corps I-Air Station Futenma

Esikhundleni sokuvala isisekelo, abakwa-American overlords banqume ukwakha isisekelo esisha se-35 ngamakhilomitha enyakatho, eHenoko, ngenkathi beyeka ukungcola kakhulu nge-Futenma. UMbusi uTamaki uyathandeka emhlabeni, "Ngaphandle kokuxazulula izinkinga ezihlobene nentando yeningi e-Okinawa, ukusebenzisana kwezokuphepha kwe-US-Japan kuyoba yingozi kakhulu."

UMbusi ucele u-Okinawa ukuthi abambe inhlolovo ngoFebhuwari 24, i-2019 ngokuthuthela uHenoko ongatholakali. Iningi labantu baseziqhingini bafuna amasosha ase-US ukuba ashiye unomphela futhi ngokushesha-futhi afune ukuthi i-US ihlanze ukungcola okwenzile. A kabanzi kabanzi isikhalazo kuMongameli Trump ifuna ukuqedwa komsebenzi ku-Henoko kuze kube yilapho kubanjwe ukuvota.

Izinombolo ku-PUkungcoliswa kwe-FAS

Ngokomqulu we-Marine Corps owatholwa ngumlobi weBrithani uJon Mitchell ngoFebruwari 2016, PFOS ekuxilongweni kwezingxenye ze-27,000 nge-trillion ne-PFOA endaweni yokuxilonga kwezingxenye ze-1,800 nge-trillion zitholwe lapho kucwaningwa ukuthuthwa kwamanzi endaweni yokuqeqesha umlilo ku-US Marine Corps I-Air Station Futenma.

Uhulumeni wase-Okinawan Prefectural uhlonze imifula ye-15 nezindawo zokunakekelwa kwamanzi enezinga eliyingozi le-PFOS kanye ne-PFOA ukungcola, okwedlula umkhawulo we-Lifetime Health Advisory (LHA) we-EPAX we-EPSX.

NgoNovemba 2018, izikhulu zikaHulumeni zase-Okinawa Prefectural Government kubika ukuthi i-2,000 ppt yamakhemikhali atholakala ku-Chunnagā Spring Water Site (Wakimizu Chunnagā) e-Kiyuna, eGinowan City. I-1,300 ppt yamakhemikhali atholakala endaweni efanayo ngesikhathi sehlobo, ukuhlola kwe-2016.

                 I-PFAS ibalazwe lokungcola elizungeze i-Futenma Station
- Iphrojekthi Yomphakathi Enolwazi

Isitshalo se-Chatan sinikeza amanzi eChansan Town, e-Okinawa City, eKitanakagusuku Village, e-Nakagusuku Village, e-Urasoe City naseNaha City. Ku-2015, amanzi esitshalo se-Chatan Water Treatment Plant alinganiselwa ku-120 ppt ye-PFAS, eyedlula iziqondiso ze-EPA. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMfula waseDakujakugawa ogijima ngaphansi kwesisekelo watholakala ukuthi uqukethe i-1,379 ppt ye-PFAS.

Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba aqukethe i-PFAS eduze kwesisekelo atholakale kula mazinga:

Winter Survey, 2017 ng / L

I-Hyakāgā 190 ppt
IMendakarihījāgā 680 ppt
Umfula i-Ogumuya 100 ppt
Isaufugā 290 ppt
IFuruchingā umfula - Umfula i-Ogumuya 83 ppt

Ukuqothulwa kwamatshe kunjengokuthi iGinowan City engcolisiwe ingaphansi kolwandle, (enyakatho-ntshonalanga) ye-Futenma Airbase, ngakho imvula ewela kuyo yonke indawo kanye nomgwaqo ihlambalaza leli cala kakhulu kunemiphakathi ehamba phambili emgwaqeni we-Road 330 on engxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-base. Lesi simo sivame emiphakathini esengozini eduze kwezindiza ze-US emhlabeni jikelele.

Umhlabathi we-limestone ovulekile otholakala kulo lonke elase-Okinawa uvumela ukungcola ukusakazeka ezindaweni eziningi.

Ngesikhathi i-Okinawa Defence Bureau ihambela izikhulu zezempi zase-US ukuthi zixoxisane nalezi zinkinga nezinye izinto, isosha lase-United States lalahla lo mhlangano, ethi imithi ephikisana nomlilo nePPAS ayilawulwa izinto. Ibutho lase-US lilungile. I-EPA, naphezu komlilo womhlaba wonke wokuphikisana, iyaqhubeka ivumela ukusetshenziswa kwayo. Ukuzibandakanya kulezi zinto futhi ukuvuma umthelela wabo wokulimaza kungase kungabhubhisi izikhukhula nezinkinga emhlabeni jikelele.

I-Okinawa Prefecture ifake isimiso se-carbon filtration ku-Chatan Water Treatment Plant ngezindleko zamaRandi ayi-1.5 ngomzamo wokukhipha i-PFAS emanzini okuphuza. Ukwakha isimiso esisha ngokuphelele bekuyoba ngcono empilweni yomphakathi. Ibutho lase-US alizange linikeze ukukhokhela izindleko zokubhekana nokungcola eChatan. Isosha liye lafakaza umthwalo wezezimali we-PFAS ukungcola emiphakathini eseduze nezisekelo zase-US. Inqubomgomo ye-DOD iya phika umthwalo wemfanelo futhi wenqaba ukukhokha for izinhlelo ezintsha zamanzi.

Yiqiniso, ukungcoliswa kwe-PFAS kuyingxenye yefa lezempi lase-United States lokungcola e-Okinawa. Ukulandela kungumzuzu omfushane we-cocktail ephethe i-US e-Okinawa eminyakeni eminingi. Amaningi wamakhemikhali athatha izizukulwane noma ngaphezulu ukuze aphule.

I-Camp Kinser

Ku-2015, ngemuva kwenqubo ye-FOIA eqediwe, ama-Pentagon akhiphe amarekhodi aveza amazinga aphezulu okungahambisani nomhlaba weCamp Kinser owawuhlelelwe ukubuyela emphakathini.

               I-Camp Kinser Base-Corine Base, e-Okinawa

I-Camp Kinser ihlanganisa indawo yokugcina yamakhemikhali engaphandle kwe-46,000 sq.mitha engasogwini oluseningizimu lokufakwa. "Ukubuyisela kabusha izinto ezivela eVietnam," kubandakanya izinambuzane, ukubulala ukhula kanye nezixazululo ezigcinwe lapho. UWashington umemezele izinhlelo zokubuyisela iningi leCamp Kinser ngo-2024. Kodwa-ke, ukubuya kwepulazi le-5-acre lomhlaba eduze nesango le-Gate 5 lilahlekelwe usuku oluhle oluhlelwe ngalo lokubuyela kwe-2014. Lelo zwe libonakala likhona ngaphakathi-futhi liseduze nendawo-engcolile.

Ulwazi olukhishiwe lwe-FOIA luchaza ukuphakama okuphezulu kwe:

Chlordane
DDT
Malathion
I-Dioxin
I-Biphenyls ene-polychlorinated (i-PCB)
Ukuhola
I-Cadmium

Ngokusho kwe-FOIA, inani elikhulu lokungasebenzi I-Cyanide amakhemikhali, ama-acids angenalutho, ama-alkalis, namathani ayi-12.5 I-Chloride ye-Ferric bangcwatshwa noma "baqhutshwa" phansi.

I-US nayo ishiye ngemuva I-Arsenic, I-uranium esedlule, Ama-Nerve Agents, Futhi I-Chromium ene-hexavalent.

I-Pentagon ivimbela umthwalo wemonakalo ngenxa yokulimala okuyisisekelo sayo.

Inani elikhulu lemithi yokubulala izinambuzane langcwaba eCamp Hansen edolobheni lase Kin.

Izikhulu zaseJapane zifuna ukuba i-US ilandele imihlahlandlela ye-EPA yokulungiswa ngaphambi kokuba ibuyisele umhlaba kanye namabhishi ukuba asetshenziselwe umphakathi. I-US ayisazoshiya noma yikuphi ukuphawula kokungcola.

Imiqulu ekhishwe yi-FOIA ivela ekuqinisekiseni ama-akhawunti wekhulu lamabutho ase-United States athi bayaguliswa ama-fofoliants-ahlanjululwe yi-dioxin-kuhlanganise ne-Agent Orange-e-Okinawa.

Uma isisekelo saseHenoko sigcwalisiwe sizokonakalisa enye indawo enhle yase-Okinawa - indlela imiphakathi ezungeze iFutenma, iKadena neKinser ingcoliswe ngayo. Ngemuva kwengxenye yesine yekhulu leminyaka kuthathwe amasosha aphesheya, lokhu kuhlaselwa okusha e-Okinawa kumele kumiswe.

Abashisekeli base-Okinawan nabaseMelika bazobamba iqhaza phambi kweNdlu eNgcwele eNyakatho ngoJan. 7th kusukela ku-11: 00 kuya kuNoon ukubeka ukucindezela ekuphathweni kukaMongameli Trump ukungenelela ekwakhiweni kweHenoko. I-Japan Times uye wabika ukuthi umbhikisho uhlelwe nguRobert Kajiwara, waseHawaiian-Okinawan owaqala isicelo seHenoko, "Sifuna ukuthumela umyalezo eWashington, DC," kusho uKawara. "Sithemba ukuthi uMengameli uTrump uzothatha isinqumo ku-Henoko ngokungathí sina futhi sithemba ukuthi uzokhipha okungenani ukuyeka okwesikhashana ukuthuthwa komhlaba kuze kufike ukuvota."

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Sibonga ngokukhethekile kuJoseph Essertier, uProfesa oPhathelene neNagoya Institute of Technology and Coordinator waseJapan World BEYOND War. Okunye okutholakele kulesi sihloko kusekelwe ekucwaningweni UJon Mitchell, intatheli yaseBrithani nomlobi osekelwe eJapane nakuye Masami Kawamura we-Okinawa-based I-Project-Public Public, inhlangano yocwaningo egxile ezindabeni zezemvelo.