NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Februwari 12, i-2023
UDavid Swanson ungumbhali wencwadi entsha I-Monroe Doctrine at 200 nokuthi Yini Ongayishintsha Ngayo.
Lapho kuqala ikhulu lama-20, i-United States yalwa izimpi ezimbalwa eNyakatho Melika, kodwa yalwa kakhulu eNingizimu neMelika Ephakathi. Umbono oyinganekwane wokuthi amasosha amakhulu avimbe izimpi, kunokuba azishoshozele, uvame ukubheka emuva kuTheodore Roosevelt ethi iMelika izokhulumela phansi kodwa iphathe induku enkulu - into iPhini likaMongameli uRoosevelt ayicaphuna njengesaga sase-Afrika enkulumweni yakhe ngo-1901. , ezinsukwini ezine ngaphambi kokuba uMongameli uWilliam McKinley abulawe, okwenza uRoosevelt abe umongameli.
Nakuba kungase kube mnandi ukucabanga uRoosevelt evimbela izimpi ngokusongela ngenduku yakhe, iqiniso liwukuthi wasebenzisa amasosha ase-US ngaphezu kokubukisa ePanama ngo-1901, eColombia ngo-1902, eHonduras ngo-1903, eDominican Republic ngo-1903, eSiriya. ngo-1903, e-Abyssinia ngo-1903, ePanama ngo-1903, eDominican Republic ngo-1904, eMorocco ngo-1904, ePanama ngo-1904, eKorea ngo-1904, eCuba ngo-1906, eHonduras ngo-1907, nasePhilippines ngesikhathi sakhe sobumongameli.
Iminyaka yama-1920 kanye neyo-1930 ikhunjulwa emlandweni wase-US njengesikhathi sokuthula, noma njengesikhathi esiyisicefe ukuba singasikhumbula nhlobo. Kodwa uhulumeni wase-US kanye nezinkampani zase-US zazidla i-Central America. I-United Fruit nezinye izinkampani zase-US zazizitholele owazo umhlaba, izitimela zazo, izinsiza zeposi nefoni kanye nezingcingo, kanye nosopolitiki bazo. U-Eduardo Galeano waphawula: “EHonduras, umnyuzi ubiza ngaphezu kwesekela, futhi kulo lonke elaseMelika Ephakathi amanxusa ase-US enza ukwengamela okwengeziwe kunomongameli.” I-United Fruit Company yakha amachweba ayo, amasiko ayo, namaphoyisa ayo. Idola laba yimali yendawo. Lapho kuqubuka isiteleka eColombia, amaphoyisa abulala izisebenzi zikabhanana, njengoba nje izigebengu zikahulumeni zazizokwenza ezinkampanini zase-US eColombia emashumini eminyaka ezayo.
Ngesikhathi uHoover engumongameli, uma kungenjalo ngaphambili, uhulumeni wase-US wayebambe ukuthi abantu baseLatin America baqonda amagama athi "Monroe Doctrine" asho i-Yankee imperialism. UHoover umemezele ukuthi i-Monroe Doctrine ayizange ithethelele ukungenelela kwezempi. Hoover kwase kuthi uFranklin Roosevelt bahoxise amasosha ase-US eMelika Ephakathi baze bahlala eCanal Zone kuphela. I-FDR ithe izoba nenqubomgomo "yomakhelwane omuhle".
Ngawo-1950 i-United States yayingasho ukuthi ingumakhelwane omuhle, njengoba nje nomphathi wenkonzo yokuvikela ngokumelene nobukhomanisi. Ngemuva kokwenza ngempumelelo ukuketulwa umbuso e-Iran ngo-1953, i-US yaphendukela eLatin America. Engqungqutheleni yeshumi yePan-America eCaracas ngo-1954, uNobhala Wezwe uJohn Foster Dulles wasekela iMfundiso kaMonroe futhi waqamba amanga ngokuthi ubukhomanisi baseSoviet babuwusongo eGuatemala. Kwalandela ukuketula umbuso. Kwalandela ukuketula umbuso okwengeziwe.
Imfundiso eyodwa eyathuthukiswa kakhulu ngabaphathi bakaBill Clinton ngeminyaka yawo-1990 kwakuwukuthi "uhwebo lwamahhala" - mahhala kuphela uma ungacabangi ukulimala kwemvelo, amalungelo abasebenzi, noma ukuzimela ezinkampanini ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe. I-United States yayifuna, futhi mhlawumbe isafuna, isivumelwano esikhulu sohwebo samahhala sazo zonke izizwe emazweni aseMelika ngaphandle kwaseCuba futhi mhlawumbe ezinye ezihlonzwe ukuba zingafakwa. Eyakuthola ngo-1994 kwakuyi-NAFTA, Isivumelwano Sokuhweba Ngokukhululekile saseNyakatho Melika, esibophezela i-United States, i-Canada, ne-Mexico kumigomo yaso. Lokhu kuzolandelwa ngo-2004 yi-CAFTA-DR, i-Central America - Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement phakathi kwe-United States, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, neNicaragua, eyayizolandelwa ezinye izivumelwano eziningi. kanye nemizamo yezivumelwano, okuhlanganisa i-TPP, i-Trans-Pacific Partnership yamazwe asemngceleni we-Pacific, okuhlanganisa ne-Latin America; kuze kube manje i-TPP isihlulwe ukungathandwa kwayo phakathi kwe-United States. UGeorge W. Bush wenza isiphakamiso se-Free Trade Area of the Americas eNgqungqutheleni yamazwe aseMelika ngo-2005, futhi wabona ihlulwa yiVenezuela, i-Argentina, neBrazil.
I-NAFTA kanye nezingane zayo ilethe izinzuzo ezinkulu ezinkampanini ezinkulu, okuhlanganisa nezinkampani zase-US ezithuthela ukukhiqizwa eMexico nase-Central America ekuzingeleni amaholo aphansi, amalungelo ambalwa wendawo yokusebenza, kanye nezindinganiso zemvelo ezibuthakathaka. Bakhe ubuhlobo bezentengiselwano, kodwa hhayi ubuhlobo bomphakathi noma bamasiko.
EHonduras namuhla, “izindawo zokuqashwa nokuthuthukiswa komnotho” ezingathandwa kakhulu zigcinwa ingcindezi yase-US kodwa nayizinkampani ezizinze e-US ezimangalela uhulumeni waseHonduran ngaphansi kwe-CAFTA. Umphumela uwuhlobo olusha lwe-filibustering noma i-banana republic, lapho amandla okugcina elele kulabo abenza inzuzo, uhulumeni wase-US ikakhulukazi kodwa ngandlela thize usekela ukuphanga, futhi izisulu ngokuvamile azibonakali futhi azicatshangwanga - noma uma zivela emngceleni wase-US. bayasolwa. Njengabenzi bemfundiso eshaqisayo, izinhlangano ezibusa “izindawo” zaseHonduras, ngaphandle komthetho waseHonduras, ziyakwazi ukubeka imithetho elungele inzuzo yazo - inzuzo eyeqile kangangokuthi zikwazi ukukhokha kalula amathangi azinze e-US ukushicilela izizathu njengentando yeningi. ngalokho okuphambene nentando yeningi.
UDavid Swanson ungumbhali wencwadi entsha I-Monroe Doctrine at 200 nokuthi Yini Ongayishintsha Ngayo.
