Ukuvuza Kwamafutha Angcwele ePearl Harbor

NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, November 30, 2022

UStephen Dedalus wayekholelwa ukuthi ingilazi ebukekayo yenceku yenza uphawu oluhle lwe-Ireland. Uma bekufanele uqambe uphawu lwe-United States, bekungaba yini? ISifanekiso Senkululeko? Amadoda agqoke izingubo zangaphansi eziphambanweni phambi kweMcDonald's? Ngicabanga ukuthi kungaba yilokhu: amafutha avuzayo emkhunjini wempi ePearl Harbor. Lo mkhumbi, I-Arizona, omunye kwamabili asavuza uwoyela ePearl Harbour, ushiywe lapho njengenkulumo-ze yempi, njengobufakazi bokuthi umdayisi wezikhali ohamba phambili emhlabeni, umakhi wesisekelo esiphezulu, osebenzisa imali ephezulu kwezempi, kanye nomenzi wezikhali eziphezulu uyisisulu esingenacala. Futhi amafutha avunyelwe ukuthi aqhubeke evuza ngesizathu esifanayo. Kuwubufakazi bobubi bezitha zase-US, ngisho noma izitha zilokhu zishintsha. Abantu bakhala izinyembezi futhi bezwa amafulegi enyakaza eziswini zabo endaweni enhle kawoyela, evunyelwe ukuqhubeka nokungcolisa uLwandlekazi iPacific njengobufakazi bokuthi siyithatha ngokungathi sína kangakanani inkulumo-ze yethu yempi. Leyo mpi indlela enkulu lapho sicekela phansi ukuhlala kweplanethi kungase kulahleke noma kungalahleki kubahambi abaya esizeni. Nansi iwebhusayithi yezokuvakasha indlela yokuvakashela ukuvuza kwamafutha angcwele:

“Kalula ingenye yezindawo ezingcwele kakhulu e-US. . . . Cabanga ngalokhu ngale ndlela: ubona uwoyela okungenzeka ukuthi ugcwaliswe kabusha ngosuku olwandulela ukuhlasela futhi kukhona nje okuthile okungokoqobo ngalokho okuhlangenwe nakho. Kunzima futhi ukungaluzwa uphawu oluvela ezinyembezini ezimnyama ezicwebezelayo lapho umi uthule esikhumbuzweni - kuba sengathi umkhumbi usakhala ngenxa yokuhlaselwa.”

“Abantu bakhuluma ngendlela okuhle ngayo ukubona uwoyela ubenyezela phezu kwamanzi nokuthi ubakhumbuza kanjani ngezimpilo ezilahlekile,” kusho enye iwebhusayithi.

“Abantu bakubiza ngokuthi 'izinyembezi ezimnyama ze- Arizona.' Ungabona amafutha ekhuphuka phezulu, enza uthingo emanzini. Ungakwazi ngisho nokuhogela izinto. Ngezinga lamanje, uwoyela uzoqhubeka nokuphuma ngaphandle Arizona eminye iminyaka engu-500, uma umkhumbi ungabhidliki ngokuphelele ngaphambi kwalokho.” -omunye umbiko.

Uma uhlala eduze nePearl Harbor, kukhona okumnandi kwejethi yejethi ye-US Navy emanzini akho okuphuza. Akuveli emikhunjini yempi, kodwa (futhi ezinye izinhlekelele zemvelo endaweni efanayo). ukuphakamisa lokho mhlawumbe amanzi angcolisayo abhekwa njengesiphetho esifiselekayo ngokwaso yibutho lase-US, noma okungenani ukuthi impilo yomuntu ayinasithakazelo esincane.

Abanye balaba bantu asebehlale bexwayisa ngalolo songo lukaphethiloli wendiza isikhathi eside bebelokhu bexwayisa ngosongo olukhulu olukhulu olubangelwa izindaba abantu abazixoxela bodwa ngoSuku lwePearl Harbour nalapho bevakashele indawo engcwele yabamnyama. izinyembezi zokungcweliswa kwempi.

Uma uhlala eduze kukamabonakude noma ikhompuyutha, noma yikuphi emhlabeni, usengozini.

Olunye lwezinsuku ezingcwele kakhulu zonyaka lusondela ngokushesha. Ingabe usukulungele u-December 7? Ingabe uzoyikhumbula incazelo yangempela yoSuku lwePearl Harbour?

Uhulumeni wase-US wahlela, walungiselela, futhi wavusa impi neJapane iminyaka, futhi wayesempini ngezindlela eziningi kakade, elinde iJapane ukuba idubule isibhamu sokuqala, lapho iJapane ihlasela iPhilippines nePearl Harbor. Okulahlekayo emibuzweni yokuthi ubani owayazi kahle ukuthi nini ezinsukwini ezandulela lokho kuhlaselwa, futhi iyiphi inhlanganisela yokungakwazi ukwenza kahle nokugxeka okuvumele ukuba kwenzeke, iqiniso lokuthi izinyathelo ezinkulu zazithathwe ngokungenakuphikiswa mayelana nempi kodwa azikho ezake zathathwa maqondana nokuthula. . Futhi izinyathelo ezilula zokwenza ukuthula zazingenzeka.

I-Asia pivot yenkathi ka-Obama-Trump-Biden yaba nesandulela eminyakeni eyandulela i-WWII, njengoba i-United States ne-Japan zakha ubukhona bazo bezempi ePacific. Izwe laseMelika belisiza iChina empini ebhekene neJapan futhi yavimba iJapan ukuthi iyiphuce izinsiza ezibalulekile ngaphambi kokuhlasela kweJapan amasosha ase-US kanye nezindawo zombuso. Ibutho lezempi lase-United States aliyikhululi iJapan ekuziphenduleleni kwezempi yayo, noma okuphambene nalokho, kodwa inganekwane yombukeli ongenacala owashaywa ngokushaqisayo ngaphandle kokuluhlaza ayilona iqiniso njenge inganekwane yempi ukusindisa amaJuda.

Ngaphambi kwePearl Harbour, i-US yakha uhlaka, futhi yabona ukumelana okukhulu nohlaka, futhi yavalela abaphikisana nohlaka emajele lapho baqala khona imikhankaso engenalo udlame yokubahlukanisa - ukuthuthukisa abaholi, izinhlangano, namaqhinga azoba yi-Civil Rights Movement, ukunyakaza owazalwa ngaphambi kwePearl Harbor.

Uma ngicela abantu ukuthi bathethelele i-WWII, bahlale bethi “Hitler,” kodwa uma impi yaseYurophu yayithetheleleka kalula, kungani kwakungafanele i-United States ijoyine ngaphambili? Kungani umphakathi wase-US wawuphikisana kakhulu nokungena kwe-US empini kuze kube ngemva kukaDisemba 7, 1941? Kungani impi neJalimane okufanele ngabe ingenile kufanele ikhonjiswe njengempi yokuzivikela ngomqondo ohlangene wokuthi iJapan yadubula isibhamu sokuqala, ngaleyo ndlela (ngandlela thile) yenza (wasenganekwaneni) impi yokuqeda ukuQothulwa Kwesizwe eYurophu umbuzo wokuzivikela? IJalimane yamemezela impi ngokumelene ne-United States, ngethemba lokuthi iJapane izosiza iJalimane emzabalazweni wokulwa neSoviet Union. Kodwa iJalimane ayizange ihlasele i-United States.

UWinston Churchill wayefuna ukuthi i-United States ingene eMpini Yezwe II, njengoba nje ayefuna ukuthi i-United States ingene eWWI. I I-Lusitania wahlaselwa iJalimane ngaphandle kwesixwayiso, phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, sitshelwa ezincwadini zombhalo zase-US, naphezu kokuthi iJalimane yayishicilele izixwayiso emaphephandabeni aseNew York nasemaphephandabeni azungeze i-United States. Lezi zixwayiso ziphrintiwe eduze kwezikhangiso zohambo I-Lusitania futhi zasayinwa yinxusa laseJalimane.[i] Amaphephandaba abhala izihloko mayelana nezixwayiso. Inkampani yaseCunard yabuzwa ngalezi zixwayiso. Owayengukaputeni we I-Lusitania base bevele beyekile - kubikwa ukuthi kungenxa yengcindezi yokuhamba ngomkhumbi kulokho iJalimane eyayikumemezele esidlangalaleni indawo yempi. Phakathi naleso sikhathi uWinston Churchill wabhalela uMongameli Webhodi Lezohwebo laseBrithani, “Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuheha imikhumbi engathathi hlangothi ukuthi ize ogwini lwethu ngethemba ikakhulukazi lokuhlanganisa i-United States neJalimane.”[Ii] Kwakungaphansi komyalo wakhe ukuthi ukuvikelwa kwezempi okujwayelekile kwaseBrithani akuzange kunikezwe I-Lusitania, naphezu kokuba uCunard eshilo ukuthi wayethembele kuleso sivikelo. Ukuthi I-Lusitania yayiphethe izikhali namasosha ukusiza amaNgisi empini yokulwa neJalimane kwagonyelwa yiJalimane nabanye ababebukele, futhi kwakuyiqiniso. Ukucwila I-Lusitania kwakuyisenzo esibi sokubulala abantu abaningi, kodwa kwakungesona isimanga sokuhlasela okubi ngokumelene nobuhle obumsulwa.

IMINYAKA engama-1930

NgoSepthemba ka-1932, uColonel Jack Jouett, umakadebona womshayeli wendiza wase-US, waqala ukufundisa ama-cadet angama-80 esikoleni esisha sokundiza samasosha eChina.[Iii] Kakade, impi yayisisemoyeni. Ngo-January 17, 1934, u-Eleanor Roosevelt wenza inkulumo: “Noma ubani ocabangayo, kumelwe acabange ngempi elandelayo njengokuzibulala. Yeka ukuthi siyiziphukuphuku eziyingozi kangakanani ukuthi singakwazi ukufunda umlando futhi siphile kulokho esiphila kukho, futhi ngokunganaki sivumele izimbangela ezifanayo zisibeke entweni efanayo futhi. "[Iv] Lapho uMongameli uFranklin Roosevelt evakashele ePearl Harbor ngoJulayi 28, 1934, uGeneral Kunishiga Tanaka wabhala I-Japan Umkhangisi, bephikisana nokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi yaseMelika kanye nokwakhiwa kwezisekelo ezengeziwe e-Alaska nase-Aleutian Islands: “Ukuziphatha okudelela okunjalo kusenza sibe nezinsolo kakhulu. Kusenza sicabange ukuthi ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kukhuthazwa ngamabomu ePacific. Lokhu kuyazisola kakhulu.”[V]

Ngo-October 1934, uGeorge Seldes wabhala Iphephabhuku likaHarper"Kuyadida ukuthi amazwe angazihlanganisi ngempi kodwa eyempi." USeldes ubuze isikhulu seNavy League:
"Uyamukela i-axiom yempi oyilungisa ukulwa ne-navy ethile?"
Le ndoda yaphendula yathi "Yebo."
"Ucabanga ukulwa nebutho lase-British?"
"Ngokuqinisekile, cha."
"Ucabanga ngempi neJapane?"
"Yebo."[vi]

Ngo-1935 uSmedley Butler, eminyakeni emibili ngemva kokuphazamisa ukuketulwa umbuso kukaRoosevelt, kanye neminyaka emine ngemva kokuvela enkantolo ngenxa yokulandisa ngesigameko lapho uBenito Mussolini agila intombazane ngemoto yakhe.[vii], eshicilelwe ngempumelelo enkulu incwadi emfushane ebizwa ngokuthi Impi iyinqola.[viii] Wabhala:

“Esigabeni ngasinye seCongress kuphakama umbuzo wokwabiwa okwengeziwe kwemikhumbi. Abagibeli besihlalo se-swivel abamemezi ukuthi 'Sidinga izimpi eziningi zokulwa kuleli lizwe noma kuleso sizwe.' O, cha. Okokuqala, bakwenza kwaziwa ukuthi iMelika iqondiswa amandla amakhulu asolwandle. Cishe noma yiluphi usuku, laba bahambisi bazokutshela, imikhumbi enkulu yalesi sitha okuthiwa izoshaya ngokuzumayo futhi iqothule abantu bethu be-125,000,000. Kanjalo nje. Ngemuva kwalokho baqala ukukhala ngemikhumbi emikhulu. Kwani? Ukulwa nesitha? Hawu, cha. O, cha. Ngezinhloso zokuvikela kuphela. Bese kuthi, ngeshwa, bamemezele ubuhlakani ePacific. Ukuzivikela. Eish, huh.

“IPacific iwulwandle olukhulu kakhulu. Sinogu olukhulu ePacific. Ingabe iziqondiso zizosuka ogwini, amamayela angamakhulu amabili noma amathathu? O, cha. Ukuqondisa kuzoba izinkulungwane ezimbili, yebo, mhlawumbe ngisho namamayela angamakhulu angamashumi amathathu nanhlanu, ukusuka ogwini. AmaJapane, abantu abaziqhenyayo, nakanjani bazojabula ngendlela engenakuchazwa ukubona imikhumbi yase-United States iseduze nogu lwaseNippon. Ngisho nezakhamuzi zaseCalifornia zingajabula ngendlela ebonisa lufifi, ngenkungu yasekuseni, imikhumbi yaseJapane edlala emidlalweni yempi ngaseLos Angeles.”

Ngo-March 1935, u-Roosevelt wanikeza i-Wake Island ku-US Navy futhi wanika i-Pan Am Airways imvume yokwakha imizila yezindiza e-Wake Island, eMidway Island naseGuam. Abaphathi bamasosha aseJapane bamemezela ukuthi baphazamisekile futhi babheka le migwaqo yezindiza njengosongo. Kwenza kanjalo nabashisekeli bokuthula e-United States. Ngenyanga elandelayo, u-Roosevelt wayesehlele imidlalo yempi kanye nokuhamba eduze kwase-Aleutian Islands kanye ne-Midway Island. Ngenyanga elandelayo, izishoshovu zokuthula zazimasha eNew York zikhuthaza ubungane neJapane. UNorman Thomas wabhala ngo-1935: “INdoda yaseMars eyabona indlela abantu abahlupheka ngayo empini yokugcina nendlela abalungiselela ngayo impi elandelayo, abaziyo ukuthi izoba yimbi nakakhulu, yayizofinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi yayibheke abantu abangabalaleli. indawo yokukhosela yezihlanya.”

Ngo-May 18, 1935, abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi bamasha bekhuphuka ngo-Fifth Avenue eNew York bephethe izingqwembe nezimpawu eziphikisana nokwakhiwa kwempi neJapane. Izigcawu ezifanayo zaphindwa izikhathi eziningi kule nkathi.[ix] Abantu balwela ukuthula, kuyilapho uhulumeni ehlomele impi, wakha izisekelo zempi, waqeqeshelwa impi ePacific, futhi wenza umkhuba wokucisha ugesi nokuvikeleka ekuhlaselweni kwezindiza ukuze alungiselele abantu impi. I-US Navy yathuthukisa izinhlelo zayo zempi eJapane. Inguqulo yangoMashi 8, 1939, yalezi zinhlelo yachaza “impi ecasulayo yesikhathi eside” ezobhubhisa amasosha futhi iphazamise impilo yezomnotho yaseJapan.

Amasosha ase-US aze ahlela ukuhlasela kwamaJapan eHawaii, ayecabanga ukuthi kungase kuqale ngokunqoba isiqhingi saseNi'ihau, lapho izindiza zazizosuka khona ziyohlasela ezinye iziqhingi. I-US Army Air Corp. Lt. Col. Gerald Brant yaya emndenini wakwaRobinson, owawungabanikazi be-Ni'ihau futhi namanje usasebenza. Wabacela ukuthi balime imisele enqamula isiqhingi ngohlaka, ukuze kungabi nalusizo ezindizeni. Phakathi kuka-1933 no-1937, amadoda amathathu angamaNi'ihau agawula imisele ngamageja adonswa iminyuzi noma amahhashi adonsa kanzima. Njengoba kwenzeka, amaJapane ayengenazo izinhlelo zokusebenzisa i-Ni'ihau, kodwa lapho indiza yaseJapane eyayisanda kuba yingxenye yokuhlasela kwePearl Harbor kufanele ihlale ngokuphuthumayo, yahlala eNi'ihau naphezu kwayo yonke imizamo iminyuzi namahhashi.

NgoJulayi 21, 1936, wonke amaphephandaba eTokyo ayenesihloko esifanayo: uhulumeni wase-US wayeboleka iChina ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyi-100 ukuze athenge ngawo izikhali zase-US.[X] Ngo-August 5, 1937, uhulumeni waseJapane wamemezela ukuthi kuphazanyiswe ukuthi izisebenzi zezindiza zase-US ezingu-182, ngalinye liphelezelwa omakhenika ababili, babezoshayela izindiza eChina.[xi]

Ezinye izikhulu zaseMelika nezaseJapan, kanye nezishoshovu eziningi zokuthula, zasebenzela ukuthula nobungane phakathi nale minyaka, zihlehla ngokumelene nokwakhiwa kwempi. Ezinye izibonelo yilezi kulesi sixhumanisi.

1940

NgoNovemba 1940, uRoosevelt waboleka iChina amaRandi ayizigidi eziyikhulu ukuze alwe neJapane, futhi ngemva kokubonisana nabaseBrithani, uNobhala Wezezimali wase-US uHenry Morgenthau wenza izinhlelo zokuthumela amabhomu aseShayina nabasebenzi base-US ukuze bawasebenzise ekuqhumeni amabhomu eTokyo nakwamanye amadolobha aseJapane. Ngomhla zingama-21 kuZibandlela 1940, uNgqongqoshe Wezezimali waseChina u-TV Soong kanye noColonel Claire Chennault, indiza yezempi yase-US ethathe umhlalaphansi eyayisebenzela amaShayina futhi yayibanxusa ukuba basebenzise abashayeli bezindiza baseMelika ukuqhumisa amabhomu eTokyo kusukela okungenani ngo-1937, bahlangana endlini yokudlela yaseMorgenthau. ukuhlela ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu eJapane. UMorgenthau uthe angakwazi ukukhipha amadoda emsebenzini e-US Army Air Corps uma amaShayina engabakhokhela u-$1,000 ngenyanga. Wavuma uSong.[xii]

Ngo-1939-1940, i-US Navy yakha izisekelo ezintsha zasePacific eMidway, Johnston, Palmyra, Wake, Guam, Samoa, naseHawaii.[xiii]

Ngo-September, 1940, iJapane, iJalimane ne-Italy basayina isivumelwano sokusizana empini. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi i-United States yayilwa nomunye wabo, kungenzeka ukuthi ilwa nazo zontathu.

Ngo-Okthoba 7, 1940, umqondisi we-US Office of Naval Intelligence Far East Asia Section u-Arthur McCollum wabhala imemo.[xiv] Wayekhathazekile ngezinsongo ze-Axis ezingenzeka zesikhathi esizayo zemikhumbi yaseBrithani, eMbusweni WaseBrithani, kanye nekhono lama-Allies lokuvimba iYurophu. Waqagela ngokuhlaselwa kwe-Axis okusezingqondweni e-United States. Wayekholelwa ukuthi isinyathelo esiwujuqu singaholela “ekuweni kwaseJapane.” Wancoma impi neJapane:

“Ngenkathi . . . kuncane okungenziwa yi-United States ukubuyisa ngokushesha isimo e-Europe, i-United States iyakwazi ukuqeda ngempumelelo isenzo esinolaka sase-Japan, futhi ikwenze ngaphandle kokunciphisa usizo lwempahla lwase-US ku-Great Britain.

“. . . EPacific i-United States inendawo yokuzivikela eqine kakhulu kanye nebutho lezempi lasolwandle nelasemoyeni njengamanje kulolo lwandle elikwazi ukuhlasela ibanga elide. Kukhona ezinye izici ezisivuna kakhulu njengamanje, okungukuthi:

1. Iziqhingi zasePhilippine zisaphethwe yi-United States.
2. Uhulumeni onobungane futhi okungenzeka ukuthi ubambisene olawula i-Dutch East Indies.
3. AbaseBrithani basabambe iHong Kong neSingapore futhi bayasithanda.
4. Amasosha abalulekile aseShayina asesenkundleni eChina ebhekene neJapan.
5. Ibutho elincane Lamasosha Asolwandle lase-US elikwazi ukusongela kakhulu imizila ephakelayo eseningizimu ye-Japan kakade isetiyetha yokusebenza.
6. Ibutho elikhulu lezempi lase-Dutch liseMpumalanga elingaba yigugu uma lihlangene ne-US

“Ukucutshungulwa kwalokhu osekushiwo ngenhla kuholela esiphethweni sokuthi isinyathelo esisheshayo sezempi yezempi ngokumelene neJapane yi-United States sizokwenza iJapane ingakwazi ukunikeza noma yiluphi usizo iJalimane ne-Italy ekuhlaseleni kwabo iNgilandi nokuthi iJapane ngokwayo izobhekana nesimo lapho. Ibutho lakhe lasolwandle lingaphoqeleka ukuthi lilwe ngokwemibandela engafanele noma lamukele ukuwa kwezwe kusenesikhathi ngenxa yokuvinjwa. Ukumenyezelwa kwempi ngokushesha nangaphambi kwesikhathi ngemva kokungena ezinhlelweni ezifanele ne-England ne-Holland, kungasebenza kahle kakhulu ekuletheni ukuwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kwe-Japan futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuqede isitha sethu ku-pacific ngaphambi kokuthi i-Germany ne-Italy zisihlasele ngempumelelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqedwa kweJapan kumele nakanjani kuqinise ukuma kweBrithani ngokumelene neJalimane ne-Italy futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, isenzo esinjalo singakhulisa ukuzethemba nokusekelwa kwazo zonke izizwe ezivame ukuba nobungane kithi.

“Akukholelwa ukuthi esimweni samanje sombono wezombangazwe uhulumeni wase-United States uyakwazi ukulwa neJapane ngaphandle kokuchitha isikhathi; futhi akunakwenzeka ukuthi isenzo esinamandla ngasohlangothini lwethu singaholela amaJapane ukuba aguqule isimo sabo sengqondo. Ngakho-ke, inkambo elandelayo yesenzo iyaphakanyiswa:

1. Yenza uhlelo neBrithani ukuze kusetshenziswe izizinda zaseBrithani ePacific, ikakhulukazi iSingapore.
2. Yenza uhlelo ne-Holland ukuze kusetshenziswe izinsiza eziyisisekelo kanye nokutholwa kwezinto e-Dutch East Indies.
3. Nikeza lonke usizo olungenzeka kuhulumeni wase-China wase-Chiang-Kai-Shek.
4. Thumela ingxenye yabahamba ngesikebhe abasindayo bebanga elide eMpumalanga, ePhilippines, noma eSingapore.
5. Thumela izigaba ezimbili zemikhumbi-ngwenya emazweni aseMpumalanga.
6. Gcina amandla amakhulu emikhumbi yase-US manje e-Pacific eduze kwase-Hawaiian Islands.
7. Igcizelela ukuthi ama-Dutch enqaba ukunikeza izimfuno zase-Japan zezivumelwano zezomnotho ezingadingekile, ikakhulukazi uwoyela.
8. Vimbela ngokuphelele konke ukuhwebelana kwe-US neJapan, ngokubambisana nesivumelwano esifanayo esibekwe uMbuso WaseBrithani.

“Uma ngalezi zindlela iJapan ingaholelwa ekwenzeni isenzo sempi esisobala, kungcono kakhulu. Kuyo yonke imicimbi kufanele sikulungele ngokugcwele ukwamukela usongo lwempi.”

Ngokusho kwesazi-mlando sezempi sase-US Army uConrad Crane, “Ukufundwa eduze [kwememo engenhla] kubonisa ukuthi izincomo zayo bekufanele zivimbele futhi ziqukathe iJapane, kuyilapho zilungiselela kangcono i-United States ingxabano yesikhathi esizayo ePacific. Kukhona ukuphawula okusobala kokuthi isenzo sempi saseJapan esisobala sizokwenza kube lula ukuthola ukwesekwa komphakathi ngezinyathelo ezimelene neJapan, kodwa inhloso yalo mbhalo bekungekona ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lowo mcimbi uyenzeka.”[xv]

Ingxabano phakathi kokutolikwa kwale memo namadokhumenti afanayo incane. Akekho okholelwa ukuthi imemo ecashunwe ngenhla ibihloselwe ukuxoxisana ngokuthula noma ukuhoxiswa kwezikhali noma ukusungula umthetho wodlame. Abanye bacabanga ukuthi inhloso kwakuwukuqala impi kodwa bakwazi ukuyibeka icala eJapane. Abanye bacabanga ukuthi inhloso bekuwukulungiselela ukuthi kuqale impi, futhi bathathe izinyathelo ezingase zivuse iJapan ukuthi iqale, kodwa esikhundleni salokho - bekungeke kwenzeke - bethuse iJapan ngezindlela zayo zokulwa. Lolu chungechunge lwempikiswano luphendula iwindi le-Overton libe imbobo kakhiye. Kuyinkulumompikiswano ephinde yachezukiswa yagxila ekutheni esinye sezincomo eziyisishiyagalombili ezingenhla - leso esimayelana nokugcina imikhumbi eHawaii - besiyingxenye yetulo elibi lokucekela phansi imikhumbi eminingi ngokuhlaselwa okumangazayo (hhayi itulo eliphumelele kakhulu , njengoba imikhumbi emibili kuphela eyabhujiswa unomphela).

Hhayi lelo phuzu elilodwa kuphela - elibalulekile ngetulo elinjalo noma elingenalo - kodwa zonke izincomo eziyisishiyagalombili ezenziwe kumemo noma okungenani izinyathelo ezifanayo nazo zalandelwa. Lezi zinyathelo bezihloselwe ngenhloso noma ngephutha (umehluko muhle) ukuqala impi, futhi kubonakala sengathi zisebenzile. Ukusebenza ngezincomo, kwaqondana noma cha, kwaqala ngo-Okthoba 8, 1940, ngosuku olulandelayo ngemva kokubhalwa kwememo. Ngalolo suku, uMnyango Wezwe LaseMelika watshela abantu baseMelika ukuthi baphume eMpumalanga Asia. Futhi ngalolo suku, uMongameli Roosevelt wayala ukuthi imikhumbi igcinwe eHawaii. U-Admiral James O. Richardson wabhala kamuva ukuthi wayesiphikisa ngokuqinile lesi siphakamiso kanye nenjongo yaso. “Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi,” ecaphuna uRoosevelt ethi, “amaJapane azokwenza isenzo esisobala ngokumelene ne-United States futhi isizwe siyobe sizimisele ukungena empini.”[xvi]

EKUQALENI kuka-1941

U-Richardson wakhululwa emisebenzini yakhe ngo-February 1, 1941, ngakho-ke mhlawumbe waqamba amanga ngoRoosevelt njengesisebenzi sangaphambili esasinganelisekile. Noma mhlawumbe ukuphuma emisebenzini enjalo ePacific ngalezo zinsuku kwakuyisinyathelo esithandwayo salabo ababebona okwakuza. U-Admiral Chester Nimitz wenqabile ukuyala iPacific Fleet. Indodana yakhe, uChester Nimitz Jr. kamuva yatshela i-History Channel ukuthi ukucabanga kukayise kwakumi kanje: “Kuwukuqagela kwami ​​ukuthi amaJapane azosihlasela ngokuzumayo. Kuyoba khona ukuvukela ezweni ngokumelene nabo bonke abaphethe olwandle, futhi bazoshintshwa abantu abasezikhundleni eziphezulu ngasogwini, futhi ngifuna ukuba ogwini, hhayi olwandle, lapho lokho kwenzeka. "[xvii]

Ekuqaleni kuka-1941, izikhulu zezempi zase-US nezaseBrithani zahlangana ukuze zihlele isu lazo lokunqoba iJalimane kanye neJapane, lapho i-United States isisempini. Ngo-Ephreli, uMongameli Roosevelt waqala ukuba imikhumbi yase-US yazise amasosha aseBrithani ngezindawo zama-U-boats nezindiza zaseJalimane. Wabe eseqala ukuvumela ukuthunyelwa kwezimpahla emasosheni aseBrithani eNyakatho Afrika. IJalimane yamangalela uRoosevelt “ngokuzama ngazo zonke izindlela anazo ukuvusa izigameko ngenjongo yokufaka abantu baseMelika empini.”[xviii]

NgoJanuwari 1941, the I-Japan Umkhangisi izwakalise intukuthelo yayo ngokwakhiwa kwamasosha ase-US ePearl Harbor esihlokweni somhleli, futhi inxusa laseMelika eJapane labhala encwadini yalo yezenzakalo: “Kunezinkulumo eziningi edolobheni mayelana nokuthi amaJapane, uma kwenzeka i-United States, ihlela ukwenza konke ekuhlaseleni kwabantu abaningi okungalindelekile ePearl Harbor. Yebo ngimazisile uhulumeni wami.”[xix] NgoFebhuwari 5, 1941, Admiral owedlule uRichmond Kelly Turner wabhalela uNobhala weMpi uHenry Stimson ukuba axwayise ngokuthi kungenzeka ukuhlaselwa okumangalisayo ePearl Harbour.

Ngo-April 28, 1941, uChurchill wabhala incwadi eyimfihlo eya kukhabhinethi yakhe yempi: “Kungase kuthathwe njengokuqiniseka ukuthi ukungena kweJapane empini kwakuyolandelwa ukungena ngokushesha kwe-United States ngasohlangothini lwethu.” Ngo-May 24, 1941, i- New York Times yabika ngokuqeqeshwa kwe-US kwebutho lasemoyeni laseShayina, kanye nokuhlinzekwa “kwezindiza eziningi zokulwa nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu” eChina yi-United States neBrithani. “Kulindelwe Ukuqhunyiswa Kwamabhomu Emadolobheni AseJapane” sasifundeka kanjalo isihlokwana.[xx] Ngo-May 31, 1941, e-Keep America Out of War Congress, uWilliam Henry Chamberlin wanikeza isixwayiso esibuhlungu: “Ukuduba ngokuphelele kwezomnotho eJapane, ukumiswa kokuthunyelwa kukawoyela ngokwesibonelo, kwakuzosunduza iJapane ezandleni ze-Axis. Impi yezomnotho ingaba yisandulela sempi yasolwandle neyempi. ”[xxi]

Ngo-July 7, 1941, amasosha ase-US ethatha i-Iceland.

NgoJulayi, 1941, i-Joint Army-Navy Board yayisigunyaze uhlelo olubizwa ngokuthi i-JB 355 lokuqhumisa ibhomu eJapan. Inkampani yangaphambili izothenga izindiza zaseMelika ukuthi zihanjiswe ngamavolontiya aseMelika. Roosevelt wagunyaza, futhi uchwepheshe wakhe waseChina u-Lauchlin Currie, ngamazwi kaNicholson Baker, “wabhalela uMadame Chiang Kai-Shek noClaire Chennault incwadi eyayincenga ukuthi izinhloli zaseJapane zingene.” I-1st American Volunteer Group (AVG) ye-Chinese Air Force, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Flying Tigers, yaqhubekela phambili nokuqasha nokuqeqeshwa ngokushesha, yanikezwa eChina ngaphambi kwePearl Harbor, futhi yaqala ukubona ukulwa ngoDisemba 20, 1941.[xxii]

Ngo-July 9, 1941, uMongameli Roosevelt wacela izikhulu zezempi zase-US ukuba zenze amacebo okulwa neJalimane namadlelandawonye ayo kanye neJapane. Incwadi yakhe eyenza lokhu yacashunwa ngokugcwele embikweni wezindaba ngoDisemba 4, 1941 - okwakungokokuqala ngqa ukuthi umphakathi wase-US uzwe lutho ngakho. Bheka uDecember 4, 1941, ngezansi.

NgoJulayi 24, 1941, uMongameli Roosevelt waphawula, “Uma sinqamula uwoyela, [amaJapane] cishe ngabe ehlele eDutch East Indies ngonyaka odlule, futhi ngabe nibe nempi. Bekubaluleke kakhulu ngokombono wethu wobugovu wezokuvikela ukuvimbela impi ukuthi iqale eNingizimu Pacific. Ngakho-ke inqubomgomo yethu yezangaphandle ibizama ukuvimba impi ukuthi ingaqubuki lapho. ”[xxiii] Izintatheli ziqaphele ukuthi uRoosevelt uthe "ukhona" kunokuthi "ukhona." Ngosuku olulandelayo, uRoosevelt wakhipha i-oda eliphezulu lokumisa izimpahla zaseJapane. I-United States neBrithani banqamula uwoyela nezinsimbi ezilahliwe eJapane. U-Radhabinod Pal, isazi sezomthetho saseNdiya esasebenza enkantolo yamacala obugebengu ezimpini ngemva kwempi, wathola ukuthi lezi zivumelwano ziwusongo oluvusa inkanuko eJapane.[xxiv]

Ngo-Agasti 7, 1941, the I-Japan Times Umkhangisi wabhala: “Okokuqala kwaba nokudalwa kwe-superbase eSingapore, kuqiniswa kakhulu ngamasosha waseBrithani nawaseMbusweni. Ukusuka kule ndawo kwakhiwa isondo elikhulu futhi laxhunyaniswa nezisekelo zaseMelika ukwakha indandatho enhle egcwele endaweni enkulu eningizimu nasentshonalanga ukusuka ePhilippines kudlula eMalaya naseBurma, ngesixhumanisi esiphihliwe kuphela enhlonhlweni yaseThailand. Manje sekuhlongozwa ukuthi kufakwe izingcingo ezivalekile, ezifika eRangoon. "[xxv]

Ngo-August 12, 1941, uRoosevelt wahlangana ngasese noChurchill eNewfoundland (ngenkathi eshaya indiva izicelo zikaNdunankulu waseJapane zomhlangano) futhi wadweba i-Atlantic Charter, eyabeka izinjongo zempi yempi i-United States yayingakakabi ngokusemthethweni. in. UChurchill wacela uRoosevelt ukuthi ajoyine impi ngokushesha, kodwa wenqaba. Ngemva kwalomhlangano oyimfihlo, ngo-August 18^th, uChurchill wahlangana nekhabhinethi yakhe emuva ku-10 Downing Street eLondon. UChurchill utshele iKhabhinethi yakhe, ngokwamaminithi ukuthi: “UMongameli [waseMelika] wayethe uzoyilwa impi kodwa angayimemezela, nokuthi uzocasuka kakhulu. Uma amaJalimane engakuthandi, angahlasela amabutho aseMelika. Konke kwakufanele kwenziwe ukuze kuphoqwe ‘isigameko’ esingaholela empini.”[xxvi]

UChurchill kamuva (ngoJanuwari 1942) wakhuluma eHouse of Commons: “Kuye kwaba umgomo weKhabhinethi ngazo zonke izindlela ukugwema ukuhilizisana neJapane kuze kube yilapho siqiniseka ukuthi iUnited States nayo izothembisana umshado. . . Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amathuba, kusukela eNgqungqutheleni yase-Atlantic lapho ngaxoxisana khona noMongameli Roosevelt ngalezi zindaba, ukuthi i-United Slates, ngisho noma ingahlaseli yona, izongena empini eMpumalanga Ekude, futhi ngaleyo ndlela yenza ukunqoba kokugcina kuqinisekiswe, kwabonakala kudambisa ezinye izinkathazo futhi lokho okulindelekile akuzange kubhujiswe izenzakalo.”

Abasakazi benkulumo-ze baseBrithani babephinde baphikisana kusukela okungenani ngo-1938 ngokusebenzisa iJapane ukuletha i-United States empini.[xxvii] EMhlanganweni Wase-Atlantic ngo-August 12, 1941, uRoosevelt waqinisekisa uChurchill ukuthi i-United States izoletha ukucindezeleka kwezomnotho eJapane.[xxviii] Empeleni, phakathi nesonto, i-Economic Defence Board yaqala unswinyo lwezomnotho.[xxix] Ngo-September 3, 1941, uMnyango Wezwe LaseMelika wathumela iJapane isicelo sokuba yamukele isimiso “sokungaphazanyiswa isimo esikhona ePacific,” okusho ukuthi iyeke ukushintsha amakoloni aseYurophu abe amakoloni aseJapane.[xxx] NgoSepthemba 1941 imishini yabezindaba yaseJapan yathukuthela ukuthi i-United States isiqalile ukuhambisa uwoyela idlula eJapan lapho ifika eRussia. Iphephandaba laseJapan, lathi iJapan ibulawa ukufa kancane ngenxa “yezomnotho.”[xxxi] NgoSeptemba, 1941, uRoosevelt wamemezela inqubomgomo "yokudubula ngokubona" ​​kunoma yimiphi imikhumbi yaseJalimane noma yase-Italy emanzini ase-US.

INDLELA YOKUDAYISA NGEMPI

Ngo-October 27, 1941, uRoosevelt wenza inkulumo[xxxii]:

“Ezinyangeni ezinhlanu ezedlule namhlanje ebusuku ngimemezele kubantu baseMelika ukuthi kunesimo esiphuthumayo esingenamkhawulo. Kusukela lapho kuningi okwenzekile. Amasosha ethu kanye Nasolwandle ase-Iceland okwesikhashana ekuvikeleni i-Western Hemisphere. UHitler uhlasele imikhumbi ezindaweni eziseduze neMelika eNyakatho naseNingizimu ye-Atlantic. Imikhumbi eminingi yabahwebi yaseMelika icwile olwandle. Umbhubhisi oyedwa waseMelika wahlaselwa ngoSepthemba wesine. Omunye umbhubhisi wahlaselwa washaywa ngo-Okthoba weshumi nesikhombisa. Amadoda ayishumi nanye anesibindi nathembekile eNavy yethu abulawa amaNazi. Besifisa ukugwema ukudubula. Kodwa ukudubula sekuqalile. Nomlando uqophile ukuthi ngubani owadubula ishodi lokuqala. Nokho-ke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi okuzobe kusemqoka wukuthi ngubani odubule okokugcina. IMelika ihlaselwe. I USS Kearny akuwona nje umkhumbi wasolwandle. Ungowawo wonke amadoda, abesifazane nezingane kulesi sizwe. I-Illinois, Alabama, California, North Carolina, Ohio, Louisiana, Texas, Pennsylvania, Georgia, Arkansas, New York, Virginia Kearny. I-torpedo kaHitler yayiqondiswe kuwo wonke umuntu waseMelika noma ngabe uhlala ogwini lwethu lolwandle noma engxenyeni engaphakathi yesizwe, kude nolwandle futhi kude nezibhamu namathangi esixuku esimashayo salabo ababezoba abanqobi bomhlaba. Inhloso yokuhlasela kukaHitler kwakuwukwethusa abantu baseMelika olwandle - ukusiphoqa ukuthi sihoxe ngokuthuthumela. Akukhona okokuqala ehlulela kabi umoya waseMelika. Lowomoya usuvukile manje.”

Umkhumbi wacwila ngo-September 4 kwaba Greer. Umphathi Wezokusebenza Kwezempi Yasemanzini e-US uHarold Stark wethula ubufakazi phambi kweKomidi Lezindaba Zezempi Yezigelekeqe ukuthi Greer ibilandelela umkhumbi-ngwenya waseJalimane futhi idlulisela indawo yayo endizeni yaseBrithani, eyehlise izindleko ezijulile kumkhumbi-ngwenya ngaphandle kwempumelelo. Ngemuva kwamahora wokulandelwa yi- Greer,umkhumbi-ngwenya waphenduka wadubula.

Umkhumbi wacwila ngo-Okthoba 17, the Kearny, bekuyi-replay ye Greer. Kungenzeka ukuthi ngokungaqondakali kwakungokomoya wawo wonke amaMelika nokunye, kodwa kwakungelona msulwa. Kwakuyingxenye yempi i-United States engazange ingene ngokusemthethweni, lapho umphakathi wase-US wawuphikisana ngokuqinile nokungena, kodwa umongameli wase-US wayezimisele ukuqhubeka nayo. Lowo mongameli waqhubeka:

“Uma ngabe inqubomgomo yethu kazwelonke ibingalawulwa wukwesaba ukudubula, kuzomele yonke imikhumbi yethu kanye neyamaRiphabhulikhi angodade wethu kuboshelwe ezikhumulweni zemikhumbi. I-Navy yethu kuzofanele ihlale ngenhlonipho-ngokudelelayo-ngemuva kwanoma yimuphi umugqa uHitler angase awunqume kunoma yiluphi ulwandle njengenguqulo yakhe emisiwe yendawo yakhe yempi. Ngokwemvelo siyasenqaba leso siphakamiso esingenangqondo nesihlambalazayo. Siyakwenqaba ngenxa yenzuzo yethu siqu, ngenxa yokuzihlonipha kwethu, ngoba, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngenxa yokholo lwethu oluhle. Inkululeko yolwandle manje, njengoba bekuhlale kunjalo, iwumgomo oyisisekelo kahulumeni wenu nowami.”

Le ngxabano yama-strawman incike ezenzweni zokuthi imikhumbi engenacala engahlanganyeli empini yahlaselwa, nokuthi isithunzi somuntu sincike ekuthumeleni imikhumbi yempi izungeze izilwandle zomhlaba. Kungumzamo osobala ohlekisayo wokukhohlisa umphakathi, lapho u-Roosevelt bekufanele akhokhe izikweletu kubashicileli be-WWI. Manje sifika esibalweni sokuthi uMengameli ubonakala ecabanga ukuthi uzoluvala udaba lwakhe ngempi. Kuyicala elisekelwe cishe embonweni waseBrithani, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthi uRoosevelt wayekukholelwa ngempela ayekusho:

"UHitler ubelokhu ephikisana ngokuthi izinhlelo zakhe zokunqoba azidluleli ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantic Ocean. Kodwa imikhumbi-ngwenya yakhe nabahlaseli bafakazela okuhlukile. Kanjalo nawo wonke umklamo wohlelo lwakhe lomhlaba omusha. Ngokwesibonelo, nginebalazwe eliyimfihlo elenziwe eJalimane uhulumeni kaHitler—abahleli bohlelo lwezwe elisha. Kuyimephu yaseNingizimu Melika kanye nengxenye ye-Central America, njengoba uHitler ehlongoza ukuyihlela kabusha. Namuhla kule ndawo kunamazwe ayishumi nane ahlukene. Ochwepheshe bezindawo zaseBerlin, nokho, baye bachitha ngonya yonke imingcele ekhona; futhi baye bahlukanisa iNingizimu Melika yaba yizifundazwe ezinhlanu ezingaphansi kombuso, baletha izwekazi lonke ngaphansi kombuso wabo. Futhi bakuhlele kangangokuthi indawo yesinye salezi zifunda zonodoli ezintsha ihlanganisa iRiphabhulikhi yasePanama kanye nomzila wethu omkhulu wempilo - iPanama Canal. Icebo lakhe lelo. Akusoze kwaqala ukusebenza. Le mephu ikwenza kucace ukwakheka kwamaNazi hhayi nje ngokumelene neNingizimu Melika kodwa ngokumelene ne-United States ngokwayo.”

U-Roosevelt uhlele le nkulumo ukuze asuse ukugomela ngobuqiniso bemephu. Wenqabile ukukhombisa imephu kwabezindaba noma umphakathi. Akazange asho ukuthi imephu ivelaphi, ukuthi wayixhuma kanjani kuHitler, noma ukuthi iwufanekisela kanjani umklamo omelene ne-United States, noma - ngaleyo ndaba - ukuthi umuntu wayengayisika kanjani iLatin America futhi angafaki iPanama.

Ngenkathi esenguNdunankulu ngo-1940, uChurchill wayesesungule isikhungo esibizwa ngeBritish Security Coordination (BSC) ngenhloso yokusebenzisa noma yimaphi amaqhinga angcolile adingekayo ukuze iMelika ingene empini. I-BSC yaqedwa ezitezi ezintathu zeRockefeller Center eNew York ngumuntu waseCanada ogama lakhe linguWilliam Stephenson - oyimodeli kaJames Bond, ngokusho kuka-Ian Fleming. Yayiphethe isiteshi sayo somsakazo, i-WRUL, kanye nesikhungo sabezindaba, i-Overseas News Agency (ONA). Amakhulu noma izinkulungwane zabasebenzi be-BSC, kamuva okuhlanganisa no-Roald Dahl, bazigcina bematasa bethumela izinto ezingelona iqiniso kwabezindaba zase-US, bedala ababhula ngezinkanyezi ukuze babikezele ukushabalala kukaHitler, futhi bedala amahlebezi angamanga ezikhali ezintsha ezinamandla zaseBrithani. Roosevelt wayewazi kahle umsebenzi we-BSC, kanjalo ne-FBI.

NgokukaWilliam Boyd, umbhali wamanoveli ophenye le nhlangano, “i-BSC iguqule umdlalo womsangano obizwa nge-'Vik' - 'indlela entsha yokuzijabulisa yabathandi bentando yeningi'. Amaqembu abadlali be-Vik kulo lonke elase-USA athole amaphuzu kuye ngezinga lokuphoxeka nokucasuka ababangele labo ababezwelana namaNazi. Abadlali banxuswa ukuthi bazitike ochungechungeni lokushushiswa okuncane - izingcingo eziqhubekayo 'zezinombolo ezingalungile' ebusuku; amagundane afile awela emathangeni amanzi; uku-oda izipho ezinzima ukuthi zilethwe, imali uma ilethwa, kumakheli okuqondiwe; ukucwilisa amathayi ezimoto; ukuqasha abaculi basemgwaqweni ukuthi badlale ingoma ethi ‘God Save the King’ ngaphandle kwezindlu zamaNazi, nokunye.”[xxxiii]

U-Ivar Bryce, owayengumlamu ka-Walter Lippman kanye nomngane ka-Ian Fleming, wasebenzela i-BSC, kwathi ngo-1975 washicilela incwadi yesikhumbuzo ethi ukhiqize lapho uhlaka lokuqala lwebalazwe lomgunyathi lika-Roosevelt, elaligunyazwe uStephenson kanye ehlelwe ukuthi itholwe uhulumeni wase-US nendaba engamanga ngemvelaphi yayo.[xxxiv] Ukuthi i-FBI kanye/noma u-Roosevelt wayekhona kuleli qhinga akucaci. Kuyo yonke imigilingwane edonswa ama-ejenti “obuhlakani” eminyakeni edlule, lena bekungeminye ephumelele kakhulu, nokho ebingenawo amacilongo, njengoba amaBritish kufanele abe umfelandawonye wase-US. Abafundi bezincwadi base-US kanye nababukeli bamamuvi babezolahla ingcebo ekuthandeni uJames Bond, noma ngabe imodeli yakhe yangempela yayizame ukubakhohlisa empini embi kunazo zonke eyake yabonwa umhlaba.

Vele, iJalimane yayizabalaza empini eyadonsa kanzima neSoviet Union, futhi yayingazange ilokothe ​​ukuhlasela iNgilandi. Ukuthatha iNingizimu Melika kwakungeke kwenzeke. Alikho irekhodi lebalazwe lomgunyathi elake lavela eJalimane, futhi ukuqagela ukuthi ngandlela thize kungenzeka kube nesithunzi seqiniso kulo kubonakala kucindezeleke kakhulu kumongo wesigaba esilandelayo senkulumo kaRoosevelt, lapho athi unomunye umbhalo futhi akazange abonise muntu futhi okungenzeka ukuthi akukaze kube khona, futhi okuqukethwe kwakho kwakungacabangeki:

“Uhulumeni wakho unomunye umqulu owenziwe eJalimane uhulumeni kaHitler. Kuwuhlelo olunemininingwane, okuthi, ngenxa yezizathu ezisobala, amaNazi awazange afise futhi angafisi ukumemezela okwamanje, kodwa alungele ukukubeka - kamuva nje - emhlabeni obuswa - uma uHitler ewina. Kuwuhlelo lokuqeda zonke izinkolo ezikhona - amaProthestani, amaKhatholika, amaMohammed, amaHindu, amaBuddha, namaJuda ngokufanayo. Impahla yawo wonke amasonto izothathwa yiReich nonodoli bayo. Isiphambano kanye nazo zonke ezinye izimpawu zenkolo akumelwe kwenqatshelwe. Abefundisi bazothuliswa phakade ngaphansi kwesijeziso samakamu okuhlushwa, lapho ngisho namanje amadoda amaningi angesabi ahlukunyezwayo ngenxa yokuthi abeke uNkulunkulu ngaphezu kukaHitler. Esikhundleni samabandla empucuko yethu, kuzomiswa i-International Nazi Church - isonto elizokhonzwa izikhulumi ezithunyelwe uHulumeni wamaNazi. Esikhundleni seBhayibheli, amagama ka-Mein Kampf azobekwa futhi asetshenziswe njenge-Holy Writ. Futhi esikhundleni sesiphambano sikaKristu kuzobekwa izimpawu ezimbili - i-swastika nenkemba enqunu. UNkulunkulu Wegazi Nensimbi uzothatha indawo kaNkulunkulu Wothando NoMusa. Ake sicabangisise kahle ngalenkulumo engiyisho kusihlwa.”

Ngokungangabazeki, lokhu bekungasekelwe eqinisweni; inkolo yayiqhutshwa obala emazweni ayebuswa amaNazi, kwezinye izimo ayesanda kubuyiselwa ngemva kokungakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaSoviet, futhi izindondo amaNazi ayezinikeza abasekeli bawo abakhulu zazibunjwe njengeziphambano. Kodwa inkundla yokungena empini yothando nesihe kwaba ukuthinta okuhle. Ngakusasa, intatheli yacela ukubona imephu kaRoosevelt futhi yenqatshwa. Ngokwazi kwami, akekho noyedwa owake wacela ukubona lo omunye umbhalo. Kungenzeka ukuthi abantu baqonde ukuthi lokhu akusona isimangalo esingokoqobo sokuthi unombhalo wangempela onawo, kodwa ukuvikela inkolo engcwele ebubini—hhayi into okufanele ibuzwe ngokungabaza noma ukungathí sina. Roosevelt waqhubeka:

“Lawa maqiniso abuhlungu enginitshele wona mayelana nezinhlelo zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo zobuHitler azophikwa kabuhlungu namuhla nakusasa emaphephandabeni nasemsakazweni olawulwa yi-Axis Powers. Futhi abanye abantu baseMelika - hhayi abaningi - bazoqhubeka nokugcizelela ukuthi izinhlelo zikaHitler akufanele zisikhathaze - nokuthi akufanele sizikhathaze nganoma yini eqhubekayo ngale kokudutshulwa kwezibhamu ogwini lwethu. Ukubhikisha kwalezi zakhamizi zaseMelika - ezimbalwa ngenani - kuzoshayelwa ihlombe njengenjwayelo kumaphephandaba kanye nomsakazo we-Axis ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ezizayo, emzamweni wokuqinisekisa umhlaba ukuthi iningi labantu baseMelika liyaphikisana nabakhethwe ngokufanelekile. Uhulumeni, futhi empeleni ulindele kuphela ukugxumela enqoleni yeqembu likaHitler uma ifika ngale ndlela. Inhloso yabantu baseMelika abanjalo akuyona into ekhulunywa ngayo. ”

Cha, iphuzu kubonakala sengathi bekuwukukhawulela abantu ezintweni ezimbili futhi bangene empini.

“Iqiniso liwukuthi inkulumo-ze yamaNazi iyaqhubeka ngokuphelelwa yithemba ukuze ibambe lezi zinkulumo ezingazodwa njengobufakazi bokwehlukana kweMelika. AmaNazi enze olwawo uhlu lwamaqhawe esimanje aseMelika. Ngenhlanhla, uhlu olufushane. Ngiyajabula ukuthi aliqukethe igama lami. Sonke thina maMelika, kuyo yonke imibono, sibhekene nokukhetha phakathi kohlobo lwezwe esifuna ukuphila kulo kanye nohlobo lwezwe uHitler nezixuku zakhe abangalubeka phezu kwethu. Akekho kithi ofuna ukumba ngaphansi komhlabathi futhi aphile ebumnyameni obuphelele njengemvukuzane ethokomele. Imashi eya phambili kaHitler kanye ne-Hitlerism ingamiswa - futhi izomiswa. Kalula nje futhi ngokungagunci - sizibophezele ukuthi sizodonsa isigwedlo sethu ekubhujisweni kwe-Hitlerism. Futhi lapho sesisize ekuqedeni isiqalekiso sikaHitler sizosiza ekumiseni ukuthula okusha okuyonikeza abantu abahloniphekile yonke indawo ithuba elingcono lokuphila nokuchuma ngokulondeka nenkululeko nokholo. Usuku ngalunye oludlulayo sikhiqiza futhi sinikeza izikhali eziningi kakhulu zamadoda alwa ezimpini zangempela. Lowo ngumsebenzi wethu oyinhloko. Futhi kuyintando yesizwe ukuthi lezi zikhali ezibalulekile kanye nempahla yazo zonke izinhlobo ngeke zivalelwe emachwebeni aseMelika noma kuthunyelwe phansi olwandle. Kuyintando yesizwe ukuthi iMelika ilethe impahla. Ngokuphikisana naleyo ntando, imikhumbi yethu icwile futhi amatilosi ethu abulewe. "

Lapha uRoosevelt uyavuma ukuthi imikhumbi yase-US ecwiliswe yiJalimane yayibambe iqhaza ekulweni neJalimane. Ubonakala ekholelwa ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ukukholisa umphakathi wase-US ukuthi usuvele usempini kunokuqhubeka nesimangalo sokuthi imikhumbi ehlaselwe yayingenacala ngokuphelele.

NGASEKUPHELENI kuka-1941

Ngasekupheleni kuka-October, 1941, inhloli yaseMelika u-Edgar Mowrer yakhuluma nendoda yaseManila okuthiwa u-Ernest Johnson, ilungu leKhomishana Yezasolwandle, eyathi ilindele ukuthi “AmaJaps azothatha iManila ngaphambi kokuba ngiphume.” Lapho uMowrer ezwakalisa ukumangala, uJohnson waphendula wathi “Beningazi ukuthi imikhumbi yaseJap isithuthele ngasempumalanga, mhlawumbe izohlasela imikhumbi yethu ePearl Harbor?”[xxxv]

NgoNovemba 3, 1941, inxusa lase-US eJapane, uJoseph Grew, wazama - hhayi okokuqala - ukuxhumana okuthile nohulumeni wakhe, uhulumeni okungenzeka ukuthi wayengakwazi ukuqonda, noma ehileleke kakhulu ekuhleleni impi, noma kokubili. , kodwa okwakungacabangi ngisho nokucabangela ukusebenzela ukuthula. UGrew uthumele ucingo olude eMnyangweni Wezwe exwayisa ngokuthi unswinyo lwezomnotho olubekwe yi-United States lungase luphoqe iJapan ukuthi yenze “i-hara-kiri kazwelonke.” Wabhala: “Ukungqubuzana kwezikhali ne-United States kungase kufike ngokuzumayo okuyingozi nokumangalisayo.”[xxxvi]

Encwadini ka-2022 AmaDiplomats & Admirals, uDale A. Jenkins ubhala ngokuphindaphindiwe, imizamo yokuphelelwa ithemba kaNdunankulu waseJapane Fumimaro Konoe ukuthola umhlangano wobuso nobuso ne-FDR ukuze kuxoxiswane ngokuthula ngendlela uhulumeni wase-Japan namasosha okufanele ayamukele. UJenkins ucaphuna incwadi evela kuGrew ezwakalisa inkolelo yakhe yokuthi lokhu bekuyosebenza, ukube i-US ibiwuvumile umhlangano. UJenkins uphinde abhale ukuthi izakhamizi zase-US (Hull, Stimson, Knowx), ngokungafani nabaholi bezempi baseMelika, bakholelwa ukuthi impi neJapan izoshesha futhi iphumele ekunqobeni okulula. UJenkins uphinde akhombise ukuthi uHull wathonywa yiChina neBrithani ngokumelene nanoma yini enye ngaphandle kobutha nokucindezela eJapane.

Ngo-November 6, 1941, iJapane yahlongoza isivumelwano ne-United States esasihlanganisa ukuhoxa ingxenye yamaJapane eChina. I-United States yasichitha lesi siphakamiso ngoNovemba 14^th.[xxxvii]

Ngo-November 15, 1941, uMphathi Wezempi Wase-United States uGeorge Marshall wabikela abezindaba ngokuthile esingakukhumbuli “njengoHlelo lukaMarshall.” Eqinisweni asisakhumbuli nakancane. "Silungiselela impi ehlaselayo neJapan," kusho uMarshall, ecela izintatheli ukuthi zikugcine kuyimfihlo, engikwaziyo ukuthi bakwenza ngokuzimisela.[xxxviii] UMarshall utshele iCongress ngo-1945 ukuthi i-United States iqale izivumelwano ze-Anglo-Dutch-American zokwenza isenzo esihlangene ngokumelene neJapane futhi zaqala ukusebenza ngaphambi kukaDisemba 7.^th.[xxxix]

Ngo-November 20, 1941, iJapane yahlongoza isivumelwano esisha ne-United States sokuthula nokubambisana phakathi kwalezi zizwe ezimbili.[xl]

NgoNovemba 25, 1941, uNobhala Wezempi uHenry Stimson wabhala encwadini yakhe ukuthi wayehlangane eHhovisi le-Oval noMarshall, uMongameli Roosevelt, uNobhala weNavy Frank Knox, u-Admiral Harold Stark, noNobhala Wezwe uCordell Hull. Roosevelt wayebatshele ukuthi amaJapane ayengase ahlasele ngokushesha, ngokunokwenzeka ngoMsombuluko olandelayo, ngo-December 1, 1941. UStimson wabhala: “Umbuzo wawuwukuthi kufanele siwaqondise kanjani esimweni sokudubula isibhamu sokuqala ngaphandle kokuvumela ingozi enkulu kakhulu. kithi. Bekuyisiphakamiso esinzima.”

NgoNovemba 26, 1941, i-United States yenza isiphakamiso esiphikisana nesiphakamiso saseJapane sezinsuku eziyisithupha ngaphambili.[xli] Kulesi siphakamiso, ngezinye izikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi i-Hull Note, ngezinye izikhathi i-Hull Ultimatum, i-United States yayidinga ukuhoxa okuphelele kwamaJapane e-China, kodwa akukho ukuhoxa kwe-US e-Philippines noma kwenye indawo e-Pacific. AmaJapane asenqaba lesi siphakamiso. Kubonakala sengathi asikho isizwe esatshala imali ukude kulezi zingxoxo ezazenza ukulungiselela impi. UHenry Luce ubhekise ku Ukuphila ngo-July 20, 1942, owawuya “kumaShayina i-United States eyayibanikeze isimemezelo esaletha iPearl Harbor.”[xlii]

"Ngasekupheleni kukaNovemba," ngokusho kokuvota kukaGallup, ama-52% abantu baseMelika batshele abavoti beGallup ukuthi i-United States izoba sempini neJapan "esikhathini esizayo esiseduze."[xliii] Impi yayingeke isimangaze ngaphezu kwengxenye yezwe, noma kuhulumeni wase-US.

Ngomhla zingama-27 kuNovemba 1941, u-Admiral wangemuva u-Royal Ingersoll wathumela isixwayiso sempi neJapane emiyalweni emine yezempi yasolwandle. Ngomhla zingama-28 kuNovemba, u-Admiral Harold Rainsford Stark wasithumela kabusha kanye nomyalelo owengeziwe: “UMA UBUTHA NGEKE BANGAPHINDE ABUYIPHETHEKILE I-UNITED STATES IFISA UKUTHI IJAPAN LENZE UMTHETHO WOKUQALA EBEKILE.”[xliv] Ngo-November 28, 1941, uVice Admiral uWilliam F. Halsey, Omncane, wanikeza iziyalezo “zokudubula phansi noma yini esiyibona esibhakabhakeni futhi siqhumise ngamabhomu noma yini esiyibona olwandle.”[xlv] NgoNovemba 30, 1941, i- Umkhangisi we-Honolulu yayinesihloko esikhulu esithi “Isiteleka SaseJapane Ngempelasonto.”[xlvi] NgoDisemba 2, 1941, i- New York Times yabika ukuthi iJapane “yayinqanyulwe cishe amaphesenti angu-75 ohwebo lwayo oluvamile ngenxa yokuvinjelwa kweZizwe Ezihlangene.”[xlvii] Embhalweni onamakhasi angama-20 ngoDisemba 4, 1941, iHhovisi Lezobunhloli Zasemanzini laxwayisa, “Njengoba silindele ukungqubuzana obala naleli zwe, iJapan isebenzisa ngamandla wonke ama-ejensi atholakalayo ukuze ivikele imininingwane yezempi, yezempi yasolwandle kanye neyezohwebo, inaka kakhulu Ugu oluseNtshonalanga, iPanama Canal, kanye neNdawo yaseHawaii.”[xlviii]

NgoDisemba 1, 1941, u-Admiral Harold Stark u-Admiral uHarold Stark, uMphathi Wezokusebenza Kwemikhumbi, uthumele i-radiogram ku-Admiral uThomas C. Hart, uMkhuzi Omkhulu Wemikhumbi Yase-Asiatic yase-US ozinze eManila, ePhilippines: “UMONGAMELI UQONDA UKUTHI LOKHU OKULANDELAYO MAKWENZIWE MASHESHA FUTHI NGEZINSUKU EZIMBILI UMA KUNGENZEKA NGEMVA KOKUTHOLA LOKHU KUTHUNYWA. SHATHA IMIKHUBA EZINTATHU EMINCANE UKWENZA I-QUOTE YOKUVIKELA ULWAZI UNGANQUOTE. IZIDINGO EZINCANE ZOKWAKHIWA UBUZIZI NJENGE-UNITED STATES AMADODA EZIMPI AYALWA YISIKHULU ESIPHATHELENE FUTHI UKUQHUBEKA ISIBHAMU ESINCANE KANYE NESIBHAMU ESIWODWA SOMTSHINI KUYOKWANELA. AMAQEMBU E-FILIPINO ANGAQESHWA NGEZILINGANISO EZINGCINCANE ZASE-NAVAL UKUZE BAFEZE INHLOSO OKUYI-BUKA FUTHI OKUBIKWE NGOMSAKAZO WASE-JAPANESE E-WEST CHINA SEA KANYE NE-GULF OF SIAM. EMKHUBENI OWODWA OZOMISWA PHAKATHI KWE-HAINAN KANYE NE-HUE EMKHUNI OWODWA OGWENI lwase-Indo-CHINA PHAKATHI KWE-CAMRANH BAY NE-CAPE ST. UJACQUES KANYE NOMKHUBA OWODWA KUPHUMILE E-POINTE DE CAMAU. UKUSETSHENZISWA KWE Elizabeth IGUNYAZWE NGUMENGAMELI NJENGOMUNYE WEMISHAYA EMITHATHU KODWA AKUSIYO EMINYE IMIKHUBA YASEMANDLA. BIKA IZINYATHELO EZITHATHWE UKWENZA IMIBONO YOMONGAMELI. NGESIKHATHI ESIFANAYO NGAZISE NGOKUTHI IZIPHI IZINYATHELO ZOKUBUYISANA EZIVAMISE UKWENZA OLWANDWENI YIZO ZOMBILI IBUTHO KANYE NE-NAVY KUNGAKHATHALISEKI IMIPHUMELA YASEMOYENI NOMA IZIKHIBHA KANYE NOMBONO WAKHO NGOKUSEBENZA KWALEZI KAMUVA. IMFIHLO EPHEZULU."

Omunye wemikhumbi enikezwe isabelo esingenhla, i Lanikai, yayiphethwe indoda egama layo linguKemp Tolley, kamuva eyabhala incwadi ethula ubufakazi bokuthi i-FDR yayihlose le mikhumbi njengesiyengo, ngethemba lokuthi izohlaselwa yiJapane. (The Lanikai wayelungiselela ukwenza njengoba eyaliwe lapho iJapane ihlasela iPearl Harbor.) UTolley wathi u-Admiral Hart akazange nje avumelane naye kodwa wathi uyakwazi ukufakazela lokho. U-Admiral Tolley Owasemuva Owathatha Umhlalaphansi washona ngo-2000. Kusukela ngo-1949 kuya ku-1952, ubekade engumqondisi wophiko lwezobunhloli e-Armed Forces Staff College eNorfolk, eVirginia. Ngo-1992, wangeniswa e-Defence Attache Hall of Fame eWashington. Ngo-1993, wahlonishwa e-White House Rose Garden nguMongameli uBill Clinton. Ibhasi lethusi lika-Admiral Tolley lakhiwa e-United States Naval Academy ngokuhlonishwa kwakhe. Ungathola konke lokhu kubalwa kuyo Wikipedia, ngaphandle kokuthi u-Tolley wake washo nezwi elilodwa mayelana nokwabelwa umkhankaso wokuzibulala ukuze asize ukuqala iWWII. Kodwa-ke, izidumbu zakhe zisezindaweni Baltimore Sun futhi Washington Post bobabili babika ukugomela kwakhe okuyisisekelo ngaphandle kokwengeza igama elilodwa ukuthi amaqiniso ayakusekela yini. Ngamagama amaningi ngalowo mbuzo, ngincoma incwadi kaTolley, eshicilelwe yiNaval Institute Press e-Annapolis, eMaryland, I-Cruise of the Lanikai: Ukugqugquzela Impi.

Ngo-December 4, 1941, amaphephandaba, kuhlanganise ne- Chicago Tribune, yashicilela uhlelo lwe-FDR lokunqoba impi. Bengibhale izincwadi nezindatshana ezikhuluma ngalesi sihloko iminyaka eminingi ngaphambi kokuthi ngiwele kulesi siqephu sencwadi ka-Andrew Cockburn ka-2021, Izimpango Zempi: "

“[T] sibonga ngokuputshuza okwenza izambulo zika-Edward Snowden zibukeke ziwubala uma kuqhathaniswa, imininingwane egcwele yaleli 'Su lokunqoba' livele ekhasini lokuqala lomuntu ozihlukanisa yedwa. Chicago Tribune ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuhlasela kwamaJapane. Izinsolo zawela kujenene Wezempi okusolwa ukuthi uzwelana namaJalimane. Kodwa i TribuneUmphathi wehhovisi laseWashington ngaleso sikhathi, u-Walter Trojan, wangitshela eminyakeni edlule ukuthi kwakungumphathi we-Air Corps, u-Gen. Henry “Hap” Arnold, owayedlulisele lolu lwazi ngelungu lephalamende elisemthethweni. U-Arnold ukholelwa ukuthi lolu hlelo lusanzima kakhulu ekwabiweni kwezinsiza emsebenzini wakhe, ngakho-ke luhloselwe ukulihlambalaza lapho lizalwa. "

Lezi zithombe ezinhlanu ziqukethe i- Tribune isihloko:

Uhlelo lokunqoba, njengoba kubikwe futhi kucashunwe lapha, ikakhulukazi iJalimane: izungeza ngamasosha aseMelika ayizigidi ezi-5, mhlawumbe amaningi ngaphezulu, elwa okungenani iminyaka emi-2. I-Japan ingeyesibili, kodwa izinhlelo zihlanganisa ukuvinjelwa kanye nokuhlasela kwezindiza. I Tribune izingcaphuno ezigcwele zencwadi ka-July 9, 1941, evela kuRoosevelt okukhulunywe ngayo ngenhla. Uhlelo lokunqoba luhlanganisa izinhloso zempi zase-US zokusekela uMbuso WaseBrithani kanye nokuvimbela ukwanda kombuso waseJapane. Igama elithi “amaJuda” aliveli. Impi yase-US eYurophu yayihlelelwe u-Ephreli 1942, ngokusho "kwemithombo ethembekile" ye- Tribune. The Tribune baphikisana nempi futhi bathanda ukuthula. Yavikela uCharles Lindbergh emacaleni ozwelo lwamaNazi, empeleni ayenawo. Kepha akekho, ngokwazi kwami, owake wangabaza ukunemba kombiko ngohlelo lwangaphambi kwePearl Harbour lokulwa kwe-US kweWWII.

Icaphuna ku Ukuba Nokungenayo nguJonathan Marshall: “Ngomhla zi-5 kuZibandlela, iNhloko Yezisebenzi YaseBrithani yazisa uSir Robert Brooke-Popham, umkhuzi weRoyal Air Force eMalaya, ukuthi i-United States yayisisekela impi uma iJapane ihlasela indawo yaseBrithani noma iNetherlands East Indies; kuzibophezela okufanayo uma kwenzeka amaNgisi esebenzisa uhlelo lwezimo eziphuthumayo iMATADOR. Uhlelo lwakamuva luhlinzekele ukuhlasela kwaseBrithani ngaphambi kokuthatha i-Kra Isthmus uma kwenzeka iJapane ivukela iyiphi ingxenye yeThailand. Ngosuku olulandelayo uKapteni John Creighton, isikhulu samasosha asemanzini ase-US eSingapore, washayela ucingo u-Admiral Hart, umkhuzi omkhulu we-US Asiatic Fleet, emazisa ngalezi zindaba: “UBrooke-Popham uthole uMgqibelo evela eMnyangweni Wezempi waseLondon Quote manje sithole isiqinisekiso sokusekelwa kwezikhali zaseMelika ezimweni ezinjengalezi: a) sinesibopho sokwenza izinhlelo zethu zokuvimbela ukufika kwe-Japs e-Isthmus yaseKra noma ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuphendula ukuhlasela kwe-Nips kunoma iyiphi enye ingxenye ye-Siam XX b) uma i-Dutch Indies ihlaselwa futhi thina iya ekuzivikeleni kwabo XX c) uma amaJaps esihlasela amaBritish XX Ngakho-ke ngaphandle kokubhekisela eLondon faka uhlelo lokusebenza uma kuqala unolwazi oluhle Uhambo lwe-Jap oluthuthukayo ngenhloso esobala yokufika eKra yesibili uma amaNips ephula noma iyiphi ingxenye yeThailand Para Uma ngabe i-NEI ihlaselwa fakwa ezinhlelweni zokusebenza okuvunyelwene ngazo phakathi kwamaBritish namaDashi. Ungacaphuni." UMarshall ucaphuna: “PHA Hearings, X, 5082-5083,” okusho ukulalelwa kweCongressional on the Pearl Harbor Attack. Incazelo yalokhu ibonakala icacile: abaseBrithani babekholelwa ukuthi baqinisekisiwe ukuthi i-US ijoyina impi eJapane yahlasela i-US noma uma iJapane ihlasela amaBrithani noma uma iJapane ihlasela amaDashi noma uma amaBrithani ehlasela iJapane.

Kusukela ngo-December 6, 1941, akukho nhlolovo ethole ukwesekwa komphakathi okuningi kwe-US ngokungena empini.[xlix] Kodwa uRoosevelt wayesevele esungule uhlaka, wavula iNational Guard, wadala iNavy enkulu olwandle olubili, wahweba ababhubhisi abadala eNgilandi ukuze aqashise izisekelo zawo eCaribbean naseBermuda, anikeze izindiza nabaqeqeshi nabashayeli bezindiza eChina, unswinyo olunzima eJapan, weluleka amasosha ase-US ukuthi impi neJapan iyaqala, futhi - ezinsukwini eziyi-11 ngaphambi kokuhlasela kwamaJapan - yayala ngasese ukuthi kudalwe uhlu lwabo bonke abantu baseJapan nabaseMelika baseMelika e-United States. (Siphuthumeni ngobuchwepheshe be-IBM!)

NgoDisemba 7, 1941, ngemva kokuhlasela kwamaJapane, uMongameli Roosevelt wenza isimemezelo sempi ngokumelene neJapane neJalimane, kodwa wanquma ukuthi ngeke kusebenze futhi wahamba neJapane yedwa. NgoDisemba 8^th, ICongress ivotele impi ngokumelene neJapane, kwathi uJeanette Rankin wafaka ivoti elilodwa kuphela lokungaphenduli.

INGXABANO NOKUNTULWA KWAKHO

URobert Stinnett Usuku Lokukhohlisa: Iqiniso Ngo-FDR nasePearl Harbor iphikisana phakathi kosomlando, okuhlanganisa nezimangalo zayo mayelana nolwazi lwase-US lwamakhodi aseJapane kanye nokuxhumana okunekhodi kwaseJapane. Nokho, angicabangi ukuthi elinye lamaphuzu alandelayo kufanele libe nempikiswano:

1. Ulwazi engivele ngilwethulile ngenhla seluvele lungaphezu kokwanele ukuqaphela ukuthi i-United States bekungeyena umuntu obukele omsulwa owahlaselwa kungazelele muntu noma iqembu elizibandakanyayo elenza umzamo omkhulu wokuthula nokuzinza.
2. U-Stinnett ulungile ngokufaka imizamo anayo yokwehliswa kwezigaba futhi enze imibhalo kahulumeni womphakathi, futhi kufanele ukuthi angeke kube khona izaba ezinhle zokuthi Inhlangano Yezokuphepha Kazwelonke iqhubeke nokugcina izinombolo ezinkulu zemikhumbi yempi yaseJapane iyimfihlo emafayilini e-US Navy ango-1941.[l]

Nakuba u-Stinnett ekholelwa ukuthi lokho akutholile okubaluleke kakhulu kufinyelele ephepheni lika-2000 lencwadi yakhe, New York Times ukubuyekezwa kuka-Richard Bernstein we-hardcover yango-1999 kuyaphawuleka ngendlela eyichaza kancane ngayo imibuzo esalokhu ingaqinisekiswa:[li]

“Izazi-mlando zeMpi Yezwe II ngokuvamile ziyavuma ukuthi uRoosevelt wayekholelwa ukuthi impi neJapane ayinakugwenywa nokuthi wayefuna iJapane idubule okokuqala. Okwenziwe nguStinnett, esusa kulowo mbono, kuwukuhlanganisa ubufakazi bemibhalo bokuthi uRoosevelt, ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi ukudubula kokuqala kuzoba nomphumela obuhlungu, kushiye abantu baseMelika bengakwazi ukuzivikela ngamabomu. . . .

“Ingxabano kaStinnett enamandla nephazamisa kakhulu ihlobene nenye yezincazelo ezijwayelekile zempumelelo yaseJapan ekugcineni ukuhlasela kwePearl Harbour okuzayo kuyimfihlo: okungukuthi ibutho elithwala indiza eliye layidedela ligcine ukuthula okuqinile komsakazo kuwo wonke amasonto amathathu ngaphambi kukaDec. 7 futhi kanjalo wagwema ukutholwa. Eqinisweni, u-Stinnett ubhala ukuthi, amaJapane aqhubeka ephula ukuthula komsakazo njengoba abantu baseMelika, besebenzisa amasu okuthola isiqondiso somsakazo, bekwazi ukulandela imikhumbi yaseJapane njengoba ibheka eHawaii. . . .

“Kungenzeka ukuthi uStinnett uqinisile ngalokhu; ngokuqinisekile izinto azivubukulile kufanele zibuyekezwe ezinye izazi-mlando. Nokho ukuba khona nje kobuhlakani akufakazeli ukuthi lobo buhlakani bufinyelele ezandleni ezifanele noma ukuthi bekuzohunyushwa ngokushesha nangendlela efanele.

“UGaddis Smith, isazi-mlando saseNyuvesi yaseYale, uyaphawula mayelana nalokhu mayelana nokwehluleka ukuvikela iPhilippines ekuhlaselweni kwamaJapane, nakuba kwakunokwaziswa okuningi okwakubonisa ukuthi ukuhlasela okunjalo kuyeza. Akekho, ngisho noStinnett, okholelwa ukuthi kube khona noma yikuphi ukugodlwa kolwazi ngamabomu kumkhuzi waseMelika ePhilippines, uDouglas MacArthur. Ulwazi olukhona belungesizathu esithile lungafakwanga ukusetshenziswa.

“Encwadini yakhe ka-1962, I-Pearl Harbor: Isexwayiso Nesinqumo, isazi-mlando uRoberta Wohlstetter sasebenzisa igama elithi static ukukhomba ukudideka, ukungahambisani, ukungaqiniseki okuphelele okuthinte ukuqoqwa kobuhlakani ngaphambi kwempi. Nakuba u-Stinnett ethatha ukuthi ulwazi oluningi manje olubonakala lubalulekile ngabe luthole ukunakwa ngokushesha ngaleso sikhathi, umbono we-Wohlstetter uthi kwakukhona inqwaba yobufakazi obunjalo, izinkulungwane zemibhalo nsuku zonke, nokuthi izikhungo zezobunhloli ezingenabasebenzi abaningi nezisebenza ngokweqile zingase zingabi khona. bakuhumushe kahle ngaleso sikhathi.”

Ukungakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi noma ubuxhwanguxhwangu? Inkulumompikiswano evamile. Ingabe uhulumeni wase-US wehlulekile ukwazi imininingwane eqondile yokuhlasela okuzayo ngoba wawungakwazi noma wawungafuni ukubazi, noma ungafuni izingxenye ezithile zikahulumeni zazi? Umbuzo othokozisayo, futhi kulula kakhulu ukubukela phansi ukungasebenzi, futhi kuqinisekisa kakhulu ukubukela phansi ubuxhwanguxhwangu. Kepha akungabazeki ukuthi uhulumeni wase-US wayazi imininingwane ejwayelekile yokuhlasela okuzayo futhi ubeneminyaka enza ngamabomu ngezindlela ezenza kube lula.

AMAPHILIPPI

Njengoba ukubuyekezwa kwencwadi kushiwo ngenhla, umbuzo ofanayo mayelana nemininingwane yokwazi kusengaphambili nokuntuleka okufanayo kwanoma yimuphi umbuzo mayelana nezinhlaka ezivamile zayo usebenza ePhilippines njengasePearl Harbor.

Eqinisweni, icala lesenzo sokuvukela umbuso kungaba lula ukuthi izazi-mlando ziqagele mayelana nePhilippines kunaseHawaii, uma zithambekele kangako. "I-Pearl Harbor" iyisifinyezo esingavamile. Amahora ngemuva kokuhlaselwa kwePearl Harbor - ngosuku olufanayo kodwa ngobuchwepheshe ngoDisemba 8^th ngenxa ye-International Date Line, futhi yabambezeleka amahora ayisithupha yisimo sezulu - amaJapane ahlasela amasosha ase-US ekoloni lase-US ePhilippines, elindele ngokugcwele ukuthi kuzoba nzima nakakhulu, njengoba ukumangala bekungeke kube isici. Eqinisweni, uDouglas MacArthur wathola ucingo ngo-3:40 ekuseni ngesikhathi sasePhilippines lumazisa ngokuhlaselwa kwePearl Harbor nesidingo sokuzilungiselela. Emahoreni ayisishiyagalolunye edlule phakathi kwalolo cingo nokuhlasela kwePhilippines, uMacArthur akenzanga lutho. Ushiye izindiza zaseMelika ziklelile futhi zilindile, njengoba imikhumbi ibikade isePearl Harbor. Umphumela wokuhlaselwa kwePhilippines, ngokusho kombutho wezempi wase-US, waba mubi njengalokho okwenzeka eHawaii. I-United States ilahlekelwe yizindiza ezingu-18 kwezingu-35 ze-B-17 kanye nezinye izindiza ezingu-90, futhi eziningi ezilimele.[lii] Ngokuphambene, ePearl Harbour, naphezu kwenganekwane yokuthi imikhumbi yempi eyisishiyagalombili yacwila, iqiniso liwukuthi ayikho eyayingacwiliswa ethekwini elingashoni kangako, ezimbili zenziwa zangasebenzi, futhi eyisithupha yalungiswa futhi yaqhubeka nokulwa eWWII.[liii]

Ngosuku olufanayo lukaDisemba 7^th / 8^th - kuye ngokuthi i-International Date Line ikuphi - iJapan yahlasela amakoloni ase-US ePhilippines naseGuam, kanye nezindawo zase-US iHawaii, Midway, neWake, kanye namakoloni aseBrithani iMalaya, Singapore, Honk Kong, kanye isizwe esizimele saseThailand. Ngenkathi ukuhlasela kweHawaii kwakuwukuhlasela okukodwa kanye nokuhlehla, kwezinye izindawo, iJapane yahlasela ngokuphindaphindiwe, futhi kwezinye izimo yahlasela futhi yanqoba. Ukuwela ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwamaJapan emasontweni azayo kuzoba yiPhilippines, iGuam, Wake, Malaya, Singapore, Hong Kong, kanye nechopho esentshonalanga ye-Alaska. EPhilippines, izakhamuzi zase-US eziyizigidi ezingu-16 zawela ngaphansi kokuqashwa okunonya kwamaJapane. Ngaphambi kokuthi benze kanjalo, umsebenzi wase-US wafaka abantu bomdabu baseJapan, njengoba kwakwenziwa e-United States.[liv]

Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokhu kuhlasela, abezindaba base-US babengazi ukuthi kufanele kubhekiselwe kubo bonke ngesifinyezo esithi “Pearl Harbor,” futhi esikhundleni salokho basebenzise amagama nezincazelo ezihlukahlukene. Ohlelweni lwenkulumo yakhe “yosuku lwenhlamba,” uRoosevelt ubhekisele eHawaii nasePhilippines. Ngo-2019 wakhe Kanjani Fihla uMbuso, uDaniel Immerwahr uthi uRoosevelt wenze yonke imizamo ukuveza ukuhlasela njengokuhlasela kwe-United States. Ngenkathi abantu basePhilippines naseGuam empeleni babeyizakhamizi zombuso wase-US, babewuhlobo lwabantu olungalungile. I-Philippines yayivame ukubhekwa njengemhlophe ngokunganele kuzwelonke futhi isendleleni eya ekukhululekeni okungenzeka. I-Hawaii yayimhlophe, futhi iseduze, futhi ingase ibe yikhandidethi yesimo esizayo. URoosevelt wagcina ekhethe ukungayishiyi iPhilippines kuleyo ngxenye yenkulumo yakhe, eyibeke endaweni eyodwa ohlwini lwakamuva olwaluhlanganisa amakoloni aseBrithani, futhi wachaza ukuhlaselwa njengokwenzeka “e-American Island of Oahu” - isiqhingi ubuMelika baso. Yebo, abantu abaningi bomdabu baseHawaii bayaphikiswa kuze kube namuhla. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi bekugxilwe ePearl Harbor, ngisho nalabo abaxakwe ukuphazama noma ukuhlela itulo ngemuva kokuhlasela.[lv]

EKUPHELENI KWASEKUDLULENI

Akunzima ukucabanga ngezinto ebezingenziwa ngokuhlukile eminyakeni nezinyanga eziholela ekungeneni kwe-US ku-WWII, noma ngisho nokuholela ezinhlansini zokuqala zempi e-Asia noma eYurophu. Kulula nakakhulu ukuchaza izinto ebezingenziwa ngendlela ehlukile uma umuntu ebuyela emuva kancane kodlule. Izinto bezingenziwa ngendlela ehlukile yibo bonke ohulumeni namasosha abathintekayo, futhi ngamunye unecala ngonya lwakhe. Kodwa ngifuna ukusho ezinye izinto uhulumeni wase-US obengazenza ngendlela ehlukile, ngoba ngizama ukuphikisa umbono wokuthi uhulumeni wase-US waphoqeleka ngokungabaza ukuthi angene empini eyayikhethwe ngabanye kuphela.

IMelika ibingakhetha uWilliam Jennings umongameli uBryan esikhundleni sikaWilliam McKinley owalandelwa yisekela lakhe, uTeddy Roosevelt. UBryan ukhankase ngokumelene nombuso, uMcKinley evumelana nawo. Kwabaningi, ezinye izindaba zazibonakala zibaluleke kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi; akucaci ukuthi kufanele babe.

U-Teddy Roosevelt akenzanga lutho. Lokho kwakuhilela impi, impiriyali, nenkolelo yakhe eyayiphawuleka ngaphambili ezimfundisweni ‘zohlanga’ lwama-Aryan. I-TR isekele ukuhlukunyezwa ngisho nokubulawa kwaboMdabu baseMelika, abokufika baseShayina, abaseCuba, abasePhilippines, abase-Asia kanye namaMelika Emaphakathi cishe bazo zonke izinhlobo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi abamhlophe kuphela abakwazi ukuzibusa (okwakuyizindaba ezimbi kubantu baseCuba lapho abakhululi babo base-US bethola ukuthi abanye babo bamnyama). Wakha umbukiso wama-Filipinos we-St. Louis World's Fair ebaveza njengezihlakaniphi ezingathambisa amadoda amhlophe.[lvi] Usebenzele ukugcina abokufika baseShayina bephuma e-United States.

Incwadi kaJames Bradley ka-2009, I-Imperial Cruise: Umlando Wemfihlo Wombuso Nempi, uxoxa indaba elandelayo.[lvii] Ngishiya izingxenye zencwadi ebe nokungabaza okuphakanyiswe ngazo.

Ngo-1614 iJapane yayizihlukanise neNtshonalanga, okwaphumela emakhulwini eminyaka okuthula nokuchuma nokuqhakaza kobuciko namasiko aseJapane. Ngo-1853 iButho Lempi Lasemanzini Lase-US laphoqelela iJapane ukuba ivuleleke kubathengisi base-US, izithunywa zevangeli, nezempi. Imilando yase-US ibiza uhambo luka-Commodore Matthew Perry oluya eJapan ngokuthi “olwezokuxhumana” nakuba basebenzisa imikhumbi yempi ehlomile ukuphoqa iJapan ukuthi ivume ubudlelwano eyayibuphikisa ngokuqinile. Eminyakeni eyalandela, amaJapane afunda ukucwasa kwabantu baseMelika futhi athatha isu lokubhekana nakho. Babefuna ukuzenza entshonalanga futhi baziveze njengohlanga oluhlukile oluphakeme kunabo bonke abantu base-Asia. Baba ama-Aryans ahloniphekile. Njengoba ayentula unkulunkulu oyedwa noma unkulunkulu wokunqoba, asungula umbusi waphezulu, eboleka kakhulu emasikweni obuKristu. Bagqoka badla njengabaseMelika base bethumela abafundi babo ukuba bayofunda e-United States. AmaJapane ayevame ukubizwa e-United States ngokuthi “amaYankees aseMpumalanga Ekude.” Ngo-1872 amasosha ase-US aqala ukuqeqesha amaJapane ukuthi anganqoba kanjani ezinye izizwe, iso eTaiwan.

UCharles LeGendre, ujenene waseMelika oqeqesha amaJapane ngezindlela zempi, uphakamise ukuthi bamukele i-Monroe Doctrine for Asia, okuyinqubomgomo yokubusa i-Asia ngendlela i-United States eyabusa ngayo i-hemisphere yayo. I-Japan yasungula i-Bureau of Savage Affairs futhi yasungula amagama amasha afana nalokhu koronii (ikoloni). I-Talk in Japan yaqala ukugxila emthwalweni wamaJapane wokuthuthukisa ama-savages. Ngo-1873, iJapane yahlasela iTaiwan nabeluleki bezempi base-US. Kwalandela iKorea.

IKorea neJapane kwase kungamakhulu eminyaka kwazi ukuthula. Lapho amaJapane efika nemikhumbi yaseMelika, egqoke izingubo zase-US, ekhuluma ngombusi wawo waphezulu, futhi ephakamisa isivumelwano "sobungane," amaKorea acabanga ukuthi amaJapane alahlekelwe yizingqondo zawo, futhi awatshela ukuthi alahle, azi ukuthi iShayina yayilapho. Korea emuva. Kodwa amaJapane akhuluma neChina ukuthi ivumele iKorea ukuthi isayine isivumelwano, ngaphandle kokuchazela amaShayina noma amaKorea ukuthi isivumelwano sasisho ukuthini ekuhunyushweni kwaso kwesiNgisi.

Ngo-1894 iJapane yamemezela impi eChina, impi lapho izikhali zase-US, ohlangothini lwaseJapane, zathwala khona usuku. I-China yadela i-Taiwan kanye neNhlonhlo ye-Liaodong, yakhokha isinxephezelo esikhulu, yamemezela ukuthi i-Korea izimele, futhi yanikeza i-Japan amalungelo okuhweba afanayo e-China nalawo amazwe ase-US kanye namazwe aseYurophu ayenawo. IJapan yanqoba, kwaze kwaba yilapho iChina inxusa iRussia, iFrance, neJalimane ukuthi iphikisane nobunikazi baseJapan beLiaodong. IJapan yawuyeka futhi iRussia yawubamba. IJapane yazizwa ikhashelwe amaKristu amhlophe, futhi hhayi okokugcina.

Ngo-1904, uTeddy Roosevelt wajabula kakhulu ngokuhlaselwa okungalindelekile kwamaJapane emikhunjini yaseRussia. Njengoba amaJapane ephinda elwa ne-Asia njengama-Aryan ahloniphekile, u-Roosevelt wanqamula izivumelwano ngasese nangokuphambene nomthethosisekelo, evumela i-Monroe Doctrine yaseJapane e-Asia. Ngawo-1930, iJapane yanikela ngokuvula ukuhwebelana e-United States endaweni yayo yombuso uma i-United States ingenza okufanayo eJapane eLatin America. Uhulumeni waseMelika uthe cha.

ECHINA

IBrithani kwakungeyena kuphela uhulumeni wangaphandle onehhovisi lenkulumo-ze eNew York City eliholela ku-WWII. IShayina yayikhona futhi.

Uhulumeni wase-US wasuka kanjani ebudlelwaneni nasekuhlonzeni kwakhe neJapan waya kwelinye neShayina futhi wamelana neJapan (waphinde waphindela emuva ngenye indlela ngemva kweWWII)? Ingxenye yokuqala yempendulo ihlobene nenkulumo-ze yamaShayina kanye nokusebenzisa kwayo inkolo esikhundleni sobuhlanga, kanye nokubeka i-Roosevelt ehlukile e-White House. Incwadi kaJames Bradley ka-2016, I-China Mirage: Umlando Ofihliwe Wenhlekelele YaseMelika eChina tiyayixoxa le ndaba.[lviii]

Iminyaka eminingi eyandulela iMpi Yezwe II, i-China Lobby e-United States yancenga umphakathi wase-US, kanye nezikhulu eziningi eziphezulu zase-US, ukuthi abantu baseShayina bafuna ukuba ngamaKristu, ukuthi uChiang Kai-shek wayengumholi wabo wentando yeningi othandekayo kunokuba abe buthakathaka. i-fascist, ukuthi uMao Zedong wayengumuntu ongelutho owayengaya ndawo, nokuthi i-United States yayingakwazi ukuxhasa uChiang Kai-shek futhi uzokusebenzisa konke ukulwa namaJapane, ngokumelene nokuyisebenzisa ukulwa noMao.

Isithombe somlimi waseShayina ohloniphekile nongumKristu sasiqhutshwa abantu abafana noZiqu-zintathu (kamuva owaba nguDuke) futhi uVanderbilt wafundisa uCharlie Soong, amadodakazi akhe u-Ailing, uChingling, noMayling, nendodana uTse-ven (TV), kanye nomyeni kaMayling uChiang. Kai-shek, Henry Luce owaqala Isikhathi ngemva kokuzalwa ekoloni lezithunywa zevangeli eChina, noPearl Buck owabhala Umhlaba Omuhle ngemva kohlobo olufanayo lobuntwana. U-TV Soong waqasha uColonel we-US Army Air Corps osewathatha umhlalaphansi uJack Jouett futhi ngo-1932 wayesekwazi ukufinyelela bonke ubuchwepheshe be-US Army Air Corps futhi wayenabaqeqeshi abayisishiyagalolunye, udokotela ohlinza indiza, omakhenikha abane, nomabhalane, bonke abe-US Air Corps baqeqeshiwe kodwa manje bayasebenza. ngo-Soong e-China. Bekuyisiqalo nje sosizo lwezempi lwase-US oluya e-China okwenza izindaba zaba zincane e-United States kunaseJapan.

Ngo-1938, lapho iJapane ihlasela amadolobha aseShayina, futhi uChiang engazange alwe kanzima, uChiang wayala umshicileli wakhe omkhulu wenkulumo-ze uHollington Tong, owayengumfundi wezobuntatheli eColumbia University, ukuba athumele amanxusa e-United States ukuze abuthe izithunywa zevangeli zase-US futhi azinikeze ubufakazi bezenzo zonya zamaJapane, ukuqasha uFrank Price (isithunywa sevangeli esiyintandokazi kaMayling), kanye nokuqasha izintatheli zaseMelika nababhali ukuthi babhale izindatshana nezincwadi ezivumayo. UFrank Price nomfowabo uHarry Price babezalelwe eShayina, bengakaze bahlangane neChina lamaShayina. Abazalwane bakwaPrice bavula isitolo eNew York City, lapho abambalwa ababenombono wokuthi basebenzela iqembu lezigelekeqe iSoong-Chiang. UMayling noTong bababela ukuba bakhonge abantu baseMelika ukuthi isihluthulelo sokuthula eChina sasiwukuvinjelwa kweJapane. Bakha iKomidi laseMelika lokungahlanganyeli ku-Aggression of Japanese. “Umphakathi awuzange wazi,” kubhala uBradley, “ukuthi izithunywa zevangeli zaseManhattan ezisebenza ngenkuthalo ku-East Fortieth Street ukuze zisindise abalimi baseNoble Peasants zazikhokhelwa amanxusa e-China Lobby abenza izenzo okungenzeka zazingekho emthethweni neziwukuvukela umbuso.”

Ngithatha iphuzu likaBradley njengelingelona elokuthi abalimi baseShayina abahlonipheki ngempela, futhi hhayi ukuthi iJapane yayingenalo icala lobudlova, kodwa ukuthi umkhankaso wenkulumo-ze waqinisekisa abantu baseMelika abaningi ukuthi iJapane ngeke ihlasele i-United States uma i-United States inqamula uwoyela futhi. insimbi eya eJapane - okwakungamanga kubabukeli abanolwazi futhi kwakuzobonakala kungamanga phakathi nezenzakalo.

OwayenguNobhala Wezwe kanye noNobhala Wezempi wesikhathi esizayo uHenry Stimson waba usihlalo weKomiti YaseMelika Yokungahlanganyeli Ezenzweni Zobudlova ZaseJapane, eyanezela ngokushesha izinhloko zangaphambili zeHarvard, i-Union Theological Seminary, iChurch Peace Union, iWorld Alliance for International Friendship, IFederal Council of Churches of Christ in America, Associate Boards of Christian Colleges in China, njll. I-Stimson kanye neqembu lezigelekeqe bakhokhelwa yiShayina ukuze bathi i-Japan yayingeke ihlasele i-United States uma ivinjelwa, empeleni yayizoshintsha ibe intando yeningi ngenxa yalokho - a isimangalo sichithwe yilabo abanolwazi eMnyangweni Wezwe kanye ne-White House. NgoFebhuwari 1940, uBradley uyabhala, ama-75% amaMelika asekela ukuvinjelwa kweJapan. Futhi iningi labantu baseMelika, vele, lalingafuni impi. Babethenge inkulumo-ze ye-China Lobby.

Umkhulu ozala umama kaFranklin Roosevelt wayecebe ngokuthengisa i-opium eChina, kanti umama kaFranklin wayehlala eChina esemncane. Ube ngusihlalo ohlonishwayo wawo womabili uMkhandlu Wosizo waseChina kanye neKomidi laseMelika lezintandane zaseChina. Unkosikazi kaFranklin u-Eleanor wayengusihlalo ohloniphekile weKomidi Losizo Lwezimo Eziphuthumayo likaPearl Buck laseChina. Izinyunyana zabasebenzi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili zase-US zasekela ukuvinjelwa kweJapan. Umeluleki wokuqala wezomnotho kumongameli wase-US, u-Lauchlin Currie, wasebenzela kokubili uhulumeni wase-US kanye neBhange LaseShayina kanye kanye. Umbhali wephephandaba ohlanganisiwe nesihlobo sikaRoosevelt uJoe Alsop ukhiphe amasheke ku-TV Soong “njengomeluleki” ngisho noma enza umsebenzi wakhe njengentatheli. UBradley uyabhala: “Akekho usozakuzaku waseBrithani, waseRussia, waseFrance, noma waseJapane owayengakholelwa ukuthi uChiang wayengase abe Inkululeko Yesivumelwano Esisha.” Kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi uFranklin Roosevelt wayekukholelwa lokho. Waxhumana noChiang noMayling ngasese, ezungeza owabo uMnyango Wezwe.

Nokho uFranklin Roosevelt wayekholelwa ukuthi uma evinjelwa, iJapane izohlasela i-Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) ngomphumela ongase ube nempi yezwe ebanzi. U-Morgenthau, ngokulandisa kuka-Bradley, wazama kaningi ukweqa isivimbelo esiphelele ku-petroleum waya e-Japan, kwathi u-Roosevelt wamelana isikhashana. U-Roosevelt wabeka isivimbelo esiyingxenye kuphethiloli wendiza kanye ne-scrap. Waboleka uChiang imali. Wayehlinzeka ngezindiza, abaqeqeshi nabashayeli bezindiza. Ngenkathi u-Roosevelt ecela umeluleki wakhe u-Tommy Corcoran ukuthi ahlole umholi waleli butho lomoya elisha, owayengukaputeni we-US Air Corps uClaire Chennault, kungenzeka ukuthi wayengazi ukuthi ucela othile okhokhela i-TV Soong ukuthi ameluleke komunye umuntu khokha i-TV Soong.

Ukuthi abasakazi benkulumo-ze baseBrithani noma baseShayina abasebenza eNew York bahambise uhulumeni wase-US noma kuphi lapho ebekade engafuni ukuya khona kuwumbuzo ovulekile.

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[i] C-Span, “Isaziso Sesexwayiso Sephephandaba kanye ne-Lusitania,” Ephreli 22, 2015, https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4535149/newspaper-warning-notice-lusitania

[Ii] I-Lusitania Resource, “Uzungu Noma Ukonakala?” https://www.rmslusitania.info/controversies/conspiracy-or-foul-up

[Iii] UWilliam M. Leary, "Wings for China: The Jouett Mission, 1932-35," I-Pacific Historical Review 38, no. 4 (November 1969). Icashunwe nguNicholson Baker, Intuthu Yomuntu: Ukuqala Kokuphela Kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, k. 32.

[Iv] I-Associated Press January 17, ephrintiwe New York Times, “'IMPI IBULA,' KUSHO NKOSIKAZI. ROOSEVELT; Unkosikazi KaMongameli Utshela Abameli Bokuthula Abantu Kufanele Bacabange Ngempi Njengokuzibulala,” January 18, 1934, https://www.nytimes.com/1934/01/18/archives/-war-utter-futility-says-mrs-roosevelt-presidents-wife-tells-peace-.html Icashunwe nguNicholson Baker, Intuthu Yomuntu: Ukuqala Kokuphela Kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, k. 46.

[V] New York Times, “UJWAYELEKILE WASEJAPANE USITHOLA 'SINENDLOKO'; U-Tanaka Ukhala Ukudumisa 'Kakhulu' kuka-Roosevelt Ngokusungulwa Kwethu Lemikhumbi Yasemanzini e-Hawaii. IFUNA UKULINGANA KWEZINKHALI Uthi ITokyo Ngeke Isuke Ekuphazamiseni ILondon Parley Uma Isicelo Senqatshwa,” ngo-August 5, 1934, https://www.nytimes.com/1934/08/05/archives/japanese-general-finds-us-insolent-tanaka-decries-roosevelts-loud.html Icashunwe nguNicholson Baker, Intuthu Yomuntu: Ukuqala Kokuphela Kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, k. 51.

[vi] George Seldes, Umagazini kaHarper, "I-New Propaganda Yempi," ngo-Okthoba 1934, https://harpers.org/archive/1934/10/the-new-propaganda-for-war Icashunwe nguNicholson Baker, Intuthu Yomuntu: Ukuqala Kokuphela Kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, k. 52.

[vii] UDavid Talbot, Inja kaDeveli: Indaba Yeqiniso Emangalisayo Yomuntu Osindise IMelika, (USimon & Schuster, 2010).

[viii] UMajor General Smedley Butler, Impi iyiqhinga, https://www.ratical.org/ratville/CAH/warisaracket.html

[ix] UNicholson Baker, Intuthu Yomuntu: Ukuqala Kokuphela Kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, k. 56.

[X] UNicholson Baker, Intuthu Yomuntu: Ukuqala Kokuphela Kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, k. 63.

[xi] UNicholson Baker, Intuthu Yomuntu: Ukuqala Kokuphela Kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, k. 71.

[xii] UNicholson Baker, Intuthu Yomuntu: Ukuqala Kokuphela Kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, k. 266.

[xiii] UMnyango Wezempi Wasemanzini wase-US, "Ukwakha Izisekelo Zamasosha Amanzi EMpini Yezwe II," uMqulu I (Ingxenye I) Isahluko V Ukuthengwa Nokusetshenzwa Kwezisekelo Ezithuthukile, https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading- igumbi/uhlu-isihloko-ngokulandelana kwezinhlamvu/b/ukwakha-izisekelo-zemikhumbi-yasolwandle/ukwakha-izisekelo-zemikhumbi-yasolwandle-vol-1.html#1-5

[xiv] U-Arthur H. McCollum, “Imemorandamu Yomqondisi: Isilinganiso Sesimo E-Pacific kanye Nezincomo Zokwenziwa I-United States,” Okthoba 7, 1940, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCollum_memorandum

[xv] I-Conrad Crane, i-Parameters, i-US Army War College, “Izibuyekezo Zezincwadi: Usuku Lwenkohliso,” Intwasahlobo ka-2001. Icashunwe yi-Wikipedia, “McCollum memo,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCollum_memo#cite_note-15

[xvi] Robert B. Stinnett, Usuku Lokukhohlisa: Iqiniso Nge-FDR nePearl Harbor (Touchstone, 2000) p. 11.

[xvii] Inhlolokhono Yohlelo Lwesiteshi Somlando "u-Admiral Chester Nimitz, Thunder of the Pacific." Icashunwe yi-Wikipedia, “McCollum memo,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCollum_memo#cite_note-13

[xviii] U-Oliver Stone noPeter Kuznick, Umlando Ongaziwa we-United States (USimon & Schuster, 2012), iphe. 98.

[xix] UJoseph C. Grew, Iminyaka Eyishumi eJapane, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1944) p. 568. Icashunwe nguNicholson Baker, Intuthu Yomuntu: Ukuqala Kokuphela Kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, k. 282.

[xx] New York Times, “UBUTHO BASEMOYENI BASECHINA BAZOKHUBAZA; Ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kwamaDolobha aseJapan Kulindeleke ukuthi Kuphume Ngokubuka Okusha eChungking,” ngoMeyi 24, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/05/24/archives/chinese-air-force-to-take-offensive-bombing-of-japanese-cities-is.html Icashunwe nguNicholson Baker, Intuthu Yomuntu: Ukuqala Kokuphela Kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, k. 331.

[xxi] New York Times, “UKUGWEMA IMPI KUNXUSWA NJENGOBA SIKUHLOSE; Izikhulumi Ezingxoxweni Eziguquguqukayo Emihlanganweni YaseWashington Babuza Inqubomgomo Ebuyekeziwe Yezangaphandle,” Juni 1, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/06/01/archives/avoidance-of-war-urged-as-us-aim-speakers-at-roundtable-talks-at.html Icashunwe nguNicholson Baker, Intuthu Yomuntu: Ukuqala Kokuphela Kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, k. 333.

[xxii] UNicholson Baker, Intuthu Yomuntu: Ukuqala Kokuphela Kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, k. 365.

[xxiii] I-Mount Holyoke College, "Izinkulumo Ezingakahleleki zikaMongameli Roosevelt eKomidini Lokuhlanganyela Kwezisebenzi Zokuzithandela Ngokuthi Kungani Ukuthunyelwa Kwamafutha Kuqhubeka EJapane, eWashington, ngoJulayi 24, 1941," https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/WorldWar2/fdr25.htm

[xxiv] Isahlulelo Esiphikisayo sika-RB Pal, Inkantolo yaseTokyo, Ingxenye 8, http://www.cwporter.com/pal8.htm

[xxv] U-Otto D. Tolischus, New York Times, “ABASEJAPANE BAPHOQA THINA NEBRITAIN ESINGASETHAILAND; Izixwayiso zikaHull kanye ne-Edene Ezibanjwe 'Kunzima Ukuziqonda' Ngokubona Izinqubomgomo ZaseTokyo,” Agasti 8, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/08/08/archives/japanese-insist-us-and-britain -iphutha-e-thailand-izixwayiso-nge-hull-and.html Icashunwe ngu-Nicholson Baker, Intuthu Yomuntu: Ukuqala Kokuphela Kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, k. 375.

[xxvi] U-Oliver Stone noPeter Kuznick, Umlando Ongaziwa we-United States (USimon & Schuster, 2012), iphe. 98.

[xxvii] Icashunwe nguCongresswoman uJeanette Rankin ku-Congressional Record, ngoDisemba 7, 1942.

[xxviii] Icashunwe nguCongresswoman uJeanette Rankin ku-Congressional Record, ngoDisemba 7, 1942.

[xxix] Icashunwe nguCongresswoman uJeanette Rankin ku-Congressional Record, ngoDisemba 7, 1942.

[xxx] Icashunwe nguCongresswoman uJeanette Rankin ku-Congressional Record, ngoDisemba 7, 1942.

[xxxi] Icashunwe nguNicholson Baker, Intuthu Yomuntu: Ukuqala Kokuphela Kwempucuko. ENew York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 387

[xxxii] Ividiyo yengxenye ebalulekile yale nkulumo ilapha: https://archive.org/details/FranklinD.RooseveltsDeceptiveSpeechOctober271941 Umbhalo ogcwele wenkulumo ulapha: New York Times, "Inkulumo kaMongameli Roosevelt's Navy Day on World Affairs," Oct. 28, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/10/28/archives/president-roosevelts-navy-day-address-on-world-affairs .html

[xxxiii] UWilliam Boyd, Imeyili Yansuku zonke, "Imephu emangalisayo kaHitler eyaphendulela iMelika ngokumelene namaNazi: I-akhawunti ehlakaniphile yombhali wezincwadi mayelana nokuthi izinhloli zaseBrithani e-US zenze kanjani ukuketula umbuso okwasiza ukuhudulela u-Roosevelt empini," Juni 28, 2014, https://www.dailymail.co.uk /news/article-2673298/Hitlers-amazing-map-turned-America-against-Nazis-A-leading-novelists-brilliant-account-British-spies-US-staged-coup-helped-drag-Roosevelt-war.html

[xxxiv] Ivar Bruce, Uphila kanye kuphela (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1984).

[xxxv] Edgar Ansel Mowrer, Ukunqoba Neziyaluyalu: Umlando Womuntu Wesikhathi Sethu (New York: Weybright and Talley, 1968), pp. 323, 325. Icashunwe nguNicholson Baker, Intuthu Yomuntu: Ukuqala Kokuphela Kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, k. 415.

[xxxvi] UJoseph C. Grew, Iminyaka Eyishumi eJapane, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1944) p. 468, 470. Icashunwe nguNicholson Baker, Intuthu Yomuntu: Ukuqala Kokuphela Kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, k. 425.

[xxxvii] I-Wikipedia, “Hull Note,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_note

[xxxviii] UNicholson Baker, Intuthu Yomuntu: Ukuqala Kokuphela Kwempucuko. ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 2008, k. 431.

[xxxix] John Toland, I-Infamy: I-Pearl Harbor kanye Nemiphumela Yayo (Doubleday, 1982), p. 166.

[xl] Isiphakamiso saseJapane (Uhlelo B) lwangomhla zingama-20 kuNovemba 1941, https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/PlanB.html

[xli] I-American Counter-Proposal to Japanese Plan B - Novemba 26, 1941, https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/PlanB.html

[xlii] Icashunwe nguCongresswoman uJeanette Rankin ku-Congressional Record, ngoDisemba 7, 1942.

[xliii] ULydia Saad, Ukuvota kweGallup, “Gallup Vault: Izwe Elihlanganisiwe Ngemva KwePearl Harbor,” Disemba 5, 2016, https://news.gallup.com/vault/199049/gallup-vault-country-unified-pearl-harbor.aspx

[xliv] Robert B. Stinnett, Usuku Lokukhohlisa: Iqiniso Nge-FDR nePearl Harbor (Touchstone, 2000) amakhasi 171-172.

[xlv] Isitatimende sikaLieutenant Clarence E. Dickinson, USN, ku NgoMgqibelo Evening Post ka-Okthoba 10, 1942, ecashunwe nguCongresswoman uJeanette Rankin ku-Congressional Record, ngoDisemba 7, 1942.

[xlvi] Al Hemingway, Charlotte Sun, "Isixwayiso sangaphambi kwesikhathi sokuhlaselwa kwePearl Harbour sibhalwe phansi," Dec 7, 2016, https://www.newsherald.com/news/20161207/early-warning-of-attack-on-pearl-harbor-documented

[xlvii] Icashunwe nguCongresswoman uJeanette Rankin ku-Congressional Record, ngoDisemba 7, 1942.

[xlviii] Paul Bedard, Izindaba zase-US & World Report, "I-Declassified Memo Hinted of 1941 Hawaii Attack: Incwadi ye-Blockbuster futhi yembula isimemezelo sempi ye-FDR ehlaselwe ngokumelene namandla e-axis," Novemba 29, 2011, https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2011/11/29 /declassified-memo-hinted-of-1941-hawaii-attack-

[xlix] I-United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Americans and Holocaust: “Washintsha kanjani Umbono Womphakathi Ngokungena EMpini Yezwe II Phakathi kuka-1939 no-1941?” https://exhibitions.ushmm.org/americans-and-the-holocaust/us-public-opinion-world-war-II-1939-1941

[l] Robert B. Stinnett, Usuku Lokukhohlisa: Iqiniso Nge-FDR nePearl Harbor (Touchstone, 2000) p. 263.

[li] URichard Bernstein, New York Times, “'Usuku Lwenkohliso': NgoZibandlela 7, Ingabe Besazi Besazi?” Disemba 15, 1999, https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/12/12/daily/121599stinnett-book-review.html

[lii] Daniel Immerwahr, Indlela Yokufihla Umbuso: Umlando We-United States Enkulu, (Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2019).

[liii] URichard K. Neumann Jr., Inethiwekhi Yezindaba Zomlando, Inyuvesi yaseGeorge Washington, “Inganekwane Ethi 'Imikhumbi Yempi Eyisishiyagalombili Yacwila' EPearl Harbor," https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/32489

[liv] Daniel Immerwahr, Indlela Yokufihla Umbuso: Umlando We-United States Enkulu, (Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2019).

[lv] Daniel Immerwahr, Indlela Yokufihla Umbuso: Umlando We-United States Enkulu, (Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2019).

[lvi] “Uhlolojikelele Lokubhukha kwe-Philippine,” https://ds-carbonite.haverford.edu/spectacle-14/exhibits/show/vantagepoints_1904wfphilippine/_overview_

[lvii] UJames Bradley, I-Imperial Cruise: Umlando Wemfihlo Wombuso Nempi (Back Bay Books, 2010).

[lviii] UJames Bradley, I-China Mirage: Umlando Ofihliwe Wenhlekelele YaseMelika e-Asia (Little, Brown, and Company, 2015).