I-Red Scare

U-Alice Slater, Ezindabeni Zokujula, Ngo-Ephreli 3, i-2022

I-NEW YORK (IDN) - Ngo-1954 ngaya eQueens College phakathi neminyaka ngaphambi kokuba uSenator uJoseph McCarthy ahlangane nokuvela kwakhe ezigcawini ze-Army-McCarthy ngemuva kokuhlukumeza abantu baseMelika iminyaka ngezinsolo zokungathembeki kwamakhomanisi, izinhlu eziphakamisayo zezakhamizi ezivinjelwe, ezisongela izimpilo zabo, ukuqashwa kwabo, amandla abo okusebenza emphakathini ngenxa yezinhlangano zabo zezepolitiki.

Esitolo sokudla sasekolishi, sasixoxa ngezombangazwe lapho omunye umfundi engihlohla ipheshana eliphuzi. "Lapha kufanele ufunde lokhu." Ngithi nhla esihlokweni. Inhliziyo yami yeqa lapho ngibona amagama athi “Iqembu LamaKhomanisi LaseMelika.” Ngalihlohla ngokuphangisa lingavulwa esikhwameni sami sezincwadi, ngathatha ibhasi eliya ekhaya, ngagibela ikheshi ngaya esitezi sesi-8, ngaqonda ngqo endaweni yokushisela, futhi ngaliphonsela leli pheshana phansi kweshuthi, lingafundiwe, ngaphambi kokuba ngingene endlini yami. Impela ngangingeke ngibanjwe oqotsheni. Ukwesaba okubomvu kwase kungifikele.

Ngaba nokulokoza kwami ​​kokuqala “kolunye uhlangothi lwendaba” mayelana nobukhomanisi ngo-1968, ngihlala eMassapequa, eLong Island, umama wekhaya ongaphansi kwedolobha, ngibuka uWalter Cronkite ebika ngeMpi yaseVietnam. Waqhuba ifilimu yezindaba endala yomhlangano omncane, omncane ka-Ho Chi Minh no-Woodrow Wilson ngo-1919, ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe I, efuna usizo lwe-US ukuze aqedele ukuthatha ngesihluku kwe-French colonial eVietnam. UCronkite ubike ukuthi u-Ho waze wamodela kanjani uMthethosisekelo wase-Vietnamese kowethu. UWilson wamenqaba futhi amaSoviet akujabulela kakhulu ukusiza. Yahamba kanjalo-ke iVietnam yobuKhomanisi. Ngemva kweminyaka, ngabona ifilimu Indochine, elingisa ukugqilazwa okunonya kwamaFulentshi kwezisebenzi zaseVietnam emasimini enjoloba.

Kamuva ngalolo suku, izindaba zakusihlwa zabonisa isixuku sabafundi base-Columbia sivukela esikhungweni semfundo, sivala uDean waseNyuvesi ehhovisi lakhe, simemeza iziqubulo ezimelene nempi futhi siqalekisa ibhizinisi laseColumbia nokuxhumana kwezemfundo nePentagon. Babengafuni ukubuthelwa eMpini YaseVietnam enokuziphatha okubi! Ngashaywa uvalo. Kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi lezi zinxushunxushu nokuphazamiseka kwenzeke khona lapha e-Columbia University eNew York City?

Lokhu kwaba ukuphela komhlaba wami njengoba ngangikwazi! Ngangisanda kuhlanganisa iminyaka engamashumi amathathu futhi abafundi babe nesiqubulo esithi, “Ungathembi muntu oneminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu”. Ngaphendukela kumyeni wami, “Yini ndaba nalezi zingane? Abazi ukuthi lokhu neMelika? Abazi yini ukuthi sine inqubo yezombangazwe? Kungcono ngenze okuthile ngalokhu!” Ngobusuku obulandelayo, i-Democratic Club yayinenkulumo-mpikiswano e-Massapequa High School phakathi koklebe namajuba ngeMpi yaseVietnam. Ngaya emhlanganweni, ngichichima ukuqiniseka okulungile mayelana nokuma kokuziphatha okubi esasikuthathile futhi ngahlanganyela namajuba lapho sahlela khona umkhankaso ka-Eugene McCarthy waseLong Island wokuqokwa kukamongameli weDemocratic Alliance ukuze kuqedwe impi.

UMcCarthy ulahlekelwe isicelo sakhe sango-1968 e-Chicago futhi sakha i-New Democratic Coalition ezweni lonke—singena umuzi nomuzi ngaphandle kokuhlomula kwanoma iyiphi i-inthanethi futhi empeleni wawina ukuqokwa kweDemocratic Alliance ku-George McGovern ngo-1972 emkhankasweni waphansi owashaqisa ukusungulwa! Lesi kwakuyisifundo sami sokuqala esibuhlungu mayelana nendlela abezindaba abavame ukuchema ngayo ngokumelene nenhlangano emelene nempi. Abakaze babhale lutho oluhle ngohlelo lukaMcGovern lokuqeda impi, amalungelo abesifazane, amalungelo ezitabane, amalungelo abantu. Bamthungela ngokuqoka uSenator uThomas Eagleton esikhundleni sokuba yiPhini likaMongameli, owake walaliswa esibhedlela ngenxa yokudangala kwengqondo. Ekugcineni kudingeke ukuthi amshintshele ethikithini afake uSargent Shriver. Uwine kuphela iMassachusetts neWashington, DC. Ngemva kwalokho, abaphathi beqembu leDemocratic Party bakha inqwaba “yabameleli abakhulu” ukuze balawule ukuthi ubani ongawina ukuphakanyiswa futhi avimbele lolo hlobo lokunqoba okungajwayelekile emazingeni aphansi ukuthi lungaphinde lwenzeke!

Ngo-1989, njengoba ngibe ummeli ngemva kokuba izingane zami sezikhulile, ngavolontiya ne-Lawyers Alliance for Nuclear Arms Control futhi ngavakashela eSoviet Union, nethimba leNew York Professional Roundtable. Kwakuyisikhathi esibi kakhulu sokuvakashela eRussia. UGorbachev wayesanda kuqala ukusebenzisa inqubomgomo yakhe entsha ye i-peristroika futhi glasnost- ukwakha kabusha nokuvuleleka. Abantu baseRussia babeqondiswa umbuso wamaKhomanisi ukuthi bazame ngentando yeningi. Amaphosta ayelenga ezitolo nasezicabheni phezulu naphansi emigwaqweni yaseMoscow ememezela intando yeningi—intando yeningi- ukukhuthaza abantu ukuthi bavote.

Ithimba lethu laseNew York lavakashela umagazini, iNovasty—Iqiniso—lapho ababhali bechaza ukuthi ngaphansi i-perestroika, basanda kuvota ukuze bakhethe abahleli babo. Embonini kagandaganda eSversk, eqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-40 ukusuka eMoscow, ithimba lethu elisegunjini lezingqungquthela zasefekthri labuzwa ukuthi singathanda yini ukuqala ngemibuzo noma ukuzwa inkulumo. Njengoba siphakamisa izandla zethu ukuze sivote, abantu bendawo basedolobheni ababekhona baqala ukuhleba futhi bethi “Intando Yeningi! Intando yeningi”! Amehlo ami agcwala izinyembezi ngenxa yokumangala nokumangala ukuthi ukubonisa kwethu izandla okungajwayelekile kwavusa abasingathi bethu baseRussia.

Umbono obuhlungu, oshisayo wamathuna abantu abaningi, amathuna angabonakali eLeningrad usangikhathaza namanje. Ukuvimbezela kukaHitler iLeningrad kwaphumela ekufeni kwabantu baseRussia abacishe babe yisigidi. Kuwo wonke amagumbi emigwaqo kwakubonakala sengathi izimiso zesikhumbuzo zazihlonipha ingxenye ethile yabantu baseRussia abayizigidi ezingu-27 abafa ekuhlaseleni kwamaNazi. Amadoda amaningi angaphezu kwamashumi ayisithupha. engangidlula kuzo emigwaqweni yaseMoscow naseLeningrad, izifuba zabo zazihlotshiswe ngezindondo zempi ezivela kulokho amaRussia ayekubiza ngokuthi iMpi Enkulu. Yeka ukushaywa abakuthola kumaNazi—futhi yeka indlela evelele ngayo indima asadlala ngayo esikweni lawo namuhla njengoba kwenzeka isiphithiphithi esibi sase-Ukraine.

Ngesinye isikhathi, umqondisi wami wabuza, “Kungani nina maMelika ningasithembi?” “Kungani singakwethembi?” Ngababaza, “Kwenzenjani Hungary? Mayelana nani I-Czechoslovakia?” Wangibuka ngezwi elibuhlungu, “Kodwa bekufanele sivikele imingcele yethu eJalimane!” Ngabuka amehlo akhe aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi ngezwa ubuqotho obuvuthayo ezwini lakhe. Ngaleso sikhathi, ngazizwa ngikhashelwe uhulumeni wami neminyaka yokwesaba okungapheli mayelana nosongo lwamakhomanisi. AmaRussia ayesesimweni sokuzivikela njengoba akha amandla awo ezempi. Basebenzisa iMpumalanga Yurophu njengesivikelo kunoma yikuphi ukuphindwaphindwa komonakalo wempi ababewuthole ezandleni zeJalimane. Ngisho noNapoleon wayengene waze wafika eMoscow ekhulwini elidlule!

Kuyacaca ukuthi sidala intando embi nenzondo futhi ngokunwetshwa okungafanele kwe-NATO, naphezu kwezithembiso zikaRegan kuGorbachev ukuthi ngeke zandise "intshi eyodwa empumalanga" yaseJalimane, ngenkathi igcina izikhali zenuzi emazweni amahlanu e-NATO, ibeka imicibisholo eRomania nasePoland, nokudlala imidlalo yempi, okuhlanganisa nemidlalo yempi yenuzi, emingceleni yaseRussia. Kuyamangaza ukuthi ukwenqaba kwethu ukwenqaba ubulungu be-NATO e-Ukraine kuhlangatshezwane nokuhlasela nokuhlasela okunodlame kwamanje kweRussia.

Akukaze kukhulunywe ekuhlaselweni kwabezindaba okungapheli kuPutin naseRussia ukuthi ngesinye isikhathi, uPutin, ephelelwe ithemba lokuthi uyoke akwazi ukumisa ukwanda kwe-NATO esempumalanga, wabuza uClinton ukuthi iRussia ingajoyina i-NATO. Kepha wenqatshwa njengezinye iziphakamiso zaseRussia eziya e-US zokuxoxisana ngokuqedwa kwezikhali zenuzi ngenxa yokuyeka ukufakwa kwemicibisholo eRomania, ukubuyela esivumelwaneni se-ABM kanye neSivumelwano se-INF, ukuvimba i-cyberwar, kanye nokuxoxisana ngesivumelwano. ukuvimba izikhali emkhathini.

Ekhathuni lika-Matt Wuerker uMalume uSam usesofeni likadokotela wengqondo ngokwesaba ebambe umcibisholo othi, “Angiqondi—nginemicibisholo yenuzi engu-1800, imikhumbi yempi engu-283, izindiza ezingu-940. Ngichitha imali eningi kwezempi yami kunezizwe eziyi-12 ezilandelayo zihlangene. Kungani ngizizwa ngingalondekile kangaka!” Udokotela wengqondo uyaphendula: “Kulula. Unesakhiwo sezempi nezimboni!”

Liyini ikhambi? Umhlaba kufanele ukhiphe ikhwelo lokuhluzeka kwengqondo!! 

Cela i-Global Peace Moratoriun

ISICELO SOKUQESHWA KOMHLABA WONKE KANYE KANYE NOMTHETHOSINZO kunoma yikuphi ukukhiqizwa kwezikhali ezintsha—hhayi inhlamvu eyodwa– okuhlanganisa futhi ikakhulukazi izikhali zenuzi, mazigxume ngokuthula!

KHULULA konke ukukhiqizwa kwezikhali kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi, zenuzi, kanye nezibaseli ze-biomass, indlela izizwe ezilungiselela ngayo iWWII futhi zamisa ukwakhiwa kwezikhali eziningi zasekhaya nokusebenzisa lezo zinsiza ukusindisa iplanethi ekubhujisweni kwesimo sezulu esibi;

SUNGULA uhlelo lweminyaka emithathu lokuphahlazeka komhlaba wonke lwemishini yomoya, amaphaneli elanga, izinjini zamanzi, i-geothermal, ukusebenza kahle, amandla e-hydrogen eluhlaza, namakhulu ezigidi zemisebenzi emhlabeni jikelele, futhi ihlanganisa umhlaba wonke ngamapaneli elanga, imishini yomoya, izinjini zamanzi, ukuphehla ukushisa okushisayo. izitshalo;

QALA UHLELO LOMHLABA WONKE lokulima okusimeme–tshala amashumi ezigidi zezihlahla ezengeziwe, ubeke izingadi phezu kophahla kuzo zonke izakhiwo kanye neziqeshana zemifino yedolobha kuzo zonke izitaladi;

BONKE BASEBENZA KANYE EMHLABENI WONKE ukusindisa uMama Womhlaba empini yenuzi kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwesimo sezulu esibi!

Umbhali usebenza emabhodini ka World Beyond War, iGlobal Network Against Weapons namandla eNuclear emkhathini. Uphinde abe ngummeleli we-UN NGO we I-Nuclear Age Peace Foundation.