nguJoan Roelofs, I-Counterpunch 25:3, 16-22 (2018) ishicilelwe kabusha Agasti 7, 2018
Kubantu abaningi i-“military-industrial-complex (MIC)” ibakhumbuza abakhiqizi bezikhali abangamashumi amabili abaphambili. UMongameli uDwight Eisenhower, owaxwayisa ngakho ngo-1961, wayefuna ukuyibiza ngokuthi i-military-industrial-congressional-complex, kodwa wanquma ukuthi kwakungewona ubuhlakani ukwenza kanjalo. Namuhla ingabizwa kahle ngokuthi i-military-industrial-congressional-cishe-yonke into-complex. Iminyango eminingi namazinga kahulumeni, amabhizinisi, kanye nezinhlangano eziningi ezisiza abantulayo, izinkonzo zezenhlalakahle, izinhlangano zezemvelo, nezamasiko, zigxile kakhulu kwezempi.
Imboni yezikhali kungenzeka ukuthi ihola isabelomali sezempi kanye nemisebenzi yezempi; sisizwa kakhulu ngokujabula noma ukuthula kwezakhamuzi kanye nabamele zona. Lapha sizonikeza ezinye izizathu ezingaba khona zaleyo mvume. Sizosebenzisa uhlobo olujwayelekile lwemikhakha emithathu kazwelonke: uhulumeni, ibhizinisi, kanye nengenzi-nzuzo, ngamanani ahlukahlukene okusebenzelana phakathi kwakho. Lokhu akuvimbeli, nakuba kusifihla ngandlela thize, isiphakamiso sokuthi uhulumeni uyisikhulu esiphezulu sesigaba esibusayo.
Lonke uhlobo lwezibalo zebhizinisi kusabelomali soMnyango Wezokuvikela (DoD). U-Lockheed njengamanje ungusonkontileka omkhulu kunabo bonke ebhizinisini lezikhali. Ixhuma ne-MIC yomhlaba wonke ngokufuna izingxenye, isibonelo, zendiza ye-F-35, evela emazweni amaningi. Lokhu kusiza kakhulu ukuthengisa isikhali, naphezu kombono waso ophansi phakathi kochwepheshe bezempi kanye nabagxeki abamelene nezempi. I-Lockheed futhi yenza umsebenzi womphakathi, othuthukisa i-aura yayo ngenkathi isakaza amanani ayo.
Ezinye izinhlobo zamabhizinisi zinezinkontileka zeminyaka eminingi—ezigidini zezigidi. Lokhu naphezu kwesimiso somthethosisekelo sokuthi iCongress ayifanele imali yezempi isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka emibili. Okuphawulekayo izinkampani zokwakha, ezifana noFluor, KBR, Bechtel, kanye noHensel Phelps. Lezi zakha izisekelo ezinkulu, ngokuvamile ezinokugadwa kobuchwepheshe obuphezulu noma amandla okusebenza, e-US nakwamanye amazwe, lapho ziqasha khona abantu bendawo noma ngokuvamile, abantu bezwe lesithathu ukuze benze umsebenzi. Kukhona nosonkontileka abaxhaswe ngezigidigidi kwezobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana, ukuhlaziya ezobunhloli, ezokuthutha, ezokuthutha, ukudla nezimpahla zokugqoka. “Ukukhipha inkontileka” kuyindlela yethu yesimanje yezempi; lokhu kuphinde kusabalalise ithonya layo kude nakude.
Amabhizinisi amaphakathi, amancane, namancane alenga “esihlahleni sikaKhisimusi” sePentagon, ekhuthaza ukujabula okudumile noma ukuthula kubhajethi yezempi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukubekela eceleni okukhethekile kwamabhizinisi aphethwe yidlanzana namancane. Umuntu omnyama Ibhizinisi elincane, i-KEPA-TCI (isakhiwo), ithole izinkontileka zamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-356. [Idatha ivela emithonjeni eminingana, etholakala mahhala ku-inthanethi: amawebhusayithi, amafomu entela, nemibiko yonyaka yezinhlangano; usaspending.gov (USA) kanye Governmentcontractswon.com (GCW).] Izinkampani ezinkulu zazo zonke izinhlobo ezinikeza izinkonzo zethu zichazwe kahle kakhulu kweka-Nick Turse I-Complex. Amabhizinisi amancane namancane ngempela angena ohlelweni: abadwebi bendawo, abahlanza izingubo, izikhungo zokunakekela izingane, kanye ne-Come-Bye Goose Control yaseMaryland.
Phakathi kwamabhizinisi anezinkontileka ezinkulu ze-DoD kukhona abashicileli bezincwadi: McGraw-Hill, Greenwood, Scholastic, Pearson, Houghton Mifflin, Harcourt, Elsevier, nabanye. Akuvamile ukuthi kuhlolwe ukuchema kule mboni, ezinganekwaneni, ezingezona eziqanjiwe, kanye nezincwadi zokufunda. Nokho amathonya kulesi sibalo esincane kodwa esibalulekile, umphakathi ofundayo, kanye nenani elikhulu labantu abafundele, angasiza ekuchazeni ukuthula kwesixuku esifundile kanye nabaphothule ekolishi.
Okuningi okusele kokuhlelekile industrial umsebenzi usekwakheni izikhali. Ama-PAC ayo axhasa abantu abambalwa “abathuthukayo” ohlelweni lwethu lwezombangazwe, abavame ukuthula ngempi kanye nosongo lokuqothulwa kwezikhali zenuzi. Ngokungafani nezinye izimboni, abakhi bezikhali abahambi phesheya ngokuzumayo, nakuba basebenzisa osonkontileka abancane emhlabeni wonke.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezimali kwezempi kungase kube cishe ku-6% kuphela we-GDP, nokho kunomthelela omkhulu ngoba: 1. kuwumkhakha okhulayo; 2. kuwubufakazi bokwehla komnotho; 3. ayincikile ekuthandeni kwabathengi; 4. iyona kuphela into echumayo ezindaweni eziningi; kanye 5. nomphumela “wokuphindaphinda”: ukusebenzisa inkontileka engaphansi, ukuthengwa kwezinkampani, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemali kwabasebenzi kuphazamisa umnotho wesifunda. Iwafanela kahle amakhambi e-Keynesian, ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwayo nokuphelelwa yisikhathi: okungadliwa ezimpini, okugqwalile, noma kunikelwe kubangani bethu kusadinga ukushintshwa into ebulala kakhulu. Abaningi bethu abaneziqu zesayensi basebenzela amasosha ngokuqondile noma amalebhu enkontileka yawo akha lezi.
Isikhali esingahlulwa samasosha yimisebenzi, futhi wonke amalungu eCongress, nezikhulu zombuso nezendawo, ziyakwazi lokhu. Kulapho kutholakala khona imisebenzi eholela kahle yomakhenika, ososayensi, nonjiniyela; ngisho nabaqaphi benza kahle kula mafemu anothe abakhokhi bentela. Izikhali nazo zibalulekile ekuthunyelweni kwethu kwempahla ekhiqiziwe njengoba abalingani bethu kudingeka babe nezinto zokusebenza ezihlangabezana nezimfuneko zethu. Ohulumeni, amavukela-mbuso, amaphekula, izigebengu nezigelekeqe bonke bathanda ubuchwepheshe bethu obuphezulu kanye nemishini yethu ebulalayo ephansi.
Umnotho wethu wezempi nawo uletha inzuzo ephezulu ekutshalweni kwezimali. Lokhu akuzuzisi abaphathi bezinkampani kuphela nabanye abacebile, kodwa abantu abaningi besigaba esiphakathi nesabasebenzi, kanye namasonto, izinhlangano ezinomusa, nezamasiko. Izimali ezihlanganyelwayo ezinenzuzo enkulu ezinikezwa iVanguard, Fidelity, nezinye zitshalwe kakhulu kubakhiqizi bezikhali.
Abatshalizimali ngabanye bangase bangazi ukuthi yini esemiphothifoliyo yesikhwama sabo; izikhungo ngokuvamile ziyazi. Iphrojekthi yamanje ye World Beyond War abameli ukuhlukana yezimpahla zempi ezikhwameni zempesheni zabasebenzi bakahulumeni basekhaya nabasekhaya: amaphoyisa, izicishamlilo, othisha, nezinye izisebenzi zikahulumeni. Abacwaningi benza ukuhlaziya isimo nesifunda ngalezi zimali. Phakathi kokutholakele kubalwa inani elikhulu lempahla yezempi ye-CALpers, iCalifornia Public Employees Retirement System (isikhwama sempesheni sesithupha ngobukhulu emhlabeni), iCalifornia State Teachers Retirement System, Uhlelo lweNhlalakahle yoMfundisi WaseNew York State, lo Uhlelo lweNhlalakahle yabasebenzi baseNew York City, kanye Nesikhwama Somhlalaphansi Esivamile SaseNew York State (izisebenzi zesifunda nezendawo). Kuyamangalisa! othisha baseDolobheni laseNew York bake baba abazali abaziqhenyayo bezingane ezinamanabukeni abomvu.
Uhlangothi lukahulumeni lwe-MIC complex ludlula kude i-DoD. Egatsheni lesigungu esiphezulu, iMinyango Yombuso, Yezokuphepha Kwezwe, Amandla, Izindaba Zomakadebona, Ingaphakathi; kanye neCIA, AID, FBI, NASA, nezinye izinhlaka; zigcwele amaphrojekthi nemigomo yezempi. Ngisho noMnyango Wezolimo unohlelo oluhlangene ne-DoD “lokubuyisela” i-Afghanistan ngokwakha imboni yezinkomo zobisi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinkomo nokudla kwazo kufanele kungeniswe kwamanye amazwe, izinkomo azikwazi ukudla endaweni njengoba izimvu nezimbuzi zomdabu zingadla, azikho izinto zokuhamba noma iziqandisi ezanele, futhi ama-Afghan awavamile ukuphuza ubisi. Izilwane zomdabu zinikeza iyogathi, ibhotela, noboya, futhi ziklabe emithambekeni emagebhugebhu, kodwa lokho akukona okwaseMelika.
ICongress ingumfelandawonye wezempi. Iminikelo yomkhankaso evela kuma-PAC wosonkontileka inkulu, futhi ukunxenxa kubanzi. Kanjalo nangezindleko zezikhungo zezezimali, ezitshalwe kakhulu ku-MIC. ICongresspeople inezabelo ezibalulekile zesitoko semboni yezikhali. Ukufeza isivumelwano, amalungu eCongress (kanye nabashayamthetho bezifundazwe nabendawo) bazi kahle ngokubaluleka kwezomnotho kwezinkontileka zempi ezifundeni zabo nasezifundeni.
Izizinda zamasosha, ngaphakathi kwe-US kanye nasemhlabeni wonke, ziyisizinda sezomnotho semiphakathi. I-DoD izinhlu izakhiwo zasekhaya ezingaphezu kuka-4,000. Ezinye izindawo zokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu noma iziteshi zokuqasha; mhlawumbe ezingama-400 ziyizisekelo ezinomthelela omkhulu ezindaweni zazo. Enkulu kunazo zonke kulawa, i-Fort Bragg, NC, iyidolobha ngokwalo, futhi ithonya lamasiko kanye nempahla yezomnotho esifundeni sayo, njengoba kuchazwe kahle nguCatherine Lutz Ekhaya. I-California inama-40 lezisekelo, futhi iyikhaya labenzi bezikhali abakhulu futhi. Amaphoyisa ngokuvamile phila ngaphandle kwesisekelo, ngakho-ke indawo ethengiswayo, indawo yokudlela, ukudayisa, ukukhanda izimoto, amahhotela namanye amabhizinisi ayachuma. Izakhamuzi zendawo zithola umsebenzi ngezisekelo. Ukufakwa okuvaliwe, okungaguquki kwesinye isikhathi kuba izinto eziheha izivakashi, njengendawo engathandeki kakhulu kuzo zonke izindawo zokuvakasha, I-Hanford Nuclear Reservation.
I-DoD inezinkontileka eziqondile nezibonelelo nohulumeni wesifunda nowendawo. Lezi ngezemiklamo nemisebenzi eyahlukene, okuhlanganisa nemali enkulu yokuxhasa uMbutho Wonogada Kazwelonke. I-Army Engineers igcina izimbobo zokubhukuda namapaki, futhi amaphoyisa athola isivumelwano ngama-Bearcats. Izinhlelo ze-JROTC ezweni lonke zihlinzeka ngemali yezikole zikahulumeni, futhi ngisho nangaphezulu kulezo eziyizikole zezempi zomphakathi; abayisithupha baseChicago.
Ohulumeni kazwelonke, izifundazwe kanye nohulumeni basekhaya bembozwe kahle “ngengubo yokungavikeleki;” umkhakha ongenzi-nzuzo awushaywa indiva. Noma kunjalo, ibamba iqembu elincane kakhulu lezinhlangano ezilwa nempi, njenge-Iraq Veterans Against War, Veterans for Peace, World Beyond War, Isenzo Sokuthula, Inyunyana Yososayensi Abakhathazekile, Isikhungo Senqubomgomo Yamazwe Ngamazwe, Isisebenzi SamaKatolika, Inhlangano Yezimpendulo, nezinye. Nokho ngokungafani nesikhathi seMpi YaseVietnam alikho iqembu elikhulumayo labaholi bezenkolo ababhikishela impi, futhi abafundi abambalwa abakhuthele kwezombusazwe bakhathazeke kakhulu ngezinye izindaba.
Izinhlangano ezingenzi nzuzo nezikhungo zibandakanyeka ngezindlela ezimbalwa. Abanye ngokusobala bangabambisene ne-MIC: I-Boy and Girl Scouts, i-Red Cross, izinhlangano ezisiza omakadebona, amathange okucabanga ezempi afana ne-RAND kanye ne-Institute for Defense Analysis, izikhungo zokucabanga ezifana ne-American Enterprise Institute, i-Atlantic Council, kanye ne-flagship of Ukuqagela komhlaba wase-US, uMkhandlu Wobudlelwano Nangaphandle. Kukhona futhi eziningi zamazwe ngamazwe okungezona kuhulumeni izinhlangano esiza uhulumeni wase-US ekuletheni usizo “losizo,” ukucula izingoma zokudumisa umnotho wemakethe, noma ukuzama ukulungisa umonakalo “wesibambiso” owenziwe emazweni nakubantu, isibonelo, i-Mercy Corps, i-Open Society Institutes, ne-CARE.
Izikhungo zemfundo kuyo yonke imikhakha zihlanganiswe nezempi. I izikole zempi zihlanganisa izikhungo zezemfundo, i-National Defence University, i-Army War College, i-Naval War College, i-Air Force Institute of Technology, i-Air University, i-Defence Acquisition University, i-Defence Language Institute, i-Naval Postgraduate School, Isikole Sokwaziswa Kwezokuvikela, isikole sezokwelapha, i-Uniformed Services University of i-Health Sciences, kanye neSikole Samazwe AseMelika esidume kabi e-Fort Benning, GA, manje esesiqanjwe kabusha ngokuthi i-Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation. “Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaKolishi Amakhulu Ezempi ahlinzeka ngenhlanganisela yemfundo ephakeme neziyalezo zempi. Ama-SMC ahlanganisa i-Texas A&M University, Norwich University, The Virginia Military Institute, The Citadel, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), University of North Georgia kanye neMary Baldwin Women’s Institute for Leadership.”
Inyuvesi akudingeki ibe yinto ekhethekile ukuze ibe yingxenye ye-MIC. Iningi ligcwele izinkontileka, izinhlelo ze-ROTC, kanye/noma izikhulu zamasosha nosonkontileka emabhodini abo abaphatheli. A cwaningo emanyuvesi ayi-100 agcwele impi ahlanganisa izikhungo ezihlonishwayo, kanye nezigayo zamadiploma ezikhiqiza abasebenzi bezikhungo zezobunhloli bezempi kanye nosonkontileka.
Izisekelo ezinkulu zenkululeko kade zaba yi "Sinews of Empire," ukuzibandakanya emisebenzini eyimfihlo nesobala ukuze kusekelwe ukuqagela kombuso. Bebengabangani abakhulu beCentral Intelligence Agency, futhi bebebalulekile ekugqugquzeleni kwayo. Isisekelo esidale futhi sasekela uMkhandlu Wobudlelwano Bangaphandle sekuyisikhathi eside siyisixhumanisi phakathi kwe-Wall Street, izinkampani ezinkulu, izifundiswa, abezindaba, kanye nabakhi bethu benqubomgomo bangaphandle nabezempi.
Okusobala kancane ukuxhumana kwezempi kwezinhlangano ezisiza umphakathi, zamasiko, zezenhlalakahle, ezemvelo, nezomsebenzi. Axhunywe ngeminikelo; izinhlelo ezihlangene; ukuxhaswa kwemicimbi, imibukiso, namakhonsathi; imiklomelo (zombili izindlela); utshalomali; amabhodi abaqondisi; abaphathi abaphezulu; kanye nezinkontileka. Imininingwane lapha ihlanganisa cishe iminyaka engamashumi amabili edlule, futhi ihlanganisa izizathu zokusekelwa okumangalisayo (ngokusho kwamavoti) izakhamizi zase-US ezinikeze amasosha ethu, isabelomali sawo, kanye nokusebenza kwawo.
I-philanthropy yenkontileka yezempi ibiyisihloko semibiko yangaphambilini, ku 2006 futhi 2016. Lonke uhlobo lwenhlangano engenzi nzuzo (kanye nezikole zikahulumeni namanyuvesi) zithole ukwesekwa kubakhi bezikhali abakhulu; okunye okutholwe kwakuvelele. Izinhlangano ezincane zazinikezwe kahle kakhulu. Iminyaka eminingi bekunokwesekwa okubalulekile kweNhlangano Kazwelonke Yokuthuthukiswa Kwabantu Bebala (NAACP) evela kwa-Lockheed; I-Boeing iphinde yaxhasa ngezimali iCongressional Black Caucus. Lowo owayengumongameli kanye ne-CEO ye-NAACP, u-Bruce Gordon, manje useBhodini Labaphathiswa baseNorthrop Grumman.
I-General Electric ingusonkontileka wezempi ophasa kakhulu i-philanthropist, enezibonelelo eziqondile eziya ezinhlanganweni nezikhungo zemfundo, ubudlelwano bakho kokubili, kanye neminikelo efanayo eyenziwa izinkulungwane zabasebenzi bayo. Lesi sakamuva sifinyelela izinhlangano eziningi ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni nezemfundo ezweni lonke.
Abaxhasi abakhulu kwiCarnegie Endowment for International Peace (ebalwe embikweni wayo Wonyaka we-2016) bahlanganisa i-Defence Intelligence Agency, i-Cisco Systems, i-Open Society Foundations, uMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-US, i-General Electric, i-North Atlantic Treaty Organization, kanye ne-Lockheed Martin. Lokhu kungukunanela kokuxhumana kwezempi kwe-CEIP okubikwa encwadini kaHorace Coon yama-1930s, Imali Yokushiswa.
I-DoD ngokwayo inikela ngempahla eningi ezinhlanganweni; phakathi kwalabo abafanelekile kukhona Obhuti Abakhulu/Osisi Abakhulu, AmaKlabhu Abafana Namantombazane, Ama-Boy Scouts, Ama-Girl Scouts, I-Little League Baseball, kanye Nezinhlangano Zesevisi Ezihlangene. Uhlelo lwe-Denton luvumela izinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni ukuthi zisebenzise isikhala esengeziwe endizeni yezempi yase-US ukuthutha izinto zokusiza abantu.
Kunenqwaba yezinhlelo ezihlanganyelwe kanye noxhaso. Nali isampula elincane.
I-American Association of University Women's National Tech Savvy Programme ikhuthaza amantombazane ukuthi angenele imisebenzi ye-STEM (Isayensi, Ubuchwepheshe, Ubunjiniyela kanye Nezibalo), ngoxhaso oluvela ku-Lockheed, BAE Systems, kanye ne-Boeing. I-Junior Achievement, exhaswe yi-Bechtel, i-United Technologies, nezinye, ihlose ukuqeqesha izingane kwezomnotho ezisekelwe ezimakethe kanye namabhizinisi. I-Wolf Trap Foundation for the Performing Arts ibambisene no-Northrop Grumman "somkhankaso we-STEM 'wokufunda ngobuciko' bezingane zasenkulisa kubafundi be-pre-K kanye nenkulisa." I-Bechtel Foundation inezinhlelo ezimbili “zeCalifornia esimeme”—uhlelo lwezemfundo lokusiza “intsha ithuthukise ulwazi, amakhono, kanye nomlingiswa ukuze ihlole futhi iqonde umhlaba,” kanye nohlelo lwezemvelo lokukhuthaza “ukuphatha, ubuphathi kanye nokongiwa kwemvelo. ngemithombo yemvelo yombuso.”
I-NAACP ACT-SO “uhlelo lokucebisa unyaka wonke oluklanyelwe ukuqasha, ukugqugquzela, nokukhuthaza impumelelo ephezulu ezifundweni namasiko phakathi kwabafundi bezikole zamabanga aphezulu base-Afrika-baseMelika,” ngoxhaso luka-Lockheed Martin noNorthrop Grumman et al. Abaphumelele kuzwelonke bathola imiklomelo yezezimali ezinkampanini ezinkulu, imifundaze yasekolishi, ama-internship, nama-apprenticeships—ezimbonini zempi.
Eminyakeni yamuva abenzi bezikhali baye baba izazi zemvelo ezishisekayo. U-Lockheed wayengumxhasi we-US Chamber of Commerce Foundation Sustainability Forum ngo-2013. U-Northrop Grumman weseka i-Keep America Beautiful, i-National Public Lands Day, kanye nokubambisana ne-Conservation International kanye ne-Arbor Day Foundation (yokubuyisela amahlathi). I-United Technologies ingumxhasi ongumsunguli we-US Green Building Council Center for Green Schools, futhi engabasunguli be-Sustainable Cities Design Academy. I-Tree Musketeers yinhlangano kazwelonke yentsha yezemvelo ebambisene i-Northrop Grumman kanye ne-Boeing.
Imiklomelo ihamba ngazo zombili: izimboni zinikeza imiklomelo ezingenzi-nzuzo, kanye nemiklomelo engenzi-nzuzo ezimbonini zempi nakubantu. I-United Technologies, ngemizamo yayo yokubhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ibisohlwini lweClimate A lweProjekthi Yokudalula Isimo Sezulu. I Inhlangano Yezibophezelo Zenkampani inikeze u-Lockheed isikhundla sesi-8 ngo-2016 ohlwini lwayo Lwezakhamizi Ezihamba phambili Eziyi-100. Amaphuzu Okukhanya afaka iGeneral Electric kanye neRaytheon ohlwini lwayo lwango-2014 lwezinkampani ezingama-50 ezinomqondo womphakathi kakhulu eMelika. U-Harold Koh, ummeli okwathi njengomeluleki ka-Obama wavikela iziteleka nokungenelela kwe-drone e-Libya, muva nje unikezwe isikhundla sokuba uprofesa ovakashile ovelele nguPhi Beta Kappa. Ngo-2017, i-Hispanic Association on Corporate Responsibility yaqaphela 34 Young Hispanic Corporate Achievers; Aba-3 babeyizikhulu embonini yezikhali. U-Elizabeth Amato, isikhulu kwa-United Technologies, uthole i-YWCA Women Achievers Award.
Naphezu kokukhandlayo ukucinga ngefomu lentela lama-990s, kunzima ukuthola imininingwane yokutshalwa kwezimali kwezinhlangano. Eziningi zinazo ezinkulu; ngo-2006, i-American Friends Service Committee yayinezigidi ezingu-3.5 zamaRandi imali kusukela ekutshalweni kwezimali. I-Human Rights Watch ibike imali eyizigidi ezi-3.5 yokutshalwa kwezimali kwifomu layo lentela lika-2015 elithi 990, kanye nezimali ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-107 zamaRandi.
Enye yezinhlolovo ezimbalwa zezinqubomgomo ezingenzi-nzuzo (okwenziwa yi-Commonfund ngo-2012) ithole ukuthi u-17% kuphela wamafawundeshini asebenzisa imibandela yemvelo, yezenhlalakahle, kanye nokubusa (ESG) ekutshalweni kwazo. I-ESG ibonakala ithathe indawo “yokutshalwa kwezimali okunesibopho somphakathi (i-SRI)” kumagama okutshalwa kwezimali, futhi inombono ohlukile. Umkhawulo ovame kakhulu ukugwema izinkampani ezenza ibhizinisi ezifundeni ezinengcuphe yezingxabano; okulandelayo kuhlobene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni; ukuhlukahluka kwabasebenzi nakho kubalulekile. Ucwaningo lwe-Commonfund lwezinhlangano ezisiza abampofu, izinsizakalo zezenhlalakahle nezinhlangano zamasiko lubike ukuthi u-70% wesampula yabo akazange acabangele i-ESG kuzinqubomgomo zabo zokutshala izimali. Nakuba u-61% wezinhlangano zezenkolo usebenzise indlela ye-ESG, yi-16% kuphela yezinhlangano zezenhlalakahle kanye no-3% wezinhlangano zamasiko ezisebenzisayo.
Izimboni zezikhali azikaze zishiwo kule mibiko. Izinhlangano zezenkolo ngezinye izikhathi zisasebenzisa izikrini zokutshala izimali ze-SRI, kodwa ezazivame kakhulu kwakuwutshwala, ukugembula, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, nogwayi. I-Interfaith Centre on Corporate Responsibility, insiza yamasonto, ibala cishe izindaba ezingu-30 okufanele zicatshangelwe ukutshalwa kwezimali, okuhlanganisa isinxephezelo esiphezulu, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, kanye nenkinga ye-opioid, kodwa akukho mayelana nezikhali noma impi. Iseluleko se-United Church (UCC), iphayona kuzinqubomgomo zokutshala izimali ze-SRI, sihlanganisa isikrini: izinkampani kuphela okufanele zikhethwe ezinemali engaphansi kuka-10% yotshwala noma ukugembula, i-1% kagwayi, i-10% yezikhali ezivamile kanye no-5% kusukela ezikhalini zenuzi.
I-Art Institute yase-Chicago ithi kuwebhusayithi yabo ukuthi “[Ngo]kunomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhulisa imbuyiselo ekutshalweni kwezimali ngokuhambisana namazinga afanelekile engcuphe, Isikhungo Sobuciko sinombono oqinile omelene nokucwiliswa emanzini ngenxa yezizathu zomphakathi, zokuziphatha, noma zezombusazwe.” Abasohlwini njengabahlanganyeli yi-Honeywell International, futhi abahlomuli abakhulu yiCrown Family (General Dynamics), esanda kunikela ngemali eyizigidi ezimbili zamaRandi ukuze uthole ubuProfessor kuPainting and Drawing.
Izikhungo ezingenzi inzuzo (kanye nabantu ngabanye kanye nezikhwama zempesheni zayo yonke imikhakha) zinokutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu ezikhwameni zezinkampani zezimali ezifana ne-State Street, Vanguard, BlackRock, Fidelity, CREF, nezinye, amaphothifoliyo abacebile ezimbonini zempi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi amafemu obuchwepheshe bolwazi, okuthi, nakuba ngokuvamile abhekwa “njengezibophezele emphakathini,” aphakathi kosonkontileka abakhulu be-DoD.
Eminyakeni yakamuva izinhlangano eziyisisekelo nezinye izinhlangano ezinkulu ezingenzi-nzuzo, njengamanyuvesi, zithande ukutshalwa kwezimali ku-hedge funds, real estate, derivatives, kanye nokulingana kwangasese. I-Carnegie Endowment, “esobala” kakhulu kuneningi, ibala lezi zimali efomini layo lentela lango-2015 elithi 990 (Ishejuli D Ingxenye VII). Akunakwenzeka ukuthi u-Lockheed, Boeing, et al, baphakathi kwamabonanza ezikweletu acindezelekile, ngakho lezi zikhungo zingase zibe nenani elincane esitokweni sezikhali. Noma kunjalo, iningi labo linokuxhumana okuqinile ku-MIC ngeminikelo, ubuholi, kanye/noma izinkontileka.
Ubudlelwane obuseduze nebutho lezempi phakathi kwamalungu ebhodi elingenzi inzuzo kanye nabaphathi kusebenzela ukugcina isembozo semisebenzi emelene nempi nokuveza. I-Aspen Institute iyithangi lokucabanga elinongoti abangabahlali, futhi iyinqubomgomo yokuhlangana nezishoshovu, njengabaholi bomphakathi abalwa nobumpofu. Ibhodi Lalo Labaphathiswa liholwa nguJames Crown, ophinde abe ngumqondisi weGeneral Dynamics. Phakathi kwamanye amalungu ebhodi kukhona uMadeleine Albright, uCondoleezza Rice, uJavier Solana (owayenguNobhala-Jikelele we-NATO), kanye nowayeyiNgqungquthela uJane Harman. U-Harman “wathola indondo yoMnyango Wezokuvikela Yenkonzo Ehlonishwayo ngo-1998, i-CIA Seal Medal ngo-2007, kanye Nomklomelo Womqondisi we-CIA kanye Nendondo Kazwelonke Yezobunhloli Bokuhlonishwa Komsebenzi Womphakathi ngo-2011. Njengamanje uyilungu loMqondisi we-National Intelligence's Senior Advisory Group. , Ikhomishini Yamazwe Amathathu kanye NoMkhandlu Wobudlelwano Namazwe Angaphandle.” Ama-Trustees e-Aspen Lifetime afaka u-Lester Crown no-Henry Kissinger.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ibhodi labaphatheli beCarnegie Corporation lalihlanganisa uCondoleezza Rice kanye noGeneral Lloyd Austin III (Ret.), Umkhuzi we-CENTCOM, umholi ekuhlaselweni kwe-Iraq ngo-2003, futhi oyilungu lebhodi le-United Technologies. Owake waba ngumongameli we-Physicians for Peace (okungelona iqembu elaziwa ngendlela efanayo) ngu-Admiral Osemuva uHarold Bernsen, owayenguMkhuzi Webutho Lezempi YaseMpumalanga Yase-US hhayi udokotela.
I-TIAA, isikhwama somhlalaphansi wothisha basekolishi, yayine-CEO kusukela ngo-1993-2002, u-John H. Biggs, ngesikhathi esifanayo engumqondisi we-Boeing. Ibhodi labaqondisi lamanje le-TIAA lihlanganisa ozakwabo benkampani enkulu yocwaningo lwezempi, i-MITER Corporations, namalungu amaningana oMkhandlu Wezobudlelwano Nangaphandle. Iphini likaMongameli wayo omkhulu, u-Rahul Merchant, njengamanje ungumqondisi ezinkampanini ezimbili zobuchwepheshe bolwazi ezinezinkontileka ezinkulu zempi: Juniper Networks kanye ne-AASKI.
Isikhulu se-American Association of Retired Persons' kusukela ngo-2002-2007, uChris Hansen, wayeke wasebenza kuleso sikhundla e-Boeing. I-VP yamanje yezokuxhumana e-Northrop Grumman, uLisa Davis, ubambe leso sikhundla e-AARP kusukela ngo-1996-2005.
Amalungu ebhodi nama-CEO ezinkampani ezinkulu zezikhali asebenza emabhodini ezinhlangano eziningi ezingenzi-nzuzo. Ukukhombisa nje ububanzi, lezi zihlanganisa iNational Fish and Wildlife Foundation, Newman's Own Foundation, New York Public Library, Carnegie Hall Society, Conservation International, Wolf Trap Foundation, WGBH, Boy Scouts, Newport Festival Foundation, Toys for Tots, izinhlangano ze-STEM. , I-Catalyst, i-National Science Center, i-US Institute of Peace, kanye nezisekelo eziningi namanyuvesi.
I-DoD ikhuthaza ukuqashwa kwezikhulu zezempi esezithathe umhlalaphansi njengamalungu ebhodi noma ama-CEO ezinhlangano ezingenzi inzuzo, futhi izinhlangano eziningana nezinhlelo zamadigri ziqhubekisela phambili lolu shintsho. UBrigadier General Wezempi Yasemoyeni yase-US u-Eden Murrie (Ret.) manje usenguMqondisi Wezinguquko Zikahulumeni Nobambiswano Lwe-Ejensi ku-nonprofit Partnership for Public Service. Ugcizelela ukuthi “[F]abaholi bezempi bangaphambili banolwazi oluqondile lobuholi futhi baletha ithalente nobuqotho obungasetshenziswa enhlanganweni engenzi nzuzo. . .” Uma kubhekwa iminyaka yokuthatha umhlalaphansi ngaphambi kwesikhathi, izisebenzi zezempi zangaphambili (kanye nabasezikhundleni) bafanelekile ngokwemvelo ezikhundleni zokuba nethonya kuhulumeni wobumbano, wesifunda, nowasekhaya, amabhodi ezikole, izinhlangano ezingenzi nzuzo, nomsebenzi wokuzithandela; baningi abakulezo zindawo.
Mhlawumbe ubudlelwano obumnandi kakhulu ngaphansi kwengubo yokungavikeleki inqwaba yezinkontileka futhi bunikeza uMnyango Wezokuvikela amathenda emhlabeni ongenzi nzuzo. Ukubikwa kwezimali kwe-DoD kudume ngokungalungile, futhi bekunama-akhawunti angqubuzanayo phakathi nangaphakathi kolwazi oluku-inthanethi. Noma kunjalo, ngisho nesithombe esingacacile sinikeza umbono omuhle wokujula nobubanzi bokuhlanganisa.
Kusuka Kumbiko wabo Wonyaka wezi-2016: “I-Nature Conservancy yinhlangano enakekela abantu nomhlaba, futhi ibheka amathuba okuba nozakwethu. Abapolitiki. Sidinga izinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni njenge-TNC ukusiza ukuhlanganisa izakhamizi zethu. Baphansi. Bayabaqonda abantu, ipolitiki, ubambiswano. Siyawadinga amaqembu afana ne-TNC azoxhasa lokho izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezingakwazi ukukwenza.” UMamie Parker, Umsizi Womqondisi Wangaphambili, Inkonzo Yezinhlanzi Nezilwane Zasendle yase-US kanye Nomphathiswa wase-Arkansas, I-Nature Conservancy.
Phakathi kwezibonelelo ezihamba ngenye indlela yizinkontileka ze-DoD ezingama-44 ne-TNC ezihlanganisa izigidi ezimbalwa zeminyaka ka-2008-2018 (USA). Lezi ezezinkonzo ezifana nePrairie Habitat Reforestation, $100,000, kanye nokugcinwa kwe-Runway and Biosecurity e-Palmyra Atoll, HI, $82,000 (USA). Eminyakeni ka-2000-2016, i-GCW yenza uhlu lwesamba esingu-$5,500,000 kuzinkontileka ze-DoD ze-TNC.
Izibonelelo eziya ku-TNC zamaphrojekthi athile, ezingahlukile ngokusobala kuzinkontileka, bezikhudlwana kakhulu. Ngayinye ihlelwe ngokwehlukana (i-USA); isibalo esinzima sengqikithi sasingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-150 zamaRandi. Uxhaso olulodwa lwamaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-55 bekungeye-“Buffer (acub) ehambisana nebutho lezempi eduze nokufakwa kwamasosha e-Fort Benning.” Izibonelelo ezifanayo, ezinkulu kunazo zonke, amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-14, bekungezale sevisi kwezinye izisekelo. Okunye kwakungowokuqaliswa kohlelo lokuqapha ibutho lezempi lase-Fort Benning. Okufakwe encazelweni yalezi zibonelelo kwakuyisaziso: “Ukusiza ohulumeni bezifundazwe nohulumeni basekhaya ukunciphisa noma ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa komhlaba okungahambisani nezakhamuzi ezingase ziphazamise ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kokufakwa kwezempi koMnyango Wezokuvikela (DoD). Izibonelelo kanye nohulumeni ababambe iqhaza kulindeleke ukuthi bamukele futhi basebenzise izincomo zocwaningo.”
I-TNC's Form 990 ka-2017 ithi imali engenayo yokutshala imali njengezigidi ezingama- $ 21. Ibike izibonelelo zikahulumeni zezigidi ezingu-108.5 zamaRandi, kanye nezinkontileka zikahulumeni ezingu-$9 million. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise izimali ezivela kuzwelonke nezasekhaya kanye nakuyo yonke iminyango kahulumeni wobumbano. Umnyango Wezangaphakathi, ophethe izindawo ezinkulu ezisetshenziselwa amabanga okuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu nemidlalo yempi yezinhlamvu ezibukhoma, ungomunye umnikezeli we-TNC.
Ezinye izinhlangano zezemvelo ezisekelwa izinkontileka ze-DoD yiNational Audubon Society ($945,000 iminyaka engu-6, GCW), kanye ne-Point Reyes Bird Observatory ($145,000, iminyaka engu-6, GCW). I-USA ibika izinkontileka neStichting Deltares, isikhungo saseDutch sokucwaninga ngasogwini, ngo-$550,000 ngo-2016, isiza iSan Diego Zoo ka-$367,000, kanye ne-Institute for Wildlife Studies, u-$1.3 wezigidi zokuqapha ukushabalala.
I-Goodwill Industries (eqeqesha futhi iqashe abakhubazekile, ababenecala, omakadebona, nabantu abangenamakhaya) ingusonkontileka omkhulu wezempi. Ibhizinisi ngalinye liyibhizinisi elihlukile, elisuselwa kusifunda noma isifunda, futhi irisidi isiyonke iyizigidigidi. Isibonelo, ngo-2000-2016 (GCW), i-Goodwill yaseNingizimu Florida yayinezigidi ezingu-434 zamaRandi kanye ne-Southeastern Wisconsin $ 906 million kuzinkontileka. Izimpahla namasevisi ahlinzekiwe ahlanganisa ukusekelwa kokudla nokokusebenza, ukucutshungulwa kwamarekhodi, amabhulukwe ezempi, ukugcinwa, ukuphepha, ukugunda, nokugaywa kabusha. Izinhlangano ezifanayo ezisebenzela i-DoD zifaka phakathi i-Jewish Vocational Service kanye ne-Community Workshop, izinsiza zokuhlanza, amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-12 eminyakeni engu-5; I-Lighthouse for the Blind, i-$ 4.5 million, imishini yokuhlanza amanzi; Ikhono Lokuqala; Isikhungo Sikazwelonke sabangaboni; Pride Industries; kanye ne-Melwood Horticultural Training Centre.
I-DoD ayiwuvimbi umsebenzi we-Federal Prison Industries, edayisa ifenisha neminye imikhiqizo. Inhlangano kahulumeni (futhi ngaleyo ndlela engeyona engenzi nzuzo), ibe nengxenye yebhiliyoni ekuthengisweni kuyo yonke iminyango yenhlangano ngo-2016. Abasebenzi basejele, i-Goodwill Industries namanye amabhizinisi ane-sheltered-workshop, kanye nenzuzo eqasha abasebenzi bokufika, intsha, asebethathe umhlalaphansi, kanye nabasebenzi bokufika (abalima ukudla kwamasosha kanye nathi sonke), baveza isimo esiguqukayo sesigaba sabasebenzi base-US, kanye nencazelo ethile yokuntula kwaso ukushisekela uguquko, noma ngisho nokuphikisana okuncane ohlelweni lonxiwankulu.
Abasebenzi abakhokhelwa kahle, nabahlukene ngempela (kuhlanganise nabaphathi) babenzi bezikhali ezinkulu nabo abazimisele ukwakha imigoqo yokhuni. Amabhodi abaqondisi kulezi zimboni amukela idlanzana kanye nabesifazane. Ama-CEO e-Lockheed kanye ne-General Dynamics ngabesifazane, kanye ne-Chief Operating Officer ye-Northrop Grumman. Lezi zindaba zempumelelo ziqinisa izifiso zomuntu kubantu abangenakho, kunokungabaza uhlelo.
Izinkontileka namanyuvesi, izibhedlela, kanye nezikhungo zezokwelapha ziningi kakhulu ukuthi zingachazwa lapha; eyodwa ekhombisa ukuthi ingubo yokulala ikude kangakanani ne-Oxford University, $800,000 yocwaningo lwezokwelapha. Izinhlangano zochwepheshe ezinezinkontileka ezibalulekile zihlanganisa i-Institute of International Education, American Council on Education, American Association of State Colleges and Universities, National Academy of Sciences, Society of Women Engineers, American Indian Science and Engineering Society, American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, Society of Onjiniyela baseMexico naseMelika, kanye ne-US Green Building Council. I-Council of State Governments (inhlangano yezikhulu zenqubomgomo engenzi nzuzo) ithole inkontileka ka-$193,000 ngomsebenzi "wokulungiselela". Asethembe ukuthi sizilungiselele kahle.
Abaholi, abasebenzi, amalungu, abanikeli, namavolontiya ezinhlangano ezingenzi nzuzo bawuhlobo lwabantu okungenzeka ukuthi babeyizishoshovu zokuthula, nokho abaningi baqunywa ekuthuleni ngaphansi kwengubo enkulu yokungavikeleki.
Ngaphezu kwabo bonke abahlomuli abaqondile nabangaqondile bokusungulwa kwezempi, abantu abaningi abangenalo uxhumano basakuthokozela. Baye babhekana nenkulumo-ze engapheli yezempi nezimpi zayo ezivela kuhulumeni, emaphephandabeni, e-TV, amafilimu, izinhlelo zezemidlalo, imibukiso nemidlalo yama-computer—le midlalo yakamuva ifundisa izingane ukuthi ukubulala kumnandi.
I-indoctrination yehla kalula. Ibe nesiqalo esihle ohlelweni lwezemfundo oluqhakambisa umlando onobudlova wesizwe. Izikole zethu zigcwele ukufundisa kwangaphakathi, izinhlelo ze-STEM, namaqembu ajabulisayo wamarobhothi aqhutshwa ngabasebenzi babakhi bezikhali. Izingane ezincane zingase zingakuqondi konke ukuxhumana, kodwa zivame ukukhumbula ama-logo. Izinhlelo ze-JROTC, ezinikeza amanani ezempi, zibhalisa izingane eziningi kakhulu kunalezo ezizoba izikhulu zangomuso. Imizamo yokuqasha exhaswe kahle kakhulu ezikoleni ihlanganisa ukulingiswa “okujabulisayo” kwempi.
Kukhona abasekeli bomhlaba wonke abasekela inkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa i-NATO, ezinye izivumelwano, izinkonzo zezokuvikela, izimboni zamasosha angaphandle, nezisekelo, kodwa leyo indaba yolunye usuku.
Izigidi ezikhoseliswe ngaphansi kwengubo yethu yokulala ewugqinsi nebanzi, okuhlanganisa nababhaliselwe ngaphansi kwengxenye yayo ehlabayo, azinacala. Abanye abantu bangase bajabule ngombono wokufa nokubhujiswa. Kodwa-ke, iningi lizama nje ukuziphilisa, ukugcina inhlangano yalo noma ibhande lokugqwala ligcwele, noma ukwamukelwa enkampanini ehloniphekile. Bangakhetha umsebenzi owakhayo noma imali engenayo evela emithonjeni enempilo. Nokho abaningi baye bafundiswa ukuba bakholelwe ukuthi impi iyinto evamile futhi iyadingeka. Kulabo abacabanga ukuthi uguquko lubalulekile uma ukuphila kule planethi kunethuba lokusinda, kubalulekile ukubona zonke izindlela i-military-industrial-congressional-cishe yonke into-complex egcinwa ngayo.
"Umnotho wemakethe yamahhala" yinganekwane. Ngaphezu komkhakha omkhulu ongenzi nzuzo (ongewona owemakethe), ukungenelela kukahulumeni kukhulu, hhayi kuphela kwezempi enkulu, kodwa kwezolimo, imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, ingqalasizinda, ukuthuthukiswa komnotho (!), et al. Ngezigidigidi ezifanayo singaba nomnotho wezwe olungisa imvelo, ohlinzeka ngezinga elihle lokuphila namathuba amasiko awo wonke umuntu, futhi usebenzele ukuthula emhlabeni.
Joan Roelofs unguSolwazi Emerita Wesayensi Yezombangazwe, eKeene State College, eNew Hampshire. Ungumbhali we Izisekelo kanye Nenqubomgomo Yomphakathi: Imaski Yobuningi (SUNY Press, 2003) kanye Greening Cities (Rowman and Littlefield, 1996). Ungumhumushi wencwadi kaVictor considerant Izimiso zeSocialism (Maisonneuve Press, 2006), kanye noShawn P. Wilbur, wenganekwane kaCharles Fourier yokulwa nempi, The Impi Yezwe Yamakhekhe Amancane (Autonomedia, 2015). Isifundo esifushane semfundo yomphakathi esikhungweni sezimboni zamasosha sikuwebhusayithi yakhe, futhi singase sisetshenziselwe izinjongo ezifanayo.
Iwebhusayithi: www.joanroelofs.wordpress.com Contact: joan.roelofs@myfairpoint.net
