NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Agasti 1, 2022
Lapho iDolobha laseNew York muva nje likhipha ividiyo enyantisayo “yesimemezelo senkonzo yomphakathi” echaza ukuthi kufanele uhlale endlini phakathi nempi yenuzi, ukusabela kwenhlangano kwabezindaba kwakungelona ukucasuka ngokuyinhloko ukwamukela isiphetho esinjalo noma ubuwula bokutshela abantu ukuthi “Usubambile. ngikutholile lokhu!” njengokungathi bangasinda ku-apocalypse ngokuhlangana ne-Netflix, kodwa kunalokho ukuhleka usulu wona kanye umqondo wokuthi impi yenuzi ingenzeka. Ukuvota kwe-US ezintweni ezikhathazayo eziphezulu kuthola i-1% yabantu abakhathazeke kakhulu ngesimo sezulu kanye no-0% abakhathazeke kakhulu ngempi yenuzi.
Kodwa-ke, i-US ivele yafaka ama-nukes ngokungemthetho esizweni se-6 (futhi cishe akekho e-US ongayisho noma amanye amahlanu i-US eyayivele inawo ama-nukes ngokungemthetho), kuyilapho iRussia ikhuluma ngokufaka ama-nukes kwesinye isizwe, futhi ohulumeni ababili abanama-nukes amaningi bakhuluma kakhulu - esidlangalaleni nangasese - mayelana nempi yenuzi. Ososayensi abagcina iwashi losuku lwembubhiso bacabanga ukuthi ingozi inkulu kunangaphambili. Kukhona ukuvumelana okujwayelekile kokuthi ukuthunyelwa kwezikhali e-Ukraine engcupheni yempi yenuzi kuyakufanelekela - noma ngabe "kungaba" yini. Futhi, okungenani ngaphakathi kwenhloko kaSomlomo weNdlu yase-US uNancy Pelosi, amazwi ayavumelana ukuthi uhambo oluya eTaiwan nalo lubalulekile.
UTrump udabule isivumelwano sase-Iran, futhi uBiden wenze konke okusemandleni ukuthi sigcine sinjalo. Ngenkathi uTrump ehlongoza ukukhuluma neNorth Korea, abezindaba baseMelika bahlanya. Kepha ukuphatha okufike kwanda kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezempi okulungiswe ngokwenyuka kwamandla emali, kwabeka irekhodi lenani lezizwe ezaqhunyiswa ngamabhomu ngasikhathi sinye, futhi kwaqanjwa impi yamarobhothi (ekaBarack Obama) okumele umuntu ayilinde kabuhlungu manje, njengoba enza inhlekisa. -kodwa-okungcono-kunempi ye-Iran isivumelwano, yenqaba ukuhlomisa i-Ukraine, futhi ayizange ibe nesikhathi sokuthola impi ehambisana neChina. Ukuhlonyiswa kwezikhali kwe-Ukraine nguTrump kanye noBiden kwenze okuningi ngamathuba okukuhwamisa kunanoma yini enye, futhi noma yini emfishane ye-Bellicosity ka-Biden ibingelelwe ngokuhhewula okomele igazi yizinkampani zakho zezindaba zase-US ezinobungane.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, njengabantu baseHiroshima naseNagasaki, kanye nezakhamuzi ezihlala eziqhingini zasePacific ezinkudlwana zokuhlola izikhali zenuzi, kanye nabaphansi kuyo yonke indawo, akekho oyibonayo iza. Futhi, nakakhulu, abantu baye baqeqeshwa ukuze baqiniseke ngokuphelele ukuthi akukho abangakwenza ukuze baguqule izinto uma beqaphela noma yiluphi uhlobo lwenkinga. Ngakho-ke, kuyamangaza imizamo eyenziwa yilabo abanaka noma yikuphi, isibonelo:
Misa Umlilo futhi uxoxisane ngokuthula e-Ukraine
Isikhalazo Somhlaba Wonke Kwabohulumeni Abasishiyagalombili Bezinombolo
Yithi Cha Ohambweni Oluyingozi Luka-Nancy Pelosi lwase-Taiwan
I-VIDEO: Ukuqedwa Kwezikhali Zenuzi Emhlabeni Wonke Nasendaweni - IWebinar
Juni 12th Amavidiyo Aphikisana Nenuzi
Agasti 2: I-Webinar: Yini engabangela impi yenuzi neRussia neChina?
Agasti 5: Ngemva kweminyaka engu-77: Qeda ama-Nukes, Hhayi Ukuphila Emhlabeni
Agasti 6: Ukubukwa kwefilimu kanye nengxoxo "Ngosuku Olulandelayo".
Agasti 9: Isikhumbuzo Sokugubha iminyaka engu-77 se-Hiroshima-Nagasaki
I-Seattle izobamba iqhaza ekuqedweni kweNuclear
Isizinda esincane se-Hiroshima ne-Nagasaki:
Ama-nukes awazange asindise ukuphila. Babulala, cishe abangu-200,000 XNUMX babo. Zazingahloselwe ukusindisa ukuphila noma ukuqeda impi. Futhi abazange bayiqede impi. Ukuhlasela kweRussia kwenza lokho. Kodwa impi yayizophela noma kunjalo, ngaphandle kwalezo zinto. I-United States Strategic Bombing Survey waphetha ngokuthi, “... ngokuqinisekile ngaphambi komhla zingama-31 kuZibandlela, 1945, futhi cishe ngaphambi komhla lu-1 kuLwezi, 1945, iJapan yayizocela umaluju noma ngabe amabhomu e-athomu ayengakaphonswanga, noma ngabe iRussia yayingangenanga empini, futhi noma ngabe kwakungekho ukuhlasela. bekuhleliwe noma kucatshangelwe.”
Omunye owaphikisayo owayeveze lo mbono ofanayo kuNobhala Wezempi futhi, ngokulandisa kwakhe, kuMongameli Truman, ngaphambi kwalokhu kuqhuma kwamabhomu kwakunguGeneral Dwight Eisenhower. Ngaphansi kukaNobhala weNavy Ralph Bard, ngaphambi kokuqhuma kwamabhomu, wanxusa lokho I-Japan inikezwe isexwayiso. U-Lewis Strauss, Umeluleki kaNobhala Wezempi Yezempi, naye ngaphambi kokuqhuma kwamabhomu, kunconywa ukuqhumisa ihlathi kunedolobha. General George Marshall ngokusobala wavuma ngalowo mqondo. Usosayensi we-athomu u-Leo Szilard ososayensi abahlelekile ukunxusa umongameli ukuthi angasebenzisi ibhomu. Usosayensi we-athomu uJames Franck uhlele ososayensi ababekhulumela ukuphatha izikhali ze-athomu njengendaba yenqubomgomo yabantu, hhayi nje isinqumo sezempi. Omunye usosayensi, uJoseph Rotblat, wafuna ukuthi kuqedwe iManhattan Project, futhi wesula lapho ingaqedwa. Inhlolovo yososayensi base-US abenze amabhomu, athathwe ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa kwawo, bathola ukuthi i-83% yayifuna ibhomu lenuzi liboniswe esidlangalaleni ngaphambi kokulahla elilodwa eJapane. Amasosha ase-US agcina leyo nhlolovo iyimfihlo. UGeneral Douglas MacArthur wabamba umhlangano nabezindaba ngo-August 6, 1945, ngaphambi kokuqhuma kwebhomu eHiroshima, ukuze amemezele ukuthi iJapane isishayiwe kakade.
USihlalo Wezikhulu Ezihlangene Zabasebenzi u-Admiral William D. Leahy wathi ngokucasuka ngo-1949 ukuthi uTruman wayemqinisekise ukuthi izinhloso zezempi zizonqunu kuphela, hhayi izakhamuzi. “Ukusetshenziswa kwalesi sikhali esinonya eHiroshima naseNagasaki kwakungelona usizo oluphathekayo empini yethu neJapane. AmaJapan abevele ehluliwe futhi esekulungele ukuzinikela,” kusho uLeahy. Izikhulu eziphezulu zezempi ezathi ngemva nje kwempi ukuthi amaJapane ayezozinikela ngokushesha ngaphandle kokuqhuma kwamabhomu enuzi ahlanganisa uGeneral Douglas MacArthur, General Henry "Hap" Arnold, General Curtis LeMay, General Carl "Tooey" Spaatz, Admiral Ernest King, Admiral Chester Nimitz. , U-Admiral William “Bull” Halsey, kanye noBrigadier General Carter Clarke. Njengoba u-Oliver Stone noPeter Kuznick befingqa, izikhulu eziyisikhombisa zezinkanyezi ezinhlanu zase-United States ezithole inkanyezi yokugcina eMpini Yezwe II noma ngemva nje kwalokho - oJenene MacArthur, u-Eisenhower, no-Arnold, kanye no-Admirals Leahy, King, Nimitz, noHalsey. - ngo-1945 wenqaba umbono wokuthi amabhomu e-athomu ayedingeka ukuze kuqedwe impi. "Ngokudabukisayo, nokho, kunobufakazi obuncane bokuthi balifaka icala labo noTruman ngaphambi kweqiniso."
Ngo-Agasti 6, 1945, uMongameli uTruman waqamba amanga emsakazweni wathi ibhomu lenuzi lafakwa esikhungweni samasosha, hhayi edolobheni. Futhi wakuthethelela, hhayi njengokusheshisa ukuphela kwempi, kepha njengokuziphindisela emacaleni aseJapan. “Mnu. UTruman ubejabule, ”kubhala uDorothy Day. Emasontweni ambalwa ngaphambi kokuphonswa kwebhomu lokuqala, ngoJulayi 13, 1945, iJapan yayithumele yocingo eSoviet Union izwakalisa isifiso sayo sokunikela nokuqeda impi. I-United States yayiphule amakhodi aseJapan futhi yafunda le ngcingo. Encwadini yakhe yezenzakalo zansuku zonke uTruman wabhekisela “kuthelegramu evela kuJap Emperor ecela ukuthula.” UMongameli uTruman waziswa ngeziteshi zaseSwitzerland nezasePutukezi ngezivumelwano zokuthula zaseJapan ezinyangeni ezintathu ngaphambi kweHiroshima. IJapan yakwenqaba nje ukuzinikela ngaphandle kwemibandela nokunikela umbusi wayo, kepha iMelika yaphikelela kuleyo migomo kwaze kwaba ngemuva kokuwa kwamabhomu, lapho yavumela khona iJapane ukuthi igcine umbusi wayo. Ngakho-ke, isifiso sokulahla amabhomu kungenzeka ukuthi sayandisa impi. Amabhomu awazange ayifinyeze impi.
Umeluleki kamongameli uJames Byrnes utshele uTruman ukuthi ukuwisa amabhomu kuzovumela i-United States ukuthi "ibeke imigomo yokuqeda impi." Unobhala Webutho Lamanzi UJames Forrestal wabhala encwadini yakhe ukuthi uByrnes “wayekulangazelela kakhulu ukuqeda indaba yaseJapane ngaphambi kokuba amaRussia angene.” UTruman wabhala encwadini yakhe ukuthi amaSoviet ayelungiselela ukumasha ngokumelene neJapane kanye “neFini Japs uma lokho kwenzeka.” Ukuhlasela kweSoviet kwakuhlelwe ngaphambi kwamabhomu, hhayi ukunqunywa yibo. I-United States ibingenazo izinhlelo zokuhlasela izinyanga, futhi azikho izinhlelo esikalini zokubeka engcupheni izinombolo zezimpilo othisha bezikole zase-US abazokutshela ukuthi zisindisiwe. Umbono wokuthi ukuhlasela okukhulu kwe-US kwase kuseduze futhi ukuphela kwendlela eya emadolobheni ama-nuking, ukuze amadolobha ama-nuking asindise izimpilo eziningi zase-US, uyinganekwane. Izazi-mlando ziyakwazi lokhu, njengoba nje zazi ukuthi uGeorge Washington wayengenamazinyo okhuni noma ekhuluma iqiniso ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi uPaul Revere akazange agibele yedwa, futhi inkulumo kaPatrick Henry eyayiphethe isigqila mayelana nenkululeko yabhalwa emashumini eminyaka ngemva kokufa kwakhe, futhi uMolly. I-Pitcher ibingekho. Kodwa izinganekwane zinamandla azo. Ukuphila, ngendlela, akuyona impahla eyingqayizivele yamasosha ase-US. Abantu baseJapane nabo baba nokuphila.
UTruman wayalela ukuthi kuqhume amabhomu, elinye laya eHiroshima ngo-Agasti 6 nolunye uhlobo lwebhomu, ibhomu le-plutonium, amasosha nawo ayefuna ukulivivinya futhi alikhombise, eNagasaki ngo-Agasti 9th. Ibhomu laseNagasaki lisuswe lisuka kwabangu-11th kuya ku-9th ukunciphisa amathuba okuthi iJapan izinikele kuqala. Futhi ngo-August 9, amaSoviet ahlasela amaJapane. Emasontweni amabili alandelayo, amaSoviet abulala amaJapane angama-84,000 ngenkathi elahlekelwa amasosha awo angu-12,000, kanti i-United States yaqhubeka nokuqhumisa amabhomu eJapane ngezikhali ezingezona zenuzi - ishisa amadolobha aseJapane, njengoba yayenze eJapane ngaphambi kuka-Agasti 6.th ukuthi, lapho kufika isikhathi sokukhetha amadolobha amabili ukuba abe yi-nuke, bekungakabibikho abaningi abasele ukukhetha. Khona-ke amaJapane azinikela.
Ukuthi bekunesizathu sokusebenzisa izikhali zenuzi kuyinganekwane. Ukuthi kungase kuphinde kube nesizathu sokusebenzisa izikhali zenuzi kuyinganekwane. Ukuthi singasinda ekusetshenzisweni okwengeziwe kwezikhali zenuzi kuyinganekwane — HHAYI “isimemezelo senkonzo yomphakathi.” Ukuthi kunesizathu sokukhiqiza izikhali zenuzi nakuba ungasoze wazisebenzisa kuwubuwula kakhulu ukuba kube inganekwane. Futhi ukuthi singaphila phakade ngokuba nezikhali zenuzi futhi sandise ngaphandle kokuthi othile azisebenzise ngamabomu noma ngephutha kuwubuhlanya obumsulwa.
Kungani othisha bezomlando base-US ezikoleni zamabanga aphansi zase-US namuhla - ngo-2022! - Tshela izingane ukuthi amabhomu enuzi ahlaselwa eJapan ukusindisa izimpilo - noma kunalokho "ibhomu" (ubunye) ukugwema ukukhuluma ngeNagasaki? Abaphenyi nosolwazi bathulule phezu kobufakazi iminyaka engama-75. Bayazi ukuthi uTruman wayazi ukuthi impi isiphelile, ukuthi iJapan ifuna ukuzinikela, nokuthi iSoviet Union isizongena. Babhale phansi konke ukumelana nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu embuthweni wezempi wase-US kanye nohulumeni kanye nomphakathi wesayensi, kanye nesikhuthazo sokuhlola amabhomu okwenziwe umsebenzi omningi kangaka nezindleko, kanye nogqozi lokwesabisa umhlaba futhi ikakhulukazi abaseSoviet, kanye nokubeka okuvulekile nokungabi namahloni kwenani le-zero ezimpilweni zaseJapan. Kwenziwa kanjani izinganekwane ezinamandla kangaka ukuthi amaqiniso aphathwa njengamanyela epikinikini?
Encwadini kaGreg Mitchell ka-2020, Isiqalo noma Isiphetho: Indlela iHollywood - neMelika - Efunde ngayo ukuyeka ukukhathazeka nokuthanda ibhomu, sine-akhawunti yokwenziwa kwefilimu ye-MGM ka-1947, Ukuqala noma ukuphela, eyalolongwa ngokucophelela uhulumeni wase-US ukuze ikhuthaze amanga. Ifilimu ibhomu. Ilahlekelwe yimali. Okuhle ngelungu lomphakathi wase-US ngokusobala kwakuwukungabuki idokhumentari embi futhi eyisicefe enabalingisi abadlala ososayensi nabashisekeli abakhiqize uhlobo olusha lokubulala abantu abaningi. Isinyathelo esihle kwakuwukugwema noma yimuphi umcabango wale ndaba. Kodwa labo abakwazanga ukukugwema banikezwe inganekwane ecwebezelayo yesikrini esikhulu. Ungakwazi buke online mahhala, futhi njengoba uMark Twain ayengasho, kufanelekile yonke imali.
Ifilimu ivula ngalokho uMitchell akuchaza njengokunikeza udumo e-UK naseCanada ngeqhaza labo ekukhiqizeni umshini wokufa - okucatshangwa ukuthi kuwukubukela phansi uma izindlela ezingamanga zokuheha imakethe enkulu yefilimu. Kodwa empeleni kubonakala sengathi kusola kakhulu kunokukweleta. Lona umzamo wokusabalalisa icala. Ifilimu igxumela ngokushesha ekusoleni iJalimane ngokusongela okuseduze kokuqothula umhlaba uma i-United States ingazange iyisuse kuqala. (Empeleni ungaba nobunzima namuhla ekwenzeni abantu abasha bakholwe ukuthi iJalimane yacela umaluju ngaphambi kweHiroshima, noma ukuthi uhulumeni wase-US wayazi ngo-1944 ukuthi iJalimane yaluyeka ucwaningo lwebhomu le-athomu ngo-1942.) Khona-ke umlingisi owenza isithombe esibi sika-Einstein usola isikhathi eside. uhlu lososayensi abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba. Ngemuva kwalokho omunye umuntu uphakamisa ukuthi abafana abalungile bayahlulwa yimpi futhi kungcono basheshe basungule amabhomu amasha uma befuna ukuyinqoba.
Ngokuphindaphindiwe sitshelwa ukuthi amabhomu amakhulu azoletha ukuthula futhi aqede impi. Umuntu ozenza ongeyena uFranklin Roosevelt uze enze isenzo sikaWoodrow Wilson, ethi ibhomu le-athomu lingaqeda zonke izimpi (into eyisimanga abantu abakholelwa ukuthi iyenzile, noma ngabe sekudlule iminyaka engu-75 yezimpi, abanye osolwazi baseMelika abayichaza njenge Ukuthula Okukhulu). Sitshelwa futhi siboniswa umbhedo owenziwe ngokuphelele, njengokuthi i-US ilahle amapheshana eHiroshima ukuxwayisa abantu (nangezinsuku eziyi-10 - "Lokho kuyizexwayiso zezinsuku eziyi-10 ukwedlula abasinikeze ePearl Harbor," isimemezelo somlingiswa) nokuthi AmaJapan adubule indiza njengoba isondela enhlosweni yayo. Eqinisweni, i-US ayikaze ilahle ipheshana elilodwa kuHiroshima kodwa - ngendlela enhle yeSNAFU - ilahle amathani amapheshana eNagasaki ngosuku olulandelayo ngemuva kokuqhunyiswa ngebhomu yiNagasaki. Futhi, iqhawe lebhayisikobho libulawa yingozi ngenkathi libambana nebhomu ukuze lilungele ukusetshenziswa - ukuzidela okunesibindi esenzela abantu egameni lezisulu zangempela zempi - amalungu amasosha aseMelika. Le filimu iphinde ithi abantu abaqhunyiswe ngamabhomu “ngeke bazi ukuthi babashayeleni,” yize abenzi bamafilimu bebazi ngokuhlupheka okubuhlungu kwalabo abafa kancane.
Ukuxhumana okukodwa okwenziwa ngabenzi bamabhayisikobho kuya kumxhumanisi wabo nakumhleli wabo, uGeneral Leslie Groves, kwafaka lawa magama: "Noma yikuphi okushiwo okwenza uMbutho ubukeke kuwubulima kuzosuswa."
Isizathu esiyisisekelo sokuthi le movie iyisicefe ebulalayo, ngicabanga ukuthi, ukuthi ama-movie awakaze ukulandelana kwezenzo zawo njalo ngonyaka iminyaka engama-75, afaka umbala, futhi aqamba zonke izinhlobo zamadivayisi okushaqisa, kodwa ukuthi isizathu sokuthi noma ngubani kufanele acabange ibhomu lelo izinhlamvu okukhulunywa ngazo kubo bonke ubude befilimu kuyindaba enkulu esele. Asiboni ukuthi kwenziwani, hhayi emhlabeni, kuphela kuvela esibhakabhakeni.
Incwadi kaMitchell ifana nokubuka isoseji eyenziwe, kepha futhi ifana nokufunda okubhaliwe okuvela ekomidini elihlanganisa ingxenye ethile yeBhayibheli. Lokhu kuyinsumansumane yemvelaphi yePhoyisa Lomhlaba jikelele ekwenzeni. Futhi kubi. Kubuhlungu impela. Umbono wale filimu uqhamuke kusosayensi owayefuna abantu baqonde ubungozi, hhayi ukudumisa imbubhiso. Lo sosayensi wabhalela uDonna Reed, le ntokazi enhle eshada noJimmy Stewart ku Kuyinto Life Amazing, Wathola ibhola ligingqika. Ngemuva kwalokho yagingqika yazonda isilonda esisheshayo izinyanga eziyi-15 kwathi i-voilà, kwavela i-cinematic turd.
Kwakungakaze kube khona umbuzo wokukhuluma iqiniso. Yi-movie. Uyazakha izinto. Futhi konke wakwenza ngendlela eyodwa. Umbhalo wale movie uqukethe ngezinye izikhathi zonke izinhlobo zombhedo ezingapheli, njengamaNazi anikeza amaJapane ibhomu le-athomu - kanye namaJapane akha ilabhorethri yososayensi bamaNazi, njengasemuva emhlabeni wangempela kulokhu isikhathi lapho amasosha ase-US ayesungula ama-laboratories ososayensi bamaNazi (ingasaphathwa eyokusebenzisa ososayensi baseJapan). Akukho kulokhu okuhlekisa ngaphezu kwe- Indoda Esigodlweni Esiphezulu, ukuthatha isibonelo sakamuva seminyaka engama-75 yalezi zinto, kepha lokhu bekusekuqaleni, lokhu bekuwusuku lokuqala. Umbhedo ongangenanga kule filimu, wonke umuntu akagcinanga ngokukholwa nokufundisa abafundi amashumi eminyaka, kepha ubengaba nakho kalula. Abenzi bamabhayisikobho banikeze ukulawula kokugcina emasosheni ase-US kanye naseWhite House, hhayi ososayensi ababenamahloni. Ama-bits amaningi amahle kanye nezinsimbi ezihlanyayo zazikhona okwesikhashana kuskripthi, kepha zakhishwa ngenxa yenkulumo-ze efanelekile.
Uma kukhona induduzo, bekungahle kube kubi kakhulu. UParamount ubesemncintiswaneni wamafilimu wezikhali zenuzi ne-MGM futhi waqasha u-Ayn Rand ukuthi aqambe umbhalo wongxiwankulu ongachemile. Umugqa wakhe wokuvala wawuthi "Umuntu angakwazi ukuhlanganisa indawo yonke - kodwa akekho ongabopha umuntu." Ngenhlanhla ngathi sonke, akuzange kuphumelele. Ngeshwa, yize kaJohn Hersey I-Bell ka-Adano ukuba yi-movie engcono kune Ukuqala noma ukuphela, incwadi yakhe ethengiswa kakhulu kwiHiroshima ayikhanga kunoma yiziphi iziteshi njengendaba enhle yokukhiqizwa kwama-movie. Ngeshwa, UDkt. Strangelove yayingeke ivele kuze kube ngo-1964, okuyisikhathi lapho abaningi babekulungele ukungabaza ukusetshenziswa “kwebhomu” esikhathini esizayo kodwa hhayi ukusetshenziswa kwangaphambilini, okwenza yonke imibuzo yokusetshenziswa kwesikhathi esizayo ibe buthakathaka. Lobu budlelwano nezikhali zenuzi buyafana nobezimpi jikelele. Umphakathi wase-US ungabuza zonke izimpi ezizayo, futhi ngisho nalezo zimpi kuzwakala ngazo eminyakeni engama-75 edlule, kepha hhayi iWWII, okwenza yonke imibuzo yezimpi zesikhathi esizayo ibe buthakathaka. Eqinisweni, ukuvota kwamuva kuthola ukuzimisela okwesabekayo ukuxhasa impi yenuzi yesikhathi esizayo ngumphakathi wase-US.
Ngaleso sikhathi Ukuqala noma ukuphela bekubhalwa futhi kufakwa isithombe, uhulumeni wase-US uthatha futhi ecasha yonke indawo okwakungatholakala kuyo imibhalo uqobo yezithombe noma yefilimu yezindawo zamabhomu. UHenry Stimson wayenomzuzu wakhe weColin Powell, eqhutshelwa phambili ukuthi enze leli cala ngokubhala phansi ngokuthi wehlise amabhomu. Amabhomu amaningi ayakhiwa ngokushesha futhi athuthukiswa, futhi bonke abantu baxoshwa emizini yabo yeziqhingi, baqamba amanga, futhi basebenza njengezimpawu zezindaba lapho bekhonjiswa khona njengababambiqhaza abajabule ekubhujisweni kwabo.
UMitchell ubhala ukuthi esinye sezizathu esenza iHollywood ihlehliselwe umbutho wezempi kwakuwukusebenzisa izindiza zayo, njll., Ekukhiqizeni, kanye nokusebenzisa amagama angempela abalingiswa abasendabeni. Ngikuthola kunzima kakhulu ukukholelwa ukuthi lezi zinto zazibaluleke kabi. Ngesabelomali esingenamkhawulo ibilahla le nto - kufaka phakathi ukukhokhela abantu ebibanika amandla okuvota - i-MGM ibingazenzela izixhumanisi zayo ezingathandeki neze ifu layo lamakhowe. Kumnandi ukucabanga ukuthi ngelinye ilanga labo abaphikisana nokubulawa kwabantu abaningi bangathatha into efana nesakhiwo esiyingqayizivele se-US Institute of “Peace” futhi badinge ukuthi iHollywood ihlangabezane nezindinganiso zokunyakaza ukuze iqophe lapho. Kepha-ke inhlangano yokuthula ayinayo imali, iHollywood ayinayo inzalo, futhi noma yisiphi isakhiwo singalingiswa kwenye indawo. IHiroshima ibingalingiswa kwenye indawo, futhi ku-movie ayiboniswanga nhlobo. Inkinga enkulu lapha kwakuyimibono nemikhuba yokuzithoba.
Kwakunezizathu zokwesaba uhulumeni. I-FBI ibihlola abantu abathintekayo, kufaka phakathi ososayensi abanesifiso esifana nesikaJ. Robert Oppenheimer abelokhu bebonisana ngale filimu, bekhala ngokubi kwayo, kepha bengalokothi baphikisane nayo. I-Red Scare entsha ibikhahlela nje. Abanamandla bebesebenzisa amandla abo ngezindlela ezejwayelekile ezijwayelekile.
Njengoba kukhiqizwa Ukuqala noma ukuphela imimoya eya ngasekuqedeni, yakha umfutho ofanayo owenziwe yibhomu. Ngemuva kwemibhalo eminingi kanye nezikweletu kanye nokubuyekezwa, nomsebenzi omningi nokuqabula izimbongolo, bekungekho ndlela isitudiyo ebesingeke sikwazi ukuyikhulula. Ekugcineni lapho iphuma, izethameli zazincane futhi izibuyekezo zaxubeka. New York nsuku zonke PM ngithole ifilimu ukuthi “iyangivuselela,” engicabanga ukuthi yiphuzu eliyisisekelo. Inhloso ifeziwe.
Isiphetho sikaMitchell ngukuthi ibhomu laseHiroshima "laliyisiteleka sokuqala," nokuthi iMelika kumele iqede inqubomgomo yayo yesiteleka sokuqala. Kepha-ke kwakungeyona into enjalo. Bekuyisiteleka kuphela, isiteleka sokuqala nesokugcina. Awekho amanye amabhomu enuzi abezobuya endiza "njengesiteleka sesibili." Manje, namuhla, ingozi ingeyokusetshenziswa ngengozi njengokusebenzisa ngamabomu, kungaba okokuqala, okwesibili, noma okwesithathu, futhi isidingo sokuthi ekugcineni sijoyine iningi lohulumeni bomhlaba abafuna ukuqeda izikhali zenuzi ndawonye - okuthi, Impela, kuzwakala kuhlanya kunoma ngubani oye wafaka ngaphakathi izinganekwane zeWWII.
Kunemisebenzi yobuciko engcono kakhulu kune Ukuqala noma ukuphela esingaphendukela kuyo ukuze siqhamuke nenganekwane. Ngokwesibonelo, I-Golden Age, inoveli eyashicilelwa nguGore Vidal ngo-2000 enezincomo ezikhazimulayo ngu Washington Post, futhi Ukubuyekezwa Kwezincwadi zeNew York Times, ayikaze yenziwe imuvi, kodwa ixoxa indaba esondelene kakhulu neqiniso. Ku I-Golden Age, silandela ngemuva kwayo yonke iminyango evaliwe, njengoba iBrithani icindezela ukubandakanyeka kwe-US eMpini Yesibili Yomhlaba, njengoba uMongameli Roosevelt enza ukuzibophezela kuNdunankulu uChurchill, njengoba abashisekeli besebenzisa ingqungquthela yeRiphabhulikhi ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi zombili izinhlangothi zikhetha abazongenela ukhetho ngo-1940 ukukhankasela ukuthula ngenkathi uhlela impi, njengoba uRoosevelt efisa ukusebenzela ihlandla lesithathu elingakaze libonwe njengomongameli ngesikhathi sempi kepha kumele azenelise ngokuqala ukubhala nokukhankasela ukuba ngumongameli wesikhathi sokubhalwa ngesikhathi esengozini kazwelonke, futhi njengoba uRoosevelt esebenza ukucasula IJapan ihlasele esimisweni sayo esifunayo.
Bese kuba khona isazi-mlando kanye nencwadi endala yomlobi weWWII uHoward Zinn's 2010, Ibhomu. U-Zinn uchaza amasosha ase-US eqala ukusebenzisa i-napalm ngokuwalahla kulo lonke idolobha laseFrance, ashise noma ubani nanoma yini eyithintayo. UZinn ubekwenye yezindiza, ebambe iqhaza kulobu bugebengu obunyantisayo. Maphakathi no-April 1945, impi eYurophu empeleni yayisiphelile. Wonke umuntu wayazi ukuthi iyaphela. Kwakungekho sizathu sezempi (uma lokho kungeyona i-oxymoron) ukuhlasela amaJalimane ayemi eduze kwaseRoyan, eFrance, ingasaphathwa eyokushisa amadoda, abesifazane, nabantwana baseFrance edolobheni bafe. AbaseBrithani base bevele balibhubhise leli dolobha ngoJanuwari, ngokufanayo baliqhumisa ngamabhomu ngenxa yokuthi laliseduze namasosha aseJalimane, kulokho okwabizwa kabanzi ngephutha elibi. Leli phutha elidabukisayo lahlungwa njengengxenye yempi engenakugwenywa, njengoba kwaba nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu okwesabekayo okwafinyelela ngempumelelo ezindaweni ezazihloselwe amaJalimane, njengoba kwaba njalo nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kukaRoyan nge-napalm kamuva. U-Zinn usola i-Supreme Allied Command ngokufuna ukwengeza "ukunqoba" emasontweni okugcina empi esivele inqobile. Usola izifiso zabakhuzi bamasosha endawo. Usola isifiso se-American Air Force ukuhlola isikhali esisha. Futhi usola wonke umuntu ohilelekile - okumele ahlanganise naye - "ngesisusa esinamandla kunazo zonke: umkhuba wokulalela, imfundiso yendawo yonke yawo wonke amasiko, ukungaphumi emgqeni, ngisho nokucabanga ngalokho umuntu angakaze akwenze. esabelwe ukucabanga ngaso, isisusa esibi sokungabi nasizathu noma isifiso sokulamula.”
Lapho uZinn ebuya empini eYurophu, wayelindele ukuthi uzothunyelwa empini ePacific, aze abone futhi ajabule lapho ebona izindaba zebhomu le-athomu liwela eHiroshima. Ngemuva kweminyaka kuphela lapho uZinn eqonda khona ubugebengu obungenakuthethelelwa bokulingana okukhulu okwakukhona ukwehla kwamabhomu enuzi eJapan, izenzo ezifanayo nangezindlela ezithile zokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu okokugcina kukaRoyan. Impi neJapan ibisivele iphelile, amaJapan efuna ukuthula futhi ezimisele ngokuzinikela. IJapan yacela kuphela ukuthi ivunyelwe ukugcina umbusi wayo, isicelo esanikezwa kamuva. Kepha, njenge-napalm, amabhomu enuzi kwakuyizikhali ezazidinga ukuhlolwa.
UZinn naye ubuyela emuva ukuqaqa izizathu ezinganekwane ezenziwa i-United States empini ekuqaleni. I-United States, iNgilandi neFrance kwakungamandla ombuso ayesekela ukuhlukunyezana komunye nomunye ezindaweni ezinjengePhilippines. Bamelene ngokufanayo neJalimane neJapan, kepha hhayi ubudlova uqobo. Iningi le-tin nenjoloba yaseMelika yavela eSouthwest Pacific. Izwe laseMelika likucacisile iminyaka eminingi ukungakhathali kwamaJuda ahlaselwa eJalimane. Iphinde yakhombisa ukungabibikho kwayo kokuphikisana nokucwasa ngokobuhlanga ngokwelashwa kwayo ngabantu base-Afrika baseMelika nabaseJapan baseMelika. UFranklin Roosevelt uchaze imikhankaso yokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu ngamafasistiya ezindaweni zomphakathi "njengesihluku esingenabuntu" kodwa waphinde wenza okufanayo ngezinga elikhulu emadolobheni aseJalimane, okwalandelwa ukubhujiswa ngezinga elingakaze libonwe eHiroshima naseNagasaki - izenzo ezafika ngemuva kweminyaka ukwehlisa isithunzi samaJapane. Ngokwazi ukuthi impi ingaphela ngaphandle kokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu, futhi azi ukuthi iziboshwa zempi zase-US zizobulawa yibhomu eliwele eNagasaki, amasosha ase-US aqhubeka aphonsa amabhomu.
Ukuhlanganisa nokuqinisa zonke izinganekwane ze-WWII kuyinsumansumane ethi uTed Grimsrud, elandela uWalter Wink, ayibize “ngenganekwane yodlame lokuhlenga,” noma “inkolelo eyinkohliso yokuthi singathola 'insindiso' ngodlame.” Njengomphumela wale nsumansumane, kubhala uGrimsrud, “Abantu emhlabeni wanamuhla (njengasendulo), futhi hhayi abantu baseMelika, babeka ukholo olukhulu ezintweni zodlame ukuhlinzeka ukuphepha kanye nethuba lokunqoba phezu kwezitha zabo. Inani labantu abathenjwayo abafaka izinsimbi ezinjalo lingabonakala ngokucacile enanini lezinsizakusebenza abazinikela ekulungiseleleni impi. ”
Abantu abakhethi ngokukholelwa ukukholelwa ezinganekwaneni zeWWII nodlame. UGrimsrud uyachaza: “Ingxenye yokuphumelela kwale nkolelo-ze kubangelwa ukungabonakali kwayo njengenganekwane. Sivame ukucabanga ukuthi udlame luyingxenye yesimo sezinto; sibona ukwamukelwa kodlame kuyiqiniso, hhayi ngokususelwa enkolelweni. Ngakho-ke asizazi ngobukhulu bokholo lokwamukela kwethu udlame. Sicabanga thina ukwazi njengeqiniso elilula lokuthi udlame luyasebenza, ukuthi udlame luyadingeka, ukuthi ubudlova abunakugwemeka. Asazi ukuthi esikhundleni salokho sisebenza endaweni yenkolelo, yezinganekwane, yezenkolo, maqondana nokwamukelwa kodlame. ”
Kuthatha umzamo ukubalekela inganekwane yodlame lokuhlenga, ngoba belukhona kusukela ebuntwaneni: “Izingane zizwa indaba elula emakhathuni, emidlalweni yevidiyo, kumamuvi, nasezincwadini: silungile, izitha zethu zimbi, ukuphela kwendlela yokubhekana ngobubi ukuyinqoba ngodlame, ake siqhubeke.
Inganekwane yodlame lokuhlenga ixhumanisa ngqo nobukhulu bezwe lesizwe. Inhlalakahle yesizwe, njengoba ichazwa ngabaholi bayo, imi njengenani eliphakeme kakhulu lokuphila lapha emhlabeni. Akunakubakho onkulunkulu ngaphambi kwesizwe. Le nganekwane ayizange nje isungule inkolo yokushisekela izwe enhliziyweni yombuso, kepha futhi inikeza isigwebo saphezulu sokweyisa imperialistic. . . . Impi Yomhlaba Yesibili kanye nemiphumela yayo eqondile yasheshisa kakhulu ukuvela kwe-United States yaba umphakathi wezempi futhi. . . lempi ithembele enganekwaneni yodlame lokuhlenga ngokuzondla kwayo. AbaseMelika bayaqhubeka nokwamukela inganekwane yodlame lokuhlenga noma ngabe babhekene nobufakazi obandayo bokuthi impi yayo eyaba nomphumela yonakalise intando yeningi yaseMelika futhi icekela phansi umnotho wezwe kanye nemvelo engokomzimba. . . . Muva nje ngasekupheleni kwawo-1930, ukusetshenziswa kwezempi kwamasosha aseMelika kwakuncane futhi kunamandla amakhulu kwezepolitiki aphikisana nokubandakanyeka 'ekuthandweni kwamanye amazwe'. ”
Ngaphambi kweWWII, uGrimsrud uyaphawula, “lapho iMelika yayihileleka empini yezempi. . . ekupheleni kwengxabano isizwe sehliswa isithunzi. . . . Kusukela ngeMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba, akukaze kube nokuncishiswa okuphelele ngoba sisuke ngqo eMpini Yezwe II saya eMpini Yomshoshaphansi saya eMpini Yezobuphekula. Okusho ukuthi, sesingene esimeni lapho 'zonke izikhathi zikhona ngezikhathi zempi.' . . . Kungani abantu abangewona ama-elite, abathwala izindleko ezimbi ngokuhlala emphakathini wezimpi unomphela, bethobela leli lungiselelo, noma ezimeni eziningi benikela ngokusekelwa okukhulu? . . . Impendulo ilula: isithembiso sensindiso. ”
