By UWilliam M. Timpson, PhD (Educational Psychology) kanye Selden Spencer, MD (Neurology)
Ithathwe kuWilliam Timpson (2002) Ukufundisa Nokufunda Ukuthula (Madison, WI: Atwood)
Ngezikhathi zempi nokuphindisela kwezempi, umuntu ufundisa kanjani ngokuthula? Sibasiza kanjani abantu abasha ukuba balawule intukuthelo yabo nobudlova lapho ubudlova budlange kangaka ekuphileni kwabo, esikoleni nasemigwaqweni, ezindabeni, kuthelevishini, kumabhayisikobho nasemagameni omunye womculo wabo? Uma izinkumbulo zokuhlasela ziluhlaza futhi zidinga ukuziphindiselela, uthisha kanye nodokotela wezinzwa—noma noma ubani osendimeni yobuholi ozinikele emigomweni yokuthula okusimeme—bayivula kanjani inkhulumomphendvulwano enengqondo mayelana nezindlela ezihlukile zobudlova?
Ngoba emnyombweni wayo, intando yeningi idinga ukuxoxisana, nokuyekethisa. Omashiqela babusa ngaphandle kokungabaza, ubuthakathaka babo buvikelwe amandla anonya, ukukhetha izihlobo, ukwesaba, nokunye okunjalo. Ekufuneni ukuthula, nokho, sinamaqhawe amaningi esingawabiza ukuze sithole ugqozi nesiqondiso. Abanye abafana noGandhi, uMartin Luther King Jr., uThich Nhat Hanh, u-Elise Boulding noNelson Mandela baziwa kakhulu. Ezinye azikho esidlangalaleni kodwa zivela emiphakathini efana neQuaker Society of Friends, Mennonites kanye neBahai's, futhi babelana ngenkolelo yenkolo ewumongo yokuthula nokungabi nabudlova. Abanye abafana noDorothy Day banikele umsebenzi wabo wesonto ebulungiswa bezenhlalo, indlala, kanye nabampofu. Bese kuba khona umhlaba wesayensi yezinzwa kanye nalokho esingakufunda mayelana nokwakha ukuthula okusimeme kubo.
Lapha u-Selden Spencer unikeza le micabango yesethulo: Ukuchaza ukuthula ngokombono wenhlalo/yeqembu kuyethusa ikakhulukazi nge-neurobiological prism. Mhlawumbe ukugxila kumuntu ngamunye kungase kube lula ngoba siyazi ukuthi ukuthula komuntu ngamunye kungaba nomthelela ekuziphatheni komphakathi. Lapha singakhomba ukuziphatha okuhle kunoma ubani ofuna ukuba nokuthula. Isibonelo, ukuzindla kuhlolisisiwe futhi i-neurobiological underpinnings yakho iyaziwa. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka kungenye indlela yokuba abantu bathole ukuthula.
Kodwa-ke, lapha sizophikisana ngokuthi ukuthula komuntu ngamunye kuyisisekelo sakho ibhalansi ngokucophelela yomvuzo kanye nehlazo. Lokhu singakubona lapho abantu ngabanye besendaweni yokulinganisela futhi bengekho ekufuneni okungapheli nokuzidela ukuze bathole umvuzo noma bahoxe ekuphelelweni yithemba lokuhluleka nasemahloni. Uma lokhu kulinganisela, kungase kube ukuthula kwangaphakathi.
Le fomula ye-biphasic ayiyona into engavamile ohlelweni lwezinzwa. Ngisho nesenzakalo se-biologic esifana nokulala singancishiswa sibe yi-on/off circuitry. Kukhona okokufaka okungapheli lapha, kokubili okusheshayo nokunensayo, i-metabolic kanye ne-neuronal, kodwa ekugcineni, ubuthongo buqhutshwa yi-ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (vlPo). Mhlawumbe okunomthelela omkhulu okokufaka kwe-orexin okuvela ku-lateral hypothalamus.
Kanjalo futhi singacabanga ukuthi ibhalansi yomvuzo namahloni ilamula i-dopamine njengoba kuvezwa yi-ventral tegmental nucleus nokuthi lokhu kuzonquma isimo somuntu sokuthula kwangaphakathi. Kuyaqondakala ukuthi lo muzwa wokuthula uyohluka kumuntu ngamunye. Iqhawe elinikezwe futhi eliqeqeshelwe ubudlova liyoba nebhalansi ehlukile yomvuzo / yehlazo futhi izohluka kundela ehlutshiwe.
Kwethenjwa ukuthi ukuqashelwa kwalo mkhakha wendawo yonke kungase kusisize siqonde kangcono imvelo yokuthula ezingeni lomuntu ngamunye. Ngokusobala, izinga umuntu ngamunye ahlanganiswe ngalo neqembu lizolawula ithonya lalowo muntu eqenjini kanye nomthelela weqembu kumuntu ngamunye. Imibono yokuphila komuntu ngamunye noma kweqembu iyobe isisiza ukuchaza ukuthula.
Imibono yokungabi nabulungisa ingaphazamisa ukuthula kwangaphakathi kanye nebhalansi eyisisekelo yomvuzo namahloni. Ngakho-ke, imibuzo yobulungiswa iba yisiphazamiso ekuvuzeni nasekuhlazekeni ngandlela thize. Ukubulawa kwama-beaver noma ama-Paiute ngeke kume kuze kube yilapho amahloni ethola imivuzo. Ukuthula kwangaphakathi kuyaphela kulo mzabalazo. Iqala ngomuntu ngamunye futhi iqhubekele eqenjini ngokusebenzisa amandla aguquguqukayo aphawulwe ekuqaleni.
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Ezinye izincwadi zokwakha ukuthula nokubuyisana zitholakala njengamafayela e-pdf (“e-book):
U-Timpson, W., E. Brantmeier, N. Kees, T. Cavanagh, C. McGlynn no-E. Ndura-Ouédraogo (2009) 147 Amacebiso Awusizo Okufundisa Ukuthula Nokubuyisana. Madison, WI: Atwood.
Timpson, W. kanye no-DK Holman, Eds. (2014) Izifundo Eziyimpikiswano Zokufundisa Ngokuzinza, Ukungqubuzana, kanye Nokwehlukahlukana. Madison, WI: Atwood.
U-Timpson, W., E. Brantmeier, N. Kees, T. Cavanagh, C. McGlynn no-E. Ndura-Ouédraogo (2009) 147 Amacebiso Awusizo Okufundisa Ukuthula Nokubuyisana. Madison, WI: Atwood.
