I-Monroe Doctrine Ingama-200 futhi Akufanele Ifinyelele ku-201

NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Januwari 17, 2023

UDavid Swanson ungumbhali wencwadi entsha I-Monroe Doctrine at 200 nokuthi Yini Ongayishintsha Ngayo.

I-Monroe Doctrine yayiyisenzo futhi iyisisusa sezenzo, ezinye zizinhle, ezinye azinandaba, kodwa inqwaba eningi iyasoleka. I-Monroe Doctrine isalokhu ikhona, kokubili ngokucacile futhi kugqokiswe ngolimi olusha. Izimfundiso ezengeziwe zakhiwe phezu kwezisekelo zayo. Nanka amazwi e-Monroe Doctrine, akhethwe ngokucophelela enkulumweni kaMongameli uJames Monroe yeSimo seNhlangano eminyakeni engama-200 edlule mhla zi-2 kuZibandlela, 1823:

"Umcimbi wahlulelwe ngokufanelekile ukugomela, njengesimiso lapho amalungelo nezithakazelo zase-United States zihilelekile, ukuthi amazwekazi aseMelika, ngesimo esikhululekile nesizimele abesicabangele futhi basigcina, kusukela manje akufanele kucatshangelwe. njengezihloko zokubuyiswa kwamakholoni esikhathini esizayo yinoma yimaphi amandla aseYurophu. . . .

Ngakho-ke, kufanele sikhulume ngokungagwegwesi kanye nasebudlelwaneni obunokuthula obukhona phakathi kwe-United States nalawo mandla ukumemezela ukuthi kufanele sicabangele noma yimuphi umzamo wabo wokwandisa uhlelo lwabo kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yalesi sizinda njengeyingozi ekuthuleni nasekuphepheni kwethu. . Ngamakoloni akhona noma ukuncika kwanoma yimaphi amandla aseYurophu, asizange siphazamise futhi ngeke siphazamise. Kodwa ngoHulumeni abaye bamemezela ukuzimela kwabo futhi bakulondoloza, futhi ukuzimela kwabo esiye savuma, ngokucabangela okukhulu nangezimiso ezilungile, sasingeke sikwazi ukubuka noma yikuphi ukukhulumela ngenjongo yokubacindezela, noma ukulawula nganoma iyiphi enye indlela isiphetho sabo. , nganoma imuphi umbuso waseYurophu nganoma iyiphi enye indlela ngaphandle kokubonisa isimo sengqondo esingenabungane nge-United States.”

Lawa kwakungamagama kamuva abizwa ngokuthi “i-Monroe Doctrine.” Baphakanyiswa enkulumweni eyayisho lukhulu evuna izingxoxo ezinokuthula nohulumeni baseYurophu, kuyilapho begubha njengokungangabazeki ukunqotshwa nokuhlala ngobudlova kulokho inkulumo eyayikubiza ngokuthi amazwe “angenamuntu” aseNyakatho Melika. Asikho kulezi zihloko esasisesisha. Okwakusha kwakuwumqondo wokumelana nokuqhubeka nokuqhutshwa kwamakoloni emazweni aseMelika ngabaseYurophu ngesisekelo somehluko phakathi kokubusa okubi kwezizwe zaseYurophu kanye nokuphatha okuhle kwamazwekazi aseMelika. Le nkulumo, nakuba isebenzisa ngokuphindaphindiwe inkulumo ethi “umhlaba ophucuzekile” ukubhekisela eYurophu nalezo zinto ezidalwe yiYurophu, iphinde iveze umehluko phakathi kohlobo lohulumeni bamazwe aseMelika kanye nohlobo olungafiseki kangako okungenani emazweni athile aseYurophu. Umuntu angathola lapha ukhokho wempi esanda kukhangiswa yentando yeningi emelene nohulumeni wentando yeningi.

I-Doctrine of Discovery - umqondo wokuthi isizwe saseYurophu singathatha noma yimuphi umhlaba ongakafunwa ezinye izizwe zaseYurophu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abantu vele bahlala kuphi - kusukela ekhulwini leshumi nanhlanu kanye nesonto lamaKhatholika. Kodwa yafakwa emthethweni wase-US ngo-1823, unyaka ofanayo nenkulumo ebuhlungu kaMonroe. Yabekwa lapho umngane kaMonroe wesikhathi eside, iJaji Elikhulu LeNkantolo Ephakeme YaseMelika uJohn Marshall. I-United States yayizibheka, mhlawumbe iyodwa ngaphandle kweYurophu, njengamalungelo okutholwa afana namazwe aseYurophu. (Mhlawumbe kwaqondana, ngoDisemba 2022 cishe zonke izizwe eziseMhlabeni zasayina isivumelwano sokubekela eceleni ama-30% omhlaba nolwandle lwezilwane zasendle ngonyaka ka-2030. Okuhlukile: i-United States ne-Vatican.)

Emihlanganweni yeKhabhinethi eyaholela ku-Monroe's State of the Union ngo-1823, kwaba nezingxoxo eziningi zokwengeza iCuba neTexas e-United States. Ngokuvamile kwakukholelwa ukuthi lezi zindawo zizofuna ukujoyina. Lokhu bekuhambisana nomkhuba ojwayelekile walawa malungu ekhabhinethi wokuxoxa ngokwanda, hhayi njengobukoloniyali noma i-imperialism, kodwa njengokuzibusa okumelene nobukoloni. Ngokuphikisa ubukoloni baseYurophu, nangokukholelwa ukuthi noma ubani okhululekile ukukhetha angakhetha ukuba yingxenye ye-United States, la madoda akwazi ukuqonda i-imperialism njengokumelene ne-imperialism.

Enkulumweni ka-Monroe sinokwenza kube semthethweni komqondo wokuthi “ukuvikela” kwe-United States kubandakanya ukuvikela izinto ezikude ne-United States uhulumeni wase-US amemezela “intshisekelo” ebalulekile kuyo. Lo mkhuba uyaqhubeka ngokusobala, ngokujwayelekile, nangenhlonipho kulokhu. usuku. I-“2022 National Defence Strategy of the United States,” ukuthatha isibonelo esisodwa sezinkulungwane, ibhekisela ngokungaguquki ekuvikeleni “izithakazelo” kanye “namagugu” ase-US, achazwa ngokuthi akhona phesheya futhi ahlanganisa amazwe ahlangene, futhi ahlukile e-United States. Izizwe noma "izwe lakubo." Lokhu bekungekusha nge-Monroe Doctrine. Ukube bekunjalo, uMongameli uMonroe ubengeke asho enkulumweni efanayo ukuthi, “amandla ajwayelekile agcinwe oLwandle iMedithera, oLwandle iPacific, kanye nasogwini lwe-Atlantic, futhi anikeze ukuvikeleka okudingekayo kwezentengiselwano zethu kulezo zilwandle. .” UMonroe, owayethengele uMongameli uThomas Jefferson iLouisiana Purchase kuNapoleon, wabe esenweba izimangalo zase-US ngasentshonalanga ePacific futhi emshweni wokuqala weMonroe Doctrine wayephikisana nokubuyiswa kwamakoloni eRussia engxenyeni yaseNyakatho Melika eqhelile emngceleni osentshonalanga. Missouri noma Illinois. Umkhuba wokuphatha noma yini ebekwe ngaphansi kwesihloko esingacacile esithi “izithakazelo” njengethethelela impi waqiniswa yi-Monroe Doctrine futhi kamuva nezimfundiso nemikhuba eyakhiwe phezu kwesisekelo sayo.

Futhi, ngolimi oluzungeze iMfundiso, sinencazelo njengosongo “kuzithakazelo” zase-US zokuthi “amandla ahlangene kufanele andise uhlelo lwawo lwezombangazwe kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yanoma yiliphi izwekazi [laseMelika].” Imibuso ehlangene, i-Holy Alliance, noma i-Grand Alliance, yayiwumfelandawonye wohulumeni bama-monarchism ePrussia, e-Austria, naseRussia, eyayimelela ilungelo laphezulu lamakhosi, futhi imelene nentando yeningi nokungabi nankolo. Ukuthunyelwa kwezikhali eziya e-Ukraine kanye nezijeziso ezimelene neRussia ngo-2022, egameni lokuvikela intando yeningi embusweni wentando yeningi waseRussia, kuyingxenye yesiko elide futhi elinganqamuki elisukela emuva ku-Monroe Doctrine. Ukuthi i-Ukraine ingabi kakhulu yentando yeningi, nokuthi uhulumeni wase-US uhlome ngezikhali, uqeqeshe, futhi uxhase amasosha ohulumeni abaningi abacindezela kakhulu eMhlabeni kuyahambisana nobuzenzisi bangaphambilini benkulumo nesenzo. I-United States eyayiphethe izigqila yosuku lukaMonroe yayingaphansi kwentando yeningi kune-United States yanamuhla. Ohulumeni boMdabu baseMelika abangabalulwa emazwini kaMonroe, kodwa ababengabheka phambili ekubhujisweni ukwanda kwaseNtshonalanga (abanye babo ohulumeni ababebe ugqozi olukhulu ekudalweni kukahulumeni wase-US njengoba babenakho konke eYurophu), babevame kakhulu. ngokwentando yeningi ukwedlula amazwe aseLatin America uMonroe ayethi uyawavikela kodwa uhulumeni wase-US ayevame ukwenza okuphambene nokuvikela.

Lezo zikhali ezithunyelwa e-Ukraine, unswinyo olubhekiswe eRussia, kanye namasosha ase-US azinze kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ngasikhathi sinye, kuwukwephula isiko elisekelwe enkulumweni kaMonroe yokungangeni ezimpini zaseYurophu noma ngabe, njengoba uMonroe esho, iSpain “yayingasoze yanqoba. ” amandla aphikisana nentando yeningi angaleso sikhathi. Lesi siko lokuzihlukanisa, esinethonya eside futhi esiphumelelayo, futhi esingakaqedwa, sahlehliswa kakhulu ukungena kwe-US ezimpini zomhlaba ezimbili zokuqala, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi izisekelo zamasosha ase-US, kanye nokuqonda kukahulumeni wase-US "izithakazelo" zayo, azikaze zihambe. EYurophu. Kodwa ngo-2000, uPatrick Buchanan wagijimela umongameli wase-US endaweni yokweseka isidingo seMonroe Doctrine sokuzihlukanisa nokugwema izimpi zangaphandle.

I-Monroe Doctrine iphinde yathuthukisa umbono, osaphila kakhulu nanamuhla, wokuthi umongameli wase-US, esikhundleni seCongress yase-US, anganquma ukuthi i-United States izoya kuphi impi - hhayi nje impi ethile esheshayo, kodwa noma iyiphi inombolo. ngezimpi ezizayo. I-Monroe Doctrine, eqinisweni, iyisibonelo sokuqala senhloso yonke "yokugunyazwa ukusetshenziswa kwebutho lezempi" ngaphambi kokugunyaza noma yiziphi izimpi, kanye nento ethandwa kakhulu yimithombo yezindaba yase-US namuhla "yokudweba umugqa obomvu. .” Njengoba ukungezwani kukhula phakathi kwe-United States nanoma yiliphi elinye izwe, sekuyiminyaka eminingi ukuthi abezindaba base-US bagcizelele ukuthi umongameli wase-US "udwebe umugqa obomvu" ebophezela i-United States empini, ngokuphula hhayi kuphela izivumelwano ezivinjelwa. ukufudumala, futhi hhayi nje ngombono ovezwe kahle enkulumweni efanayo equkethe i-Monroe Doctrine ukuthi abantu kufanele banqume inkambo kahulumeni, kodwa futhi nokunikezwa koMthethosisekelo kwamandla empi kuCongress. Izibonelo zezimfuno kanye nokuphikelela ekulandeleni "olayini ababomvu" kwabezindaba zase-US kufaka phakathi imibono ethi:

• UMongameli Barack Obama uzokwethula impi enkulu eSyria uma iSyria isebenzisa izikhali zamakhemikhali,
• UMongameli uDonald Trump uzohlasela i-Iran uma ama-proxies ase-Iranian ehlasela izintshisekelo zaseMelika,
• UMengameli uBiden uzohlasela iRussia ngqo ngamasosha ase-US uma iRussia ihlasela ilungu le-NATO.

UDavid Swanson ungumbhali wencwadi entsha I-Monroe Doctrine at 200 nokuthi Yini Ongayishintsha Ngayo.